Spatial Variability of Pesticide Sorption and Degradation Parameters

Jul 23, 2009 - Spatial Variability of Pesticide Sorption and Degradation Parameters. P. S. C. Rao1, K. S. V. Edvardsson, L. T. Ou, R. E. Jessup, P. Nk...
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6 Spatial Variability of Pesticide Sorption and Degradation Parameters 1

P. S. C. Rao , K. S. V. Edvardsson, L . T. Ou, R. E . Jessup, P. Nkedi-Kizza, and A. G. Hornsby

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Soil Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, F L 32611

Data were collected at two field sites, one in Florida and the other in Georgia, to evaluate the variability in pesticide concentrations and in pesticide sorption and degradation parameters. The observed variability can be attributed to intrinsic factors leading to inherent variability, and to extrinsic factors resulting in imposed variability. Data are presented to demonstrate the predominant effects of the method of pesticide application and tillage operations in introducing significant extrinsic variability in pesticide concentrations. Variability introduced at the soil surface may persist as the pesticide leaches to deeper depths. At both field sites, a close relationship was found between the spatial variations in soil organic carbon content and pesticide sorption coefficients. At the Georgia field site, small variations (coefficient of variation < 30%) were noted in measured pesticide degradation half-lives in soil samples collected from several locations and four morphologic horizons. Spatial patterns in pesticide sorption and degradation parameters did not correspond to spatial boundaries of the soil series. Recent r e p o r t s o f i n c r e a s i n g i n c i d e n c e o f p e s t i c i d e s and t o x i c o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s i n groundwater ( i , 2 ) have prompted a number o f l a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e p r o c e s s e s and f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g p e s t i c i d e b e h a v i o r i n s o i l s and groundwater. Several s i m u l a t i o n models have been d e v e l o p e d f o r f o r e c a s t i n g p e s t i c i d e

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C u r r e n t address: A g r o n o m y a n d S o i l Science Department, University o f H a w a i i , H o n o l u l u , H I 96822 0097-6156/ 86/ 0315-0100S06.00/ 0 © 1986 A m e r i c a n C h e m i c a l Society

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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6. RAO ET A L .

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f a t e i n s o i l s ( 3, A ) . To v a l i d a t e t h e s e models and t o u s e them f o r e i t h e r management o r r e g u l a t o r y p u r p o s e s , s e v e r a l s i t e - s p e c i f i c v a l u e s f o r s o i l and p e s t i c i d e parameters a r e needed. A t y p i c a l f i e l d s i t e , v a r y i n g i n a r e a from about 1 t o 10 h a , may i n c l u d e s e v e r a l s o i l s e r i e s . The model parameter v a l u e s may be d i f f e r e n t n o t o n l y f o r each o f t h e s e s o i l s e r i e s , b u t may a l s o v a r y considerably within a single series. Such v a r i a b i l i t y i n a number of s o i l h y d r a u l i c p r o p e r t i e s ( e . g . , s o i l h y d r a u l i c c o n d u c t i v i t y , s o i l water f l u x , e t c . ) has been w i d e l y r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( 5 - 1_ ). The model parameter v a l u e s f o r a g i v e n l o c a t i o n i n t h e f i e l d may a l s o v a r y w i t h p r o f i l e depth depending upon s o i l h o r i z o n a t i o n as w e l l as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s o i l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s ( e . g . , s o i l a e r a t i o n , temperature, e t c . ) . S i n c e s o i l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s undergo dynamic changes w i t h t i m e , model parameters a r e a l s o e x p e c t e d t o e x h i b i t t e m p o r a l v a r i a b i l i t y . A t p r e s e n t , o n l y l i m i t e d d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e t o c h a r a c t e r i z e such s p a t i a l and t e m p o r a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n p e s t i c i d e s o r p t i o n and degradat i o n parameters r e q u i r e d i n s e v e r a l s i m u l a t i o n models. In t h i s paper, we w i l l d i s c u s s d a t a c o l l e c t e d as a p a r t o f two r e c e n t f i e l d s t u d i e s , one i n G e o r g i a and t h e o t h e r i n F l o r i d a . The o b j e c t i v e o f b o t h s t u d i e s was t o m o n i t o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l dynamics of p e s t i c i d e s i n t h e c r o p r o o t zone and t o u s e t h e s e d a t a t o e v a l u a t e t h e p r e d i c t i v e c a p a b i l i t y o f s e v e r a l s i m u l a t i o n models. S p e c i f i c a t t e n t i o n w i l l be f o c u s e d on t h e d a t a c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y o f p e s t i c i d e s o r p t i o n and d e g r a d a t i o n paramet e r s measured a t t h e s e two f i e l d s i t e s . Description of the F i e l d

