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T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
matter pertaining to the administration of the rules and regulations herein contained, he shall within thirty days have the privilege of appealing to the State Board of Health as a whole, and said State Board of Health shall approve, set aside or modify the decision of the Division of Water and Sewage. Fees collected under these rules siid regulations shall be distributed over the expenses of collection and shipping of samples, and making of analyses, under the direction of the State Board of Health, subject to the approval of the Board of Administration of Educational Institutions. RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING COLLECTION OF SAMPLES AND ANALYSIS OF ICE SOLD FOR DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION^
I-Corporations or individuals selling artificial ice for domestic consumption shall submit to the Water and Sewage Laboratory of the State Board of Health complete information concerning the source of water supply used for the manufacture of the ice and a detailed description of the process involved. 2-A fifty (50) pound cake of ice manufactured shall be shipped t o the Water and Sewage Laboratory of the State Board of Health, Lawrence, Kansas, each year for complete analysis. Results of these analyses shall be reported to the person whose name is signed to the information sheet and to the Secretary of the State Board of Health. 3-Artificial ice shall contain less than IOO bacteria per cubic centimeter and no organisms of the Bacillus coli group in one cubic centimeter. If the ice does not meet these requirements it shall be sold for refrigeration purposes only and not for domestic consumption. 4-Corporations or individuals harvesting natural ice shall lile full information with the Water and Sewage Laboratory of the State Board of Health with regard t o the source of t h e ice and method of storage. 5-A fifty (50) pound cake of the ice shall be shipped to the Water and Sewage Laboratory of the State Board of Health during March or April each year for complete analysis. 6-Natural ice properly stored shall contain less than IOO bacteria per cubic centimeter and no organisms of the Bacillus coli group in one cubic centimeter. If the ice does not meet these requirements it shall be sold for refrigeration purposes only and not for domestic consumption. 7-County Health Officers and, in cities of the first class, City Health Officers, shall furnish the Water and Sewage Laboratory of the State Board of Health with lists of ice dealers in their districts. 8-Fees for the services rendered under these rules and regulations pertaining to ice supplies shall be payable by the manufacturer or owner of the ice plant January first of each year to the Director of the Water and Sewage Laboratory of the State Board of Health at the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. 9-Fee shall be $15 annually for each source of supply of ice which is sold for domestic consumption.
............ We have been operating under this law and these rules and regulations since July I, 1915, with the result that a n organization has been built up that is handling expeditiously all of the work required and it has been possible to make several investigations of more or less importance. I n addition to the routine work, each member of the staff has been carrying on some research work, which was absolutely impossible under the old ritgime, as ample funds were never available. The Board of Health and the University were agreeably surprised to find that there were very few complaints against the fee proposition and no organized opposition to the law in the Legislature that just closed. County, City and Health Officers have felt free to call upon 1 Approved by State Board of Health, October 4, 1915. the Topeka State Journal, October 15, 1915.
Published in
Vol. 9, No. 7
the laboratory to make investigations in their districts and in some instances have submitted a large number of samples for examination. The Engineers of the State Board of Health have worked in conjunction with the city officials in collecting these samples, so that the field data have been accurately and scientifically collected. During the first year, the laboratory made approximately 6,000 complete bacteriological and 800 chemical analyses. I n addition to this, we have examined a large number of filter sands, alums, limes and hypochlorites and made any other special analyses that would tend to improve the operation of water purification plants. WATERAND SEWAGELABORATORY LAWRENCE, KANSAS
SOME MACHINERY EMPLOYED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLUE’ By ARTHURLOWENSTEXN
I n view of the fact that most of the improvements in the glue industry-at least so far as they pertain t o distinctive improvements in equipment used in the manufacture of glue in this country-have taken place largely in that portion of the industry devoted to the chilling, cutting and spreading of glue, that which follows in this paper will be limited t o this phase of the subject, In other words, it is not the purpose of the writer to treat on the preparing of raw glue stocks, the chemical treatment of such stocks and their subsequent cooking and evaporation, but rather on the product after it has left the evaporator. The progress made in the glue industry in this country has been very gradual, and most glue manufacturers have been exceedingly conservative in adopting new equipment. The old method of handling glue after it leaves the evaporator and this method is still in use to a considerable extent, consists in running the concentrated glue solution into wood, galvanized iron or zinc pans or “coolers” (such material being used t o avoid staining the jelly with rust), and chilling these pans by means of running water, or usually in a refrigerated room, after which the product is removed either by cutting or by dipping the pans in hot water. The cakes formed in this manner are then either run against wires or knives. The Clyde cutting machine when originally invented marked a distinct advance in the method of cutting glue. The Clyde machine is of the wire-cutting type, made single or double, and is probably the most satisfactory machine of this type. In some cases the chilled glue is chopped into blocks and then each block placed in a contrivance where, by the pressure of a lever, knives or wires descend on the cake of glue and cut the block into sheets. Knife cutters will cut heavier jellies than the wire cutters, and this is desirable during the summer period. One of the objections raised against the knife cutters is that they “do not separate tops and bottoms.” Glue jellies when cut too stiff show a roughened surface, the appearance of which is unfavorable when dried. After having been chilled and cut by any of the methods cited, the glue is spread by hand on nets. The old system of chilling glue requires a chilling room sufficiently large to store several days’ production of glue in coolers. It has frequently been found desirable in designing a glue plant using this method to arrange the chill-room so that outside temperatures can be used when suitable. The jellies must not be kept too long in these coolers, as even a t low temperatures molds develop and depreciate the quality of the glue. The principal objections to these methods of chilling and cutting glue have been that they require ( I ) considerable space for cooling room; (2) a n excessive amount of refrigeration where 1 Presented at the Buffalo Meeting of AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineers, June 20 t o 22, 1917.
