ENGINEERING, DESIGN, AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT ing t o about 0.68% conversion per hour in artificial light and’O.l t o 0.2% per hour in intense natural sunlight. Nitrogen dioxide at concentrations of 5 to 20% of the sulfur dioxide concentration had no significant effect on the reaction rate. The presence of sodium chloride nuclei and variation of the relative humidity in t h e range from 30 t o 90% also had no effect on the reaction rate. T h e particle size of the sulfuric acid aerosol produced from the reaction was very small, varying from 0.2 to 0.4 micron in diameter. The sulfuric acid aerosol produced from the photochemical gas phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide apparently is not important in reducing the visibility under conditions ordinarily found in the atmosphere. Results of transmissometer tests on the effect of sulfur trioxide in decreasing visibility have been reported by the Stanford Research Institute (15). Accordingly, if the rate of conversion is 0.1% in bright sunlight, air containing 1.0 p.p.m. sulfur dioxide would have t o b e exposed for approximately 100 hours of solar radiation t o reduce the visibility to one mile. Lower concentrations would have to be exposed to sunlight for a proportionately longer time. These statements refer only t o the photochemical gas phase oxidation and different results may be obtained by oxidation in the liquid phase, such as in the presence of a natural water fog.
Acknowledgment This work was a p a r t of t h e program in the University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station on a study of stack gases.
It was supported in part by the Smoke and Fumes Committee of the American Petroleum Institute as Contract S P 9 .
Literature Cited (1) Aitken, John, Proc. Roy. Soc. ( L o n d o n ) , 32, 183 (1911).
(2) Blacet, F. E., IND.ENG.CHEM.,44, 1339 (1952). (3) Blacet, F. E., private communication, 1950. (4) Drinker, P., and Hatch, T., “Industrial Dust,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1936. (5) Ellis, C., and Wells, A. A., “The Chemical Action of Ultraviolet Rays,” p. 330, Reinhold, New York, 1941. Forsythe, W. E., “Measurement of Radiant Energy,” 1st ed., p. 77, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Kew York, 1937. Gerhard, E R., and Johnstone, H. F., Anal. Chem., in press. Gillespie, G. R., Ph.D. thesis, Universitv of Illinois. 1953. Hill, R. A,, Trans. Faraday SOC.,20, 107 (1924). International Critical Tables, Vol. V, p. 270, hIcGraw-Hiil Book Co., New York, 1928. Xoller, H., and Taylor, A. H., J . O p t . SOC.Amer., 25, 184 (1935). Taylor, A. H., and Kerr, G. P., J . FrunkZinInst., Luckiesh, M., 238. Pearse, R. W. B., and Gaydon, A . G., “The Identification of Molecular Spectra,” 2nd ed., p. 213, Chapman and Hall Ltd., London, 1950. Ranr, W. E., and Wong, J. B., IND.ENG. CHEM.,44, 1371 (1952). Stanford Research Institute, “The Smog Problem in Los Angeles County,” Second Interim Report, 1949. ENG.CHEM., Thomas, M. D., Ivie, J. O., and Fett, T. C., IND. ANAL.ED., 18, 383 (1946). RECEIVED for review September 2 5 , 1964.
ACCEPTED December 30, 1954.
Sources of Air Pollution literature JANET 6. MURK Barrett Division, Allied Chemical & Dye Corp., I River Road, Edgewater,
N. 1.
A
bibliography of bibliographies on air pollution has been prepared. It contains references providing an excellent starting point for the layman in his survey of this rapidly growing field. It also points up more obscure work to those better versed in the field. Legislation, institutional work, and symposia are cited. Samples of the many headings used for indexing air pollution literature are listed. Publications devoting space to air pollution and nomenclature problems inherent in the topic are also considered.