Sites

The G e o r g i a f i e l d s t u d y was a c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t between t h e U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency, t h e U.S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey, and the U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a . The 4.5-ha f i e l d s i t e , p l a n t e d t o peanuts, was l o c a t e d near A l b a n y , GA. A t t h i s s i t e d a t a a r e b e i n g c o l l e c t e d to characterize p e s t i c i d e migration within the unsaturated and t h e s a t u r a t e d zones. The c r i t e r i a used i n s e l e c t i n g t h i s f i e l d s i t e and i n d e s i g n i n g t h e s t u d y a r e d i s c u s s e d by C a r s e l e t a l . ( 8 ). Cooper ( 9 ) p r e s e n t e d a d e t a i l e d g e o h y d r o l o g i c description of this s i t e . B u l k samples o f s u r f a c e s o i l (0-20 cm) were c o l l e c t e d u s i n g a bucket auger from 20 l o c a t i o n s , d e s i g n a t e d as t h e p r i m a r y s i t e s ( 8 ), and an a d d i t i o n a l 16 random l o c a t i o n s at t h i s f i e l d s i t e . Each sample was i d e n t i f i e d by i t s l o c a t i o n w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o an a r b i t r a r y g r i d ( 8 ). S o i l o r g a n i c carbon c o n t e n t (OC) o f t h e s e samples was determined by d r y combustion method u s i n g a LECO Carbon A n a l y z e r . Pesticide sorption coeffic i e n t s (K,) were determined u s i n g t h e b a t c h e q u i l i b r i u m t e c h n i q u e s ( 10, 11_ The p e s t i c i d e s used were: a l d i c a r b [ ( m e t h y l t h i o ) p r o p i o n a l d e h y d e 0 - ( m e t h y l c a r b a m o y l ) oxime]; m e t o l a c h l o r [ 2 - c h l o r o - N - ( 2 - e t h y l - 6 - m e t h y l p h e n y l ) - N - (2-methoxy-1-methyl e t h y l ) acetamide; and d i u r o n [ 3 - ( 3 , 4 - d i c h l o r o p h e n y l ) - 1,1-dimethyl u r e a ] . A t t h e 20 p r i m a r y l o c a t i o n s , s o i l c o r e s were a l s o c o l l e c t e d from each o f t h e f o u r m o r p h o l o g i c h o r i z o n s (0-20, 25-45, 48-63, and 94-107 cm) u s i n g a s e p t i c sampling t e c h n i q u e s ( 12 ) . A l d i c a r b and m e t o l a c h l o r d e g r a d a t i o n i n t h e s e s o i l samples under a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s was measured u s i n g b a t c h i n c u b a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s ( 13^ ). These

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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EVALUATION O F PESTICIDES IN G R O U N D WATER

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o r

d a t a were used t o c a l c u l a t e t h e h a l f - l i v e s ( t j ^ ) ^ disappearance of t h e p a r e n t compound. The second f i e l d s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d on a 0.8-ha c i t r u s g r o v e , l o c a t e d n e a r Davenport, F l o r i d a . T h i s s t u d y was a c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t between t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a and t h e Union C a r b i d e A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o d u c t s Company, I n c . The s o i l a t t h i s s i t e i s c l a s s i f i e d as C a n d l e r sand ( h y p e r t h e r m i c , T y p i c Q u r t z i p s a m m e n t s ) , w h i c h i s t y p i c a l o f t h e deep, sandy, and w e l l - d r a i n e d s o i l s p l a n t e d t o c i t r u s on t h e c e n t r a l r i d g e o f F l o r i d a . B u l k samples o f s u r f a c e s o i l (0-15 and 15-30 cm) were c o l l e c t e d u s i n g bucket auger a t 29 l o c a t i o n s , 12.5 m a p a r t , on a n o r t h - s o u t h (N-S) t r a n s e c t . On a w e s t - e a s t (W-E) t r a n s e c t , s o i l samples were c o l l e c t e d i n a s i m i l a r manner a t a n o t h e r 17 l o c a t i o n s . The N-S and W-E t r a n s e c t s s h a r e d one s o i l sample a t t h e p o i n t o f t h e i r i n t e r s e c t i o n . Additional s o i l samples were t a k e n from 26 s i t e s s e l e c t e d randomly w i t h i n t h e field. The e x a c t l o c a t i o n o f each s a m p l i n g s i t e was n o t e d and was used t o i d e n t i f y t h e samples. OC v a l u e s f o r t h e s e s o i l s were d e t e r m i n e d by t h e d r y combustion method. A l d i c a r b v a l u e s were measured u s i n g t h e b a t c h e q u i l i b r i u m t e c h n i q u e . Types o f S p a t i a l

