January, 1943
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
certain alkaline products but also is curative in that acids will tend to eliminate prevailing calcareous deposits, a practice now generally recognized and widely applied. It is needless to discuss the value of any cleaner that solves the milk-stone problem and its attendant difficulties with thermoduric (heat-enduring) and thermophilic (heat-loving) types of bacteria. Heretofore acid compounds have been unacceptable mainly because of their inferior detergency as well as their relatively intense corrosive action upon the metals used in food processing equipment. The discovery of organic acids with relatively low corrosiveness gave rise to the development of an acidified steam rinse in the cleaning of milk cans. The attendant inhibiting effects upon proteolytic, alkali-forming, and oxidizing types of bacteria have indicated the desirability of developing acid types of cleaners; generally, more acceptable bacterial flora survive acid cleaning practices in contradistinction to the quality-defective types apparently attendant upon alkaline cleaning. The next logical step was the development of nontoxic, relatively noncorrosive acid
105
cleaners which now are enjoying an ever-widening application in a variety of food industries. The application of wetting agents and the discovery of their effective combination with acid-reacting substances definitely indicates that the long sought acid cleaning agents, the hope and dream of many a sanitarian, are being realized. Today, therefore, acid cleaning compounds with a detergency even superior to that of most alkaline products, with the lack of any appreciable corrosiveness, and at the same time both corrective to and curative of the problem of water-stone lormation and other calcareous deposits, are indicative not only of a revision but of even greater improvement in food sanitary practices.
Literature cited (1) Castell and Garrard, Food Research, 5, 215 (1940). (2) Dairy Ind. Supply Assoc., Special Rept. of Tech. Comm., 1941. (3) Ellingworth, McLeod, and Gordon, J. Path. Bact., 32, 173-83
(1929). (4) Jensen and Grettie, Food Research, 2, 97 (1937). (5) Parker, Food Industrzea, 12, No. 10,39-42 (1940).
END OF SYMPOSIUM
Solidification Point Nomograph for Fatty Acids D. S. DAVIS Michigan Alkali Company, Wyandotte, Mich.
I
N VIEW of the importance of the solidification point of
fatty acids as a criterion of purity, Hoerr, Pool, and Ralstonl presented excellent supplementary data on the effect of water in lowering the freezing points of the normal saturated fatty acids from caproic to stearic, inclusive. Their results may be correlated by the equation, w/At
=
a
+ bw
where w is percentage of water, At is freezing point depression (" C.), and a and b are characteristics of the fatty acid in question and may depend upon n, the number of carbon atoms. Data are presented conveniently and reliably (+0.02" in the line coordinate chart based upon the equation and the following constants:
c.)
No. C Atoms 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
L o q Pcr Cent Water
F a t t y Acid
a
Caproic Heptylic Caprylic Nonylic Capric Undecylic Lauric Tridecylic Myristic Pentedecylic Palmitic Heptadecylic Stearic
0.394 0,383 0.373 0.351 0.370 0.479 0.467 0.574 0.551 0.651 0.743 0.820 0.912
b
Range uf u
0,289 0 . 4 - 2 . 2 1 0 , 3 5 7 0.4-2.98 0.414 0.2-3.88 0.476 0.8-3.45 0.535 0 . 9 - 3 , 1 2 0.559 0.2-2.72 0.678 0.6-2.35 0.713 0.2-2.00 0,880 0.6-1.70 0.924 0.5-1.46 1.017 0 . 4 - 1 . 2 5 1,150 0.2-1.06 1.183 0.2-0.92
F.P. of Dry Acid. C. -3.24 -6.26 16,30 12.24 30,92 28.13 43.86 41.76 54.01 52.49 62.41 60.94 69.20
The use of the chart is illustrated as follows: What is the solidification point of capric acid which contains 3.0 per cent water? Connect the point where n = 10, which represents capric acid, with 3.0 on the w scale and read the lowering of the freezing point as 1.52' C. on the At scale; then, using the table, the solidification point is 30.92 - 1.52 or 29.40' C. 1
Hoerr. C. W . . Pool, W. O., and Rslston, A. W.. Oil & S o a p . 19, 126 (1942).
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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Vol. 35, No, I.
his life from early youth in il aretiri:l? for fie philosophers' stone arid in trying io make gold from base muta.i.
HROUGH
the courtesy of the Bernheim Distilling Company we are enabled to publish No. 145 in the Berolzheimer series of Alchemical and Historical Reproductions. This is from a modern painting and shows the famous Italian alchemist, Count Bernardus di Trevisanus (1406-1490), who spent
Like his predecessors and sitccessors he failed, but eventimiiy, on h i s death-bed, realizing the futility of his: endeavors, he whispered: "'To maku gold one must start with gold.'# The artist has, with little a,iid simple apparatus:, portrayed the spirit of the work being done, although it is doubtful that the laboratory was as neat and tidy as shown.
50 East 41st Street New York, N. Y,
D,6).BEROLZHEIMER
BEROLZHEIMER ALCHEMICAL AND HISTORICAL REPRODUCTIONS HESE prints of famous paintings and engravings were started in the August, 1931, issue, and appear monthly thereafter in our volumes for the subsequent years. Orders for photographic prints 8 by 10 inches at $1.50, and 16 b y 20 inches a'i $4, specifying the numbers here indicated and titles as given, should be sent with advance payment to D.D.Berolzheimer, 50 East 4.M Si.., New York, N. Y. These photographs are not carried in stock, but are ordered only on receipt of remittance. Purchase of these photographs does not confer any rights of publication of these reproductions, Special arrangements must be made with Mr. Berolzheimer to abtain such rights, Prints and enlargements can be supplied in black and white only,velvet, matt, or glossy finish. Prints in color cannot be supplied, nor oi any size smaller than 8 by 10 inches. An additional reproduction will be published each month. The list of reproductions published during 1941 and 1942 follows. The figures in parentheses following the name of the artist denote the pages on which the respective reproductions will be found, A list: of the first 96 reproductions was published in the January, 1939, issue, page 124, and of Nos.92 to 120 in the January, 1941, issue, page 114. 1941 121. 122, 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132.
Le Chemiste, Mieris (114) Chinese Alchemist, Ts'ao (256) The Alchemist, Webb (374) Chymischer Goldt Narr, Weiyel (549) Suitland Alchemist, Artist Unknown (581) Goldmacher Narr, Weigel (786) De Scheider, Luyken (943) Two Alchemists, Artist Unknown (1048) The Alchemist, After Teniers (1153) Alchymist, Wijck (1330) Distillation, Stradano (1439) The Sorcerer, Forestier (1528)
133. 134.
135. 136. 137. 138. 139, 140. 141. 142. 143. 144.
1942 The Studious Alchemist, Artist Unknown (119) Hocus Pocus, Rowiandson (216) Porcelain Manufacture, Kiessling (341) Distillation, Artist Unknown (448) The Alchemist, Fawcett (602) Spallanzani, Sarra (721) The Alchemist's Explosion, Bentum (838) Louis XI ai Plessis-ies-Tours, Ratinckx (942) Invention of the Devil, Artist Unknown (liX8) The Apothecary, Artist Unknown (1199) Alchemist's Laboratory (1381) Chemical Allegory, Moreau (1479)