T
HE literature of air pollution has become profuse. I t s rate of growth is increasing progressively as population and industry multiply and centralize. At first-an awareness of t h e harmful effects of dust exposure dates back t o approximately 75 A.D. when Pliny referred to it (14)-the emphasis was placed predominantly on t h e nuisance factor of smokes; t h e economic and physiological aspects did not achieve wide attention until this last score of years. T h e monetary value of stack effluents has been recognized and their recovery, or prevention of their ever becoming effluents, has been effected in many instances by industry acting on its own initiative. The essence of the present feeling toward air pollution control lies in this direction-that is, industry’s cleaning u p of its own accord. There are no federal laws concerning smoke, dust, or fume tolerances. Thus far t h e legislative control issue has been relegated to local authorities because of variations of t h e problem in diverse topographic, climatic, and industrially developed areas. For these same reasons, antithetically, our common political divisions-city, county, and state-are often transcended b y t h e situation thereby giving rise to t h e unique International Joint Commission of t h e United States and Canada. 916
I n t h e U. S. t h e problem has been met b y and large on t h e municipal level with a distinct commission or t h e local department of health handling functional duties, such as drafting control ordinances, issuing permits for industrial equipment, and offering information. According to t h e American Municipal Association, only four U. S. cities of more t h a n 25,000 population have not established some air pollution control (3). House Resolution 3555, submitted b y Congressman R a y of Staten Island, proposes t h a t the cost of treatment works for t h e abatement of air and stream pollution be amortized a t an accelerated rate for income tax purposes. This bill is currently in committee. Other legislation to provide t h e Department of Public Health, Education, and Welfare with funds to conduct i t s own investigations as well as to farm o u t research contracts is yet t o be considered b y t h e Congress. T h e government Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution with representatives from t h e Atomic Energy Commission, t h e National Science Foundation, and t h e Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Health, Education, and Welfare, and Interior is attempting t o coordinate federal research and t o give assistance t o t h e local committees. T h e recently dedicated Taft Sanitary
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 47, No. 5
AIR POLLUTION Engineering Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, is already functioning along these lines. Several companies have waste development departments; t h e emphasis is on development, with a n aim for more economic operations. Trade organizations set up specifically t o combat air pollution in this country have been in existence a t least since 1906, t h e incorporation date of t h e Smoke Abatement League of Cincinnati. Work on t h e myriad methods for testing, controlling, and preventing pollution is not only carried on b y indust r y itself, industry-backed associations, technical societies, and civil authorities b u t also b y research and educational institutes.
Gathering and Digesting Air Pollution Literature Often t h e first obstacle besetting t h e searcher of air pollution literature is t h e elusiveness of a working definition of t h e problem, Therefore, a satisfactory understanding of t h e term itself must be attained. The late Commissioner Dyktor, Division of Air Pollution Control, Cleveland, Ohio, simply defined air pollution as t h e excessive concentration of foreign matter in t h e air, this including both t h e visible and invisible portions (6). Munger, who is in charge of Air Pollution Research a t Battelle Memorial Institute, pointed out extreme definitions in a paper published in Mechanical Engineering (13).
A few decades ago nothing short of a dense cloud of noxious fumes would have been described as air pollution. On t h e other hand, a n y foreign matter in t h e air, harmful or not, might be considered a pollutant. After citing these possible interpretations, Munger chose t o define air pollution on t h e basis of its effects; t h a t is as a n y concentration of contaminants in t h e air which is injurious to property, to health, or to comfort. What constitutes excessive or injurious concentrations as used in t h e foregoing definitions is often t h e point of disagreement and misunderstanding. Further research on t h e toxicology of contaminants and mixtures thereof and a better informed public would contribute much toward resolving such differences. It is imperative t h a t the public b e advised in a factual rather t h a n sensational manner t h a t atmospheric pollution is a relative and not an absolute condition; t h a t t h e concentration of foreign matter in air may be reduced b u t probably not eliminated. An awareness of t h e problems encountered in combating pollution and of t h e steps being taken t o improve t h e situation should be promoted. T o further point up possible pitfalls, let us consider t h e terminology used in t h e literature t o designate foreign matter or contaminants. Particles, aerosols, dusts, fumes, sprays, smokes, and mists are some of t h e terms employed. I n t h e third edition of Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, t h e classification confusion is clarified b y grouping dispersoids according t o their size and also according t o their method of formation. Mechanical dispersoids of approximate particle diameters greater than 1 p and 10 p are considered dusts and sprays, respectively; whereas, condensed dispersoids of less than 1 p and 10 p are fumes and mists, respectively (8). T h e Atomic Energy Commission Handbook on Air Cleaning states aerosols are suspensions of particles in a gaseous medium, usually air. I n this case t h e particles are designated as dusts, fumes, smokes, and mists which are described in terms of their formation, particle size, Brownian motion, and optical density (6). Drinker and Hatch give a table correlating particle size and nomenclature in their book “Industrial Dust” (4). After definitive and nomenclature complexities are conquered, t h e search proper is attacked. T h e usual starting points are the abstracting publications. However, several bibliographies on various aspects of air pollution have already been prepared. These provide excellent material for t h e researcher. Approximately 50 compilations, books, and detailed surveys are cited in t h e “annotated air pollution bibliography” prepared b y t h e
...