Variability

Rao and Wagenet ( 14 ) have proposed t h a t t h e t o t a l v a r i a b i l i t y observed i n a given s o i l property i s t h e sum o f i n t r i n s i c and extrinsic variability. The former a r i s e s from i n h e r e n t v a r i a b i l i t y i n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s due t o p e d o g e n i c p r o c e s s e s , w h i l e t h e l a t t e r i s t h e r e s u l t o f v a r i o u s s o i l and c r o p management p r a c t i c e s a t a specific field site. They s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n s o i l p r o p e r t i e s such as s o i l h y d r a u l i c c o n d u c t i v i t y o r p e s t i c i d e s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s might be i n f l u e n c e d p r i m a r i l y by i n t r i n s i c f a c t o r s , whereas v a r i a b i l i t y i n p e s t i c i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and f l u x e s might e x h i b i t t h e combined i n f l u e n c e o f b o t h i n t r i n s i c and e x t r i n sic factors. G i v e n d a t a on t o t a l v a r i a b i l i t y , i t i s n o t always p o s s i b l e t o q u a n t i f y t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f each t y p e o f v a r i a b i l i t y . In t h i s paper, we w i l l p r e s e n t d a t a r e p r e s e n t i n g b o t h t y p e s o f variability. Extrinsic

Variability

P e s t i c i d e s and f e r t i l i z e r s a r e u s u a l l y a p p l i e d a t t h e s o i l s u r f a c e e i t h e r i n g r a n u l a r o r l i q u i d f o r m u l a t i o n s and a r e s u b s e q u e n t l y i n c o r p o r a t e d by some s o r t o f t i l l a g e o p e r a t i o n ( e . g . , d i s c i n g ) . T h i s o p e r a t i o n can i n d u c e e x t r i n s i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n a g r o c h e m i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and f l u x e s i n s o i l s due t o v a r i a b i l i t y i n a p p l i c a t i o n i t s e l f (random i f b r o a d c a s t ; nonrandom i f banded) and t h e t i l l a g e o p e r a t i o n . Weed s c i e n t i s t s have examined such v a r i a b i l i t y , i n p a r t i c u l a r as r e l a t e d t o h e r b i c i d e e f f i c a c y ( 15 - 21_ ). Such e x t r i n s i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n p e s t i c i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s can a l s o pose s e r i o u s problems i n o b t a i n i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o i l samples f o r p e s t i c i d e concentration determinations. A t t h e F l o r i d a f i e l d s i t e , we e v a l u a t e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t i l l a g e - i n d u c e d e x t r i n s i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n bromide ( B r ) and a l d i c a r b * s t o t a l t o x i c r e s i d u e s (TTR) v a r i a b i l i t y . Bromide was a p p l i e d i n a 3-m s t r i p c e n t e r e d between t h e c i t r u s t r e e s t h a t were p l a n t e d about 8 m a p a r t . A c o n c e n t r a t e d KBr

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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RAO ET A L .