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7‘IiE J O L ’ K N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CREMISTRY
l u l s , ‘9‘7
only a limited sul-facc oi glue is exposed to the refrigcrated air, and as a result most of the heat has t o be conducted to the air through the medium of the metal pans; that if the coolers m pans are made ai galvanized iron they rust badly and havc to be replaced; that they frequently leak, with consequent loss of product; that one has “tops” and “hottoms” which prcvcnt
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*NU D I S T R I B U T I N G P i P I I P B I Y i N O TI%* SOL”-I’O,N ONTO THR B 6 L T tiriik nt the top b not part of the mcchiur)
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uniformity of product or make it necessary t o put thesc parti into B lower grade or into some other commercial form; and that the product has to be kept so long in the coolers that in warm weather, particularly humid weather in summer, the quality of the glue is so affected by liquefying organisms that the glue maker has serious difficulty both iii the cutting and drying oi the glue; and finally, the labor in fillinp. these pans and emptying them, cutting by the methods outlined, and finally spreading the product by hand 011 nets, is not only laboriousliutcostly. Because of thesc facts experiments have been carried on for years in the effort to recure mechanical or automatic devices of a continuous nature which wuuld simpliiy the procedure and thus avoid so much loss and handling of the product. Various types of chilling rolls have been tried irom time to time without success. The Cooper iactory cinployed a chilling wheel years ago for this piirimse, in which the wheel, chilled irom within, picked up the liquid and chilled it: bot somehow or othcr the process did not turn out t o he practical. The writer has hcrn inionned within the last few y ~ i i r sthat one of the large gl-loe companies has p d e c t c d R similar pro‘ or a t least is employing it cornmcrcially, in which a lame wlreel is tmploycd. I t is his understanding that this wheel may be ‘4, 16 or 1 8 it. in diameter, with c o r d and flringed rim, using brine drcn1:rtion in the rim which is supplied and circulntcd tlrrough stulhilg hones in the crids oi the shnit. It is his undrxstasding that this wheel spreurls a shcct 3o in. wide. The writer wrote to the President of the compmy employing this machiur, and had hojrrrl t o be able to include a cut and B more detailed description of i t in this
711
So iar as he knows it is used only by this one company. Some years ago when the Bureau of Ctiemistry of the United States I)epartment of Agriculture started t o investigate the gelatine industry witli B view to decreasing the bacterid count of commercial gelatines and to prevent metallic contamination; some manufacturers found it neccsary t o adopt different methods of manufacture from the v ~ r ybeginning, in the sclection of their raw materials a d particularly in their method of handlina the IJSoduCt from its inception until it rcnched the final stages. laasmoch as gelatine is B particularly good culture medium ior bacteria, it was found desirable t o concentrate efforts on methods which would redncc the period of time after the gelatine left the evaporator until it was converted into sheets or other finished form. The object sought was t o obtiiirr a continuous method of chilling, cutting and spreading the product without having i t cnme in contact with agencies carrying ljacteria, such as employees’ hands, ctc. A method of this kind was worked out and later patented hy Maurice Kind under United States Patent No. 1,046,307,issued in rgrz. His melhod consisted in running t h t gelatine from the evaporators into a head tank located above a continuous belt, as shown in Fig. I. A general idea of the principles involved in connection with this rnarhinc can best !x gathered, perhaps, by quoting some oi the objects of this invention directly from %he patent, and from photographs shown hprewith. A more detailed description can be readily ahtaincd by reference to the patent itself. “An object of the invention is t o provide an apparatus wherein pelatin or other products where heat i s necessary for extraction, may be converted from a liquid state, into a semi-solid state, by means of trcatmcnt with chilled air, and thereafter cut into the desired shapes for marketing purposes. “A imthcr object of the invention is to provide an apparatus of the above character with means for directing chilled air onto thc upper surface of the semi-solid sheet, as it is formed and passed through a cooler on a conveyer. “A further object of the invention is t o provide a device of the above character with cutters for cutting the semi-solid sheets into strips. “A further ohjwt of the invention is to provide an apparatus of the above character with a cutting means for cutting the strips into sections, together with B conveyor for receiving said sections which conveyor is so timed in its movements as to space the scctions in t n y 5 carried by the convcyor.” pqxi.
FIG.
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