May 1955
writer. T h e title or source of t h e material often suffices t o indicate t h e type of literature covered. If this is not t h e case, notations have been added to indicate the scope. One of the most comprehensive accumulations, judging from relative sizes, is t h e Stanfprd Research Institute punched card bibliography. Magill of t h e institute estimated t h a t there are between 4500 and 6000 cards, depending on what categories are included in air pollution, t h a t are punched for cross-referencing. I n a letter to the writer Magill says The cards are divided b y subject approach into three main categories : physics of t h e atmosphere (and its interrelationship with air pollution), air pollution from man-made activity, and general related subjects. These are subdivided into approximately 53 major subject headings and cover the following interests: T h e relation of air pollution t o t h e community, and legislative control of it. Specific pollutants. Industrial and natural sources of pollution. Industrial measures for controlling and abating-~air pollution. Sampling procedures. Physical and chemical methods of analysis. Toxicological effects. Physics of t h e atmosphere. Normal gaseous content of t h e atmosphere. Climatology (including city planning). Effect of surface conditions of t h e earth on t h e atmosphere. Dispersion of gases from stacks. Injury t o livestock, vegetation, and structures b y air pollution. Statistical studies. Included also are a breakdown b y author and b y geographical location. T h e card file was prepared principally for t h e use of t h e Stanford Research Institute staff. However, requests for information from t h e file are handled b y reproducing t h e cards, or portions thereof, and b y charging for t h e cost of t h a t operation. The Manufacturing Chemists’ Association has published a bibliography as Chapter 12 of its Air Pollution Abatement Manual. References are listed in outline form under t h e following major headings: biological, legislative, technical, standards, education, and miscellaneous. Two appendixes to Chapter 12 have been published. A third and final appendix will cover t h e literature to January 1, 1955. There are 13 parts i n all, 12 chapters and a preface and outline, in t h e manual (11). T h e Mellon Institute has done considerable work on this project, and a list of literature prepared b y its members is available from t h e institute. The list, in alphabetical author order, contains a subject index with many air pollution headings including one for t h e Air Hygiene Foundation of America. McClelland’s Bibliography of Smoke and Smoke Prevention is one of t h e Institute’s 10 Smoke Investigation Bulletins. The Office of Technical Services, U. S. Department of Commerce, has p u t out three Informal Bibliographies and one Special Bibliography of Publication Board Reports on smokes, dust removal, colored smokes, and aerosols. Other government publications are the Atomic Energy Commission Handbook on Aerosols and Handbook on Air Cleaning; t h e Bureau of Mines Air Pollution, A Bibliography, Review of Literature on Dusts, and Bibliography of Bureau of Mines Publications Dealing with Health and Safety in t h e Mineral and Allied Industries; and t h e Federal Security Agency Oral Manifestations of Occupational Origin, An Annotated Bibliography, Biological Aspects of Air Pollution, An Annotated Bibliography, and Air Pollution in Donora, Pa. (16). McGraw-Hill Book Co. has published t h e 97 papers from t h e Proceedings of t h e United States Technical Conference on Air Pollution sponsored by t h e aforementioned Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution. T h e University of Michigan has printed Lectures Presented at Inservice Training Course in Air Pollution, February 6, 7, and 8, 1950 (18). INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYhas a bimonthly
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ENGINEERING, DESIGN, AND PROCESS DEVELOPMENT article entitled Atmospheric Pollution authored by McCabe who also prepared t h e journal’s first biennial Air Pollution Review (10). A Symposium on Air Pollution, presented in part a t t h e XIIth International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry, ASD ENGIA-EERINO CHEMIShas been published in INDUSTRIAL TRY (?). Among t h e abstracting publications listed following this paper is Chemical Abstracts. While requiring no introduction to those familiar with the chemical literature, it is well t o point out its particular usefulness when searching for work done on specific compounds or for methods of detection and analysis. Much of t h e literature is cross-referenced under Air, which has such subheadings as analysis, gas detection, impurities, pollutants, pollution, purification, sampling, and sterilization. Other useful headings are found under Suggested Subject Headings for Further Search. Several comprehensive local surveys have been issued, often with model ordinances either included or appended. Examples of these are studies of Flint, Mich. ( I ) , and t h e Kanawha Valley (2) by t h e Coal Producers Committee for Smoke Abatement. Schueneman has prepared two reports on atmospheric pollution in St. Louis which are available from t h e Industrial Hygiene Section of t h e St. Louis Division of Health (16, 17). T h e Air Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles, distributes copies of its rules and regulations and its informative reports as does Baltimore (9, 12). T h e Chemical-Biological Coordination Center in Washington has an extensive card file system enabling t h e rapid collection of toxicity data for specific compounds. T h e American Society of Mechanical Engineers has designed a model law for air pollution control. These citations emphasize t h e wealth of material available from civic and other health organizations. If these references and t h e bibliography do not provide sufficient up-to-date material, t h e lists appended to t h e bibliography may be consulted for subject headings, abstracting publications, periodicals, and associations to aid in continuing t h e search.