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s o l u t i o n was s p r a y e d on t h e s o i l s u r f a c e u s i n g a t r a c t o r - m o u n t e d boom s p r a y r i g . The s p r a y n o z z l e s were s e t such t h a t s o l u t i o n s p r a y from a d j a c e n t n o z z l e s o v e r l a p p e d and p r o v i d e d e s s e n t i a l l y a uniform Br a p p l i c a t i o n . On t h e same 3-m s t r i p t o w h i c h Br was a p p l i e d , a l d i c a r b (Temik 15-G; g r a n u l a r f o r m u l a t i o n ) was a p p l i e d i n 16 p a r a l l e l bands t h a t were spaced 20-cm a p a r t . Br and a l d i c a r b were t h e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e s o i l t o a depth o f about 10 cm u s i n g a t r a c t o r - m o u n t e d m u l t i p l e d i s k implement w i t h 24 d i s k s t h a t were s e t about 12.5 cm a p a r t . Immediately f o l l o w i n g d i s c i n g , s o i l samples were c o l l e c t e d t o a depth o f 30 cm as shown s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 1. Note t h a t a t o t a l o f 16 samples were t a k e n , 8 each on two p a r a l l e l t r a n s e c t s s e t 0.67 m a p a r t and p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n band. S o i l samples were c o l l e c t e d i n t h i s manner i n each o f t h e f o u r q u a d r a n t s o f t h e f i e l d . The v a r i a t i o n s i n Br and a l d i c a r b TTR c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a c r o s s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n band a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 2 and 3. Note t h a t b o t h Br and a l d i c a r b TTR c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e w i t h i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n band, w i t h s e v e r a l o r d e r s o f magnitude d i f f e r e n c e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s even i n a d j a c e n t s o i l samples. Note t h a t even though Br was a p p l i e d e s s e n t i a l l y u n i f o r m l y t o t h e s o i l s u r f a c e , t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n Br c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f a l d i c a r b TTR c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t p o s t - a p p l i c a t i o n d i s c i n g was t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e o f t h e o b s e r v e d e x t r i n s i c v a r i a b i l i ty. These r e s u l t s a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s o f o t h e r workers ( 8, 18, 21^ ). We have a l s o o b s e r v e d s i m i l a r v a r i a b i l i t y p a t t e r n s i n a l d i c a r b TTR c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n f i e l d s t u d i e s conducted d u r i n g 1983 a t two o t h e r l o c a t i o n s i n F l o r i d a ( 22 ). S o i l samples c o l l e c t e d up t o 4-m depth d u r i n g 1983, and up t o a d e p t h o f 10 m i n 1984 showed t h a t such v a r i a b i l i t y w i l l p e r s i s t t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r and a t a l l d e p t h s . We a r e p r e s e n t l y a n a l y z i n g o u r 1983 and 1984 a l d i c a r b and B r f i e l d d a t a i n o r d e r t o c a l c u l a t e a s t a t i s t i c a l l y v a l i d "average" c o n c e n t r a t i o n s which can be, i n t u r n , compared w i t h t h e v a l u e s p r e d i c t e d by s i m u l a t i o n models. A d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e model v a l i d a t i o n e f f o r t s i s beyond t h e scope o f t h i s paper. Intrinsic Variability

i n PC and

V a r i a t i o n s i n OC v a l u e s i n s o i l samples c o l l e c t e d a l o n g t h e N-S and W-E t r a n s e c t s a t t h e F l o r i d a s i t e a r e shown i n F i g u r e 4. Note t h a t f o r both t h e t r a n s e c t s , OC i n s o i l s from t h e 0-15 cm depth were more v a r i a b l e t h a n i n samples c o l l e c t e d from t h e 15-30 cm d e p t h . V a r i o g r a m s ( 14 ) c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e s e d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t f o r t h e 0-15 cm depth, OC v a l u e s i n s o i l samples c o l l e c t e d w i t h i n a s e p a r a t i o n d i s t a n c e ( i . e . , l a g ) o f 15 m would be s p a t i a l l y c o r r e lated. On t h e o t h e r hand, OC v a l u e s f o r t h e 15-30 cm d e p t h a r e s p a t i a l l y independent. OC d a t a f o r b o t h depth i n c r e m e n t s c o u l d be f i t t e d t o a normal f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n ; t h e n o r m a l i t y was c o n f i r m e d by t h e Kolmogorov- Smirnov D - s t a t i s t i c ( 23 ). The c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n (CV) i n OC d a t a f o r both depths was l e s s t h a n 20%. The measured d a t a f o r OC and a l d i c a r b were used t o g e n e r a t e 3-dimensional p l o t s d e p i c t i n g t h e i r s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s a t t h e Florida field site. These p l o t s , shown i n F i g u r e 5, i n d i c a t e a c l o s e , b u t n o t e x a c t , c o r r e s p o n d e n c e i n t h e s p a t i a l p a t t e r n s o f OC and K,. The OC d a t a and K, v a l u e s f o r t h r e e p e s t i c i d e s measured

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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EVALUATION O F PESTICIDES IN G R O U N D WATER

FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram showing t h e s a m p l i n g d e s i g n used t o e v a l u a t e t h e e x t r i n s i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n bromide and a l d i c a r b TTR c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t t h e Florida site.

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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RAO ET AL.

105

Spatial Variability of Pesticide Parameters

Sampling Date : Feb 1 4 , 8 4 Across T r e a t m e n t Band NW Quadrant

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30 20 10 0 1.5

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DISTANCE, meters FIGURE 2. V a r i a t i o n s i n bromide ( B r ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s o i l samples t a k e n a c r o s s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n band. V e r t i c a l arrows i n d i c a t e t h e w i d t h o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n band.