Literature Cited (1) Coal Producers Committee for Smoke Abatement, “A Study
(of) Smoke and Air Pollution in Flint, Michigan,” Cincinnati, 1949. (2) Coal Producers Committee for Smoke Abatement, “A Study of
Smoke and Air Pollution in the Kanawha Valley,” Cincinnati, 1949. (3) Davenport, S.J., and Morgis, G. G., “Air Pollution, A Bibliography,” Bureau of Mines Bull. 537, 2, Washington 25, D. C., 1954. (4) Drinker, P., and Hatch, T . , “Industrial Dust,” p. 7, McGrawHill Book Co., Xew York. 1936. (5) Dyktor, H. G., “Community Problem ” in Lectures Presented a t Inservice Training Course in Air Pollution, p. 13. University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, 1950. (6) Friedlander, S. K., Silverman, L., Drinker, P., and First, M.
W.,“Handbook on Air Cleaning: Particulate Removal,”
p. 1, Washington 25, D. C., 1952.
(7) IND.ENC.CHEM.,44, 1339-88 (1952). (8) Lapple, C. E., in “Chemical Engineers’ Handbook,” 3rd ed., p. 1016, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1950. (9) Los Angeles County, California, Air Pollution Control District, “Rules and Regulations of Air Pollution Control District, as amended April 30, 1953.” (IO) McCabe, L. C., IND. ENG.CHEM.,46, 1646-50 (1954). (11) Manufacturing Chemists’ Association, Washington, D. C., “Air
Pollution Abatement Rlanual:” Manual P-1, Preface and Outline Manual P-2, Chap. 1. Introduction Manual P-3, Chap. 2. Terminology and Selected Data Manual P-4, Chap. 3. Community Relations Manual P-5, Chap. 4. Legislative Requirements Manual P-6, Chap. 5. Physiological Effects Manual P-7, Chap. 6. Sampling Procedures and Measuring Equipment Manual P-8, Chap. 7 . Analytical Methods Manual P-9, Chap. 8. Meteorology of Air Pollution Manual P-10, Chap, 9. Dust and Mist Collection
918
Rlanual P-11, Chap. 10. Gas and Vapor Abatement Manual P-12, Chap. 11. Evaluation of Data Manual P-13, Chap. 12. Bibliography (Appendixes) (12) Maryland State Department of Health, Baltimore, “Report of Commission on r\’oxious Fumes of State of Maryland, 1950,” 1951. (13) hlunger, H. P., Mech. Eng., 73, 405-11 (1951). (14) Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), “Naturalis Historiae,” 11, translated by K. C.,,Bailey in “The Elder Pliny’s Chapters on Chemical Subjects, Pt. 1, p. 125, Edward Arnold & Co., London, 1929. (15) Schrenk, H. H., Heimann, H., Clayton, G. D., Gafafer, W. M., and Wexler, H., “Air Pollution in Donora, Pa., Epidemiology of Unusual Smog Episode of October 1948, Preliminary Report,” Public Health Bull. 306, Federal Security Agency, Washington, 1949. (16) Schueneman, J. J., “Report on Activities and Observations Concerning Atmospheric Pollution in City of St. Louis,” St. Louis, Industrial Hygiene Section, Division of Health, 1949. (17) Schueneman, J. J., “Report of Atmospheric Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide in St. Louis-1950,’’ St. Louis, Industrial Hygiene Section, Division of Health, 1950. (18) University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor,
Lectures Presented a t Inservice Training Course in Air Pollution, February 6, 7, and 8, 1950.
Annotated Air Pollution Bibliography This bibliography was prepared by searching the abstracting journals listed under Publications Abstracting Air Pollution Literature, the card catalogs of the New York Academy of Medicine, Chemists’ Club, Engineering Societies, and New York Public Libraries a5 well as by corresponding with various civil authorities. Ashworth, J. R.. “Smoke and the Atmosphere; Studies from a Factory Town (Rochdale) ,” University of Manchester Press, Manchester, 144 pages: refs., pages 125-6. Barkley, J. E ., see Morgan, R. E. Benner, R. C., see Mellon Institute. Blacktin, S.C., “Dust,” Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London, 1934, 307 pages; 545 refs., pages 259-75. Briggs, L. V., “Smoke Abatement, What Has Been Done and Is Being . Done Today to Abate This Nuisance,” Old Corner Book Store Inc., Boston, 1941, 175 pages. Brooks, H. M., Jr., see Heimann, H. Cannon, L. H., “Smoke Abatement; a Study of the Police Power as Embodied in Laws, Ordinances, and Court Decisions,” St. Louis Public Library, St. Louis, 1924, pages 205-320; Smoke Prevention Bibliography, pages 305-12. Clevenger, J. F., see Mellon Institute. Cohen, J. B., and Ruston, A. G., “Smoke; a Study of Town Air,” E. Arnold & Co., London, 1925, 108 pages. Cristiani, H., and StokIasa, J., “The Loss to rlgriculture Caused by Factory Fumes,” International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, 1927, 26 pages; Lectures, bibliography, pp. 15-18, 26. Davenport, S.J., see Forbes, J. J. V. Davenport, S. J., “Bibliography of Bureau of Mines Publications Dealing with Health and Safety in the Mineral and Allied Industries, 1910-1946,” Tech. Paper 705, Washington 25, D. C., 1948. Davenport, S. J., and Morgis, G. G., “Air Pollution, A Bibliography,” Bureau of Mines Bull. 537, Washington 25, D. C., 1954, 448 pages. Dieringer, L., and Ingram, W. T., unpublished report, graduate studies, Xew York University, College of Engineering, 1952; 200 refs. to air sampling techniques. Drinker, P., see Friedlander, S. K. Drinker, P., and Hatch, T., “Industrial Dust; Hygienic Significanre, Measurement and Control,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1936, 324 pages; 260 refs., pp. 277-90. Elliot, C., and Fitzgerald, M., editors, “Home Fires Without Smoke,” E. Benn, Ltd., London, 1926,58 pages; a handbook on prevention of domestic smoke, bibliography. First, M. W., see Friedlander, S.K. Forbes, J. J. V., Davenport, S. J., and Morgis, G. G., “Review of Literature on Dusts,” Bureau of Mines Bull. 478, Washington 25, D. C., 1950, 333 pages; historical and physiological discussion on effects of dusts, thoroughly documented with 657 refs. Fridl, J. W., see Walters, F. J. Friedlander, S. K., “Handbook on Air Cleaning: Particulate Removal,” Washington 25, D. C., 1952, 89 pages; prepared by Harvard University, Air Cleaning Laboratory workers for Atomic Energy Commission personnel. Gibbs, W. E., “Clouds and Smokes; Properties of Disperse Systems in Gases and Their Practical Applications,” J. &A. Churchill, London, 1’924, 233 pages; refs. at end of chapters. Gibbs, W. E., “Dust Hazard in Industry,” E. Benn, Ltd., London, 1925, 180 pages; refs. at end of chapters.
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AIR POLLUTION
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Great Britain Electricity Commission, “Report on Measures Which Have Been Taken in This Country and in Others t o Obviate Eniission of Soot, Ash, Grit, and Gritty Particles from Chimneys of Electric Power Stations,” London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1932, 58 pages. Hatch, T., see Drinker, P. Heimann, H., Brooks, H. M., Jr., and Schmidt, D. G., “Biological Aspects of Air Pollution, an Annotated Bibliography,” Washington, Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene, 1950; Printed as a public service by United Steelworker6 of Bmerica. CIO. table of contents. author index. Hewson, E. W., “Atmospheric Pollution,” Compen’dium of Meteorology, 1951, pp. 1139-57; 1Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography, 4 (2), 123 (1953); 106 refs. Humery, R., “La Lutte Contre les FumBes, Poussieres et Gas Toxiques (Struggle Against Smokes, Dusts and Toxic Gases) ,” Dunod, Paris, 1933, 374 pages. Ingram, W. T., see Dieringer, L. Iron Age, 171, 456 (1953), “Check List of Air Pollution Control Ordinances;” Types of control are listed for 69 U. S. cities and counties and Toronto. Jenkins, G. F., “Air Pollution Abatement Manual P-13, Chapter 12, Bibliography,” Washington, Manufacturing Chemists’ Association, h e . , 1952, 57 pages; appendixes issued every 6 months. Jurgensen, D. F.. “Aerosols, a Survey and Bibliography of Recent Literature,” MIT-MR-8, July 17, 1942. Kimball, H. H., see Mellon Institute. Klotz, O., see lMellon Institute. Kramer, H. P., and Rigby, M., “Cumulative Annotated Bibliography on Atmospheric Pollution by Smoke and Gases,” Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography, 1 ( l ) , 46-71 (1950); 240 annotated refs., author and subject indexes, table of contents. Lapple, C. E., “Dust and Mist Collection,” in J. H. Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 3rd ed., pp. 1013-50, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York; refs., particle dynamics, collection equipment. Lombardo, J. B., “Analysis of Sulfuric Acid Contact Plant Exit Gas: Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Acid Mist and Sulfur Dioxide,” Anal. Chern., 25, 154 (1953); 110 refs. McCabe, L. C., editor, “Proceedings of the United States Technical Conference on Air Pollution,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1952, 847 pages. McClelland, E. H., see Mellon Institute. McKay, R. J ., see Rlellon Institute. Marsh, A , , “Smoke; the Problem of Coal and the Atmosphere,” Faber and Faber, Ltd., London, 1947, 306 pages; 173 refs., pages 290-8. Meetham, A. R . , “Atmospheric Pollution: Its Origin and Prevention,’’ Pergamon Press, London, 1952, 268 pages. Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, “A List of Books, Bulletins, Journal Contributions, and Patents by Members of Mellon Institute;” Air pollution, dust, and smoke abatement are headings used for crossindexing. Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Smoke Investigation Bulletins: Bull. 1, Anon., “Outline of Smoke Investigation,” 1912, 16 pages, out of print. Bull. 2, McClelland, E. H., “Bibliography of Smoke and Smoke Prevention.” 1913, 164 pages. Bull. 3, Wallin, J. E . W., “Psychological Aspects of Problem of Atmospheric Pollution,” 1913, 46 pages. Bull. 4, O’Connor, J., Jr., “Economic Cost of Smoke h-uisance to Pittsburgh,” 1913, 46 pages; out of print. Bull. 5, Kimball, H. H., “Meteorological Aspect of Smoke Problem,” 1913, 51 pages; out of print; bibliography, pp. 49-51. Bull. 6, Benner, R . C., editor, “Papers on Effect of Smoke on Ruilding Materials,” 1913, 58 pages; out of print. Bull. 7, Clevenger, J . F., “Effect of Soot in Smoke on Vegetation,” 1913, 26 pages; out of print. Bull. 8, Anon., “Some Engineering Phases of Pittsburgh’s Smoke Problem,” 1914, 193 pages; out of print; in condensed form in Power, 40, 344-5 (1914). Bull. 9, Klota, 0.. and White, W. C., editors, “PaDers on Influence of Smoke on Health,” 1914, 173 pages; bibliographies a t end of most of papers. Bull. 10, McKay, R. J., “Recent Progress in Smoke Abatement and Fuel Technology in England,” 1922, 62 pages; out of print. Monnett. O., “Smoke Abatement.” Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 273, Washington 25, D . C., 1923, 31 pages; publications relating to coal smoke, p. 31. Morgan, R . E., and Barkley, J. F., “Bibliography of Articles Published in Proceedings, Manuals and Year Books of Smoke Prevention Assoc. of America, Inc. (Air Pollution Control Assoc.), 19131949,” Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, 47 pages; 624 refs. in outline form, author index. Morgis, G. G., see Davenport, S. J., and Forbes, J. J. V. National Smoke Abatement Society, Manchester, “Smoke Abatement Exhibition Handbook and Guide,” 1936, 79 pages.
May 1955
Nelson, R. L., see Walters, F. J. Obermeyer, H., “Stop That Smoke!” Harper & Bros., New York, 1933, 289 pages; sources and bibliography, pages 271-8 O’Connor, J., Jr., see Mellon Institute. Owens, J. S., see Shaw, W. N. Patterson, H. S., see Whytlaw-Gray, R. W. Patty, F. A., editor, “Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,” Intersrience, New York, Vol. 1, 1948, 559 pages; Vol. 2, 1949, 634 pages Reuther, H., “Stability of Aerosols,” Kolloid-Z., 110, 221-40 (1948) ; 73 refs. Rigby, M., see Kramer, H . P. Ruston, A. G., see Cohen, J. B. Schmidt, D. G., see Heimann, H. Shaw, N., and Owens, J. S.. “Smoke Problem of Great Cities,” Constable & Co., Ltd., London, 1925, 301 pages; bibliographical footnotes. Sheleikhovskii, G. V., “Zadymlenie Gorodov (Smoke in Cities) ,” Moscow, Ministerstvo Komunal ’nogo Khoziaistva, 1949; Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography, 4 (2), 221 (1953); 72 refs. Silverman, L., see Friedlander, S.K. Silverman, L., “Industrial Air Sampling and Analysis,” Bull. 1, Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., Pittsburgh, 1947, 72 pages. Smoke Prevention Assoc. of America, Inc., Chicago, “Manual of Instructions on Proper Firing Methods in the Interest of Fuel Combustion and Conservation, Air Pollution, Smoke Elimination,” 1943-1945, 2 volumes Smoke Prevention Assoc. of America, Inc., Chicago, “Manual of Ordinances and Requirements in the Interest of Air Pollution, Smoke Elimination, Fuel Combustion; Description of Methods of Measuring Air Pollution.” 1940, 160 pages. Stanford Research Institute, Punched Card Bibliography on Air Pollution. 6000 references. Stoklasa, J., see Cristiani, H. Trost, J. W., see Walters, F. J. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington 25, D . C., “Handbook on Aerosols,” 1950, 147 pages. U. S. Dept. Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington 25, D. C., “Bihliography of Reports on Colored Smokes,” 1B-187, 1952; 3 pages mimeo. U. S. DeDt. Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington 25. D. C.,-“Bibliography of Reports on Dust Removal,” 1B-80, 1949; 3 pages mimeo. U. S. Dept. Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington 25, D. C., “Bibliography of Reports on Smokes,” 1B-79, 1949, 7 pages mimeo. U. S. Dept. Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington 25, D . C., “Special Bibliography of Reports on Aerosols,” SB-22, 1952; 11 pages mimeo. U. S. Dept. Interior, Bureau of Mines, Publications Relating to Air and Stieam Pollution, Washington 25, D. C.; 16 refs. to ayr pollution. University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, “Air Pollution,” 1949; 19 pages mimeo. Wallin, J. E. W., see Mellon Institute. Walters, F. J., Fridl, J. W., Nelson, R. L., and Trost, J. W., “Oral Manifestations of Occupational Origin, an Annotated Bibliography,” Public Health Bibliography Series No, 7, Public Health ServicePublication No. 228, Washington 25, D. C., 1953,41 pages; 138 refs. and abstracts arranged according to subject, author index. White, W. C., see Mellon Institute. Whytlaw-Gray, R. W., and Patterson, H. S., “Smoke: A Study of Aerial Disperse Systems,” E. Arnold & Co., London, 1932, 200 pages. Suggested Subject Headings for Further Search Aerosols Air analysis bacteriology cleaners filters Dollution purification Antifogging agents Atmospheric pollution Clouds Coal dust Colloids Contamination Cosmic dust Detectors Disperse systems Drops ~
n,,.t
bowl prevention removal Exhaust Foe dispersal
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Fumes Furnaces Gas detection Great Plains region Hveiene industrial occupational Infection and infectious diseases Micelles (Names of specific compounds) Particles Pollution Precipitation Purification Sedimentation Smog Smoke abatement detectors prevention Suspension Vapor Waste “I
979
ENGINEERING, DESIGN, A N D PROCESS DEVELOPMENT Publications Abstracting Air Pollution Literature Bull. Public Sffairs Information Service Public Affairs Information Service 11 West 40th St. New York 18, K.Y. Chemical Abstracts American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W. Washington 6, D . C. Engineering Index Engineering Index, Inc. 29 West 39th St. New York 18, N. Y. Industrial Arts Index International Index to Periodicals The H. W. Wilson Co. 950-972 University Ave. New York, N. Y. Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography American Meteorological Society 5 Joy St. Boston 8, Mass. Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications Superintendent of Documents U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus American Medical Assoc. 535 North Dearborn St. Chicago 10, Ill. Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature The H. W. Wilson Co. 950-972 University Ave. New York. N. Y. I
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Periodicals Devoting Considerable Space to Air Pollution Air Pollution Control Assoc., Proceedings Air Pollution Control Assoc. 4400 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh 13, Pa. A i r Repair Air Pollution Control Assoc. 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh 13, Pa. American C i t y The American City Magazine Corp. 470 Fourth Ave. New York 16, N. Y. American Industrial Hygiene Assoc. Quart. Industrial Medicine Publishing Co. 605 North Michigan Ave. Chicago 11, Ill. American Journal of Public Health and Nation's Health American Public Health Assoc., Inc. 374 Broadway Albany 7, N. Y. APCA News Air Pollution Control Assoc. 4400 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine American Medical Assoc. 635 North Dearborn St. Chicago 10, Ill. Atmospheric Pollution Bulletin: Monthly Summary of Observation S and Abstracts of Literature Great Britain Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Fuel Research Station Greenwich, London, S. E. 10, England Bengal Smoke-Nuisances Commission, Annual Reports Calcutta, India Chemical Engineering McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc. 99-129 North Broadway Albany 1, N. Y .
980
Chemical Engineering Progress American Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 East 41st St. New York 17, N. Y. Chemical Reuiews Williams & Wilkins Co. M t . Royal and Guilford Aves. Baltimore 2, Md. Coal Producers Committee for Smoke Abatement Review Coal Producers Committee for Smoke Abatement 720 Transportation Bldg. Cincinnati 2, Ohio Heating, Piping and A i r Conditioning Keeney Publishing Co. 6 North Michigan Ave. Chicago 2, 111. INDUSTRIAL A N D ENOINEERINO CHEMISTRY American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W. Washington 6, D. C. Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. Bulletins Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. 4400 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Industrial Medicine and Surgery Industrial Medicine Publishing Co. 605 North Michigan Ave. Chicago 11, Ill. Journal o f Colloid Science Academii Press 125 East 23rd St. New York 10, N. Y. Mechanical Engineering American Society of Mechanical Engineers 29 West 39th St. New York 18, N . Y . National Smoke Abatement Society Annual Conference, Proceedings National Smoke Abatement Society 36 King St. Manchester, England Occupational Health (Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service) Superintendent of Documents U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. Public W o r k s Public Works Journal Corp. 310 East 45th St. New York 17, N. Y . Smokeless A i r ; Smoke Abatement Journal National Smoke Abatement Society 36 King St. Manchester, England Technical and Administrative Report on Air Pollution Control in Los Angeles County County of Los Angeles, Air Pollution Control District 5201 Santa Fe Ave. Los Angeles 58, Calif. Transactions of American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers 29 West 39th St. New York 18, N. Y. Transactions of Institution of Chemical Engineers (London) Institution of Chemical Engineers 56 Victoria St. Westminster, London, S. W. 1, England
Associations and Institutes Interested in Air Pollution Air Pollution Control Assoc. 4400 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Air Pollution and Smoke Prevention Assoc.; now Air Pollution Control Assoc. American Chemical Society, Committee on Air Pollution 1155 Sixteenth St., N. W. Washington 6, D. C.
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 47, No. 5
AIR POLLUTION American Institute of Mining & Metallurgical Engineers 29 West 39th St. New York 18, h-.Y. American Medical Assoc., Council on Industrial Health Committee on Atmospheric Pollution 535 North Dearborn St. Chicago 10. Ill. American Meteorological Society 3 Joy St. Boston 8, Mass. American Petroleum Institute. Smoke and Fumes Committee 50 West 50th St. New York 20, N. Y. American Public Health Sssoc., Engineering Section, Committee on Air Hygiene 1790 Broadway New York 19, N. Y. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Committee on Air Pollution Control 29 West 39th St. New York 18, N. Y. American Society for Testing Materials Committee D-22 on Methods of Atmospheric Sampling and Analysis Subcommittee I. Nomenclature and Units Subcommittee 11. Methods of Sampling Subcommittee 111. Analytical Methods Subcommittee IV. Instrumentation 1916 Race St. Philadelphia 3, Pa. Armour Research Foundation 35 West 33rd St. Chicago 16, Ill. Battelle Memorial Institute Air Pollution Research 505 King Ave. Columbus 1, Ohio Bituminous Coal Institute National Coal Assoc. Southern Bldg. Washington 5, D. C. Coal Producers Committee for Smoke Abatement Transportation Bldg. Cincinnati 2, Ohio Great Britain Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Atmospheric Pollution Research Committee Dorland House 14-16 Regent St. London, S.W. 1, England Harvard University Air Cleaning Laboratory Cambridge, Mass. Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. Air-Pollution Control Committee Headquarters at Mellon Institute 4400 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh 13, Pa.
RECEIVED for review October 22, 1954.
END
May 1955
Interdepartmental Committee on Air Pollution L. C. McCabe, Chairman U. S. Bureau of Mines Washington 25, D. C . International Joint Commission United States and Canada United States Section Room 2300, Federal Security Building Washington 25, D. C. Jefferson County Air Pollution Control District 304 City Hall Louisville, Ky. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District 5201 Santa Fe Ave. Los Angeles 58, Calif. Manufacturing Chemists’ Association Air Pollution Abatement Committee Woodward Bldg. Washington 5, D. C. Mellon Institute 4400 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Midwestern Air Pollution Prevention Assoc. Armour Research Foundation Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago 16, Ill. National Smoke Abatement Society (British) 36 King St. Manchester, England New York University, College of Engineering, Research Division, Air and Water Pollution Research Section University Heights New York 53, N. Y. San Francisco Bay Area Council, Inc. Bay Air Pollution Committee 130 Montgomery St. San Francisco 4, Calif. Smoke Abatement League 2901 Union Central Bldg. Cincinnati 2, Ohio Smoke Prevention Assoc. of America NONAir Pollution Control Assoc. Stanford Research Institute Air Research Laboratories Stanford, Galif. University of Illinois (Illinois smokeless furnace) Urbana, Ill. U. S. Bureau of Mines Office of Air and Stream Pollution Washington 25, D. C. Western Oil and Gas Association Committee on Smoke and Fumes 510 West Sixth St. Los Angeles 14, Calif. ACCEPTED
March 12. 1955.
OF SYMPOSIUM
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
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