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

EVALUATION O F PESTICIDES IN G R O U N D WATER

Sampling D a t e : Feb 1 4 , 8 4 A c r o s s T r e a t m e n t Band SE Quadrant

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NE Q u a d r a n t 15,720

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CO

CO

ω ce χ

NW Q u a d r a n t

SW Quadrant

2946

2000

1000

1.5

3.0

4.5

0

1.5

3.0

4.5

DISTANCE, meters FIGURE 3. V a r i a t i o n s i n a l d i c a r b TTR c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s o i l samples t a k e n a c r o s s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n band. V e r t i c a l arrows i n d i c a t e t h e w i d t h o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n band.

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

6. RAO ET A L .

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Spatial Variability of Pesticide Parameters

0.5-]

Δ

0 - 1 5 cm



I 5 - 3 0 cm

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TRANSECT

0.4

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0.3

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2

Ο . Ι-! —ι 20 Δ

0.5-J —

\

1— 40

60

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80 N-S

100

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1 5 -—3 o0 w cm t >J tm

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0

1

20

1

1

40

1

1

60

1

1

80

1

Γ -

100

D I S T A N C E ALONG T R A N S E C T , meters FIGURE 4. V a r i a t i o n s i n s o i l o r g a n i c c a r b o n c o n t e n t (OC) a t two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) i n samples t a k e n a l o n g two t r a n s e c t s a t t h e F l o r i d a s i t e .

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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EVALUATION O F PESTICIDES IN G R O U N D WATER

u s i n g t h e s u r f a c e s o i l (0-20 cm) samples c o l l e c t e d a t t h e G e o r g i a s i t e a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 6; t h e s e p l o t s were g e n e r a t e d i n manner s i m i l a r t o t h o s e shown i n F i g u r e 5. As w i t h t h e d a t a f o r t h e F l o r i d a s i t e , s p a t i a l p a t t e r n s i n p e s t i c i d e K, v a l u e s and OC values are very s i m i l a r . These r e s u l t s may be a n t i c i p a t e d because OC i s t h e s i n g l e most i m p o r t a n t d e t e r m i n a n t o f for nonionic p e s t i c i d e s ( Γ1, 24 - 2 6 ) . Thus, i t would appear t h a t g i v e n a v a l u e r e f e r e n c e d t o OC, denoted as Κ , the s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n Κj f o r a p e s t i c i d e a t a f i e l d s i t e may be e s t i m a t e d by m e a s u r i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n OC. Green e t a l . ( 27 ) p r e s e n t d a t a f o r nematicide s o r p t i o n to support t h i s c o n c l u s i o n .

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I n t r i n s i c V a r i a b i l i t y of Degradation H a l f - L i v e s On t h e b a s i s o f an a n a l y s i s o f p u b l i s h e d d a t a , Rao and D a v i d s o n ( 1_1 ) n o t e d t h a t f o r s e v e r a l p e s t i c i d e s t h e v a r i a t i o n i n p e s t i c i d e degradation h a l f - l i v e s (two) among s e v e r a l s o i l s was s u r p r i s i n g l y s m a l l (CV < 100%), e s p e c i a l l y g i v e n t h e range i n s o i l t y p e s and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s a t w h i c h d e g r a d a t i o n was measured. Data c o l l e c t e d by Ou e t a l . ( 28 ) f o r d e g r a d a t i o n o f s e v e r a l p e s t i c i d e s i n s e l e c t e d U.S. s o i l s c o n f i r m e d t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n . More r e c e n t l y , Walker and Brown ( 29 ) measured t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f two t r i a z i n e h e r b i c i d e s i n s o i l samples c o l l e c t e d from s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n a 0.64-ha f i e l d . They r e p o r t e d a s m a l l v a r i a t i o n i n t . ,^ v a l u e s (CV < 25 %) f o r b o t h h e r b i c i d e s . D a t a p r e s e n t e d by Walker and Z i m d h a l ( 30 ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e h a l f - l i v e s f o r p e s t i c i d e degrada­ t i o n i n s o i l s c o l l e c t e d from t h r e e s t a t e s i n t h e U.S. d i d n o t v a r y by more t h a n a f a c t o r o f 2. I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t i n a l l o f t h e above c i t e d s t u d i e s p e s t i c i d e d e g r a d a t i o n was measured i n s o i l s t h a t had been a i r - d r i e d and r e - w e t t e d t o some d e s i r e d s o i l - w a t e r c o n t e n t . I n h e r e n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e d i v e r s i t y and t h e s i z e o f m i c r o b i a l p o p u l a t i o n s may have been r e d u c e d by a i r - d r y i n g t h e s o i l s , w h i c h c o u l d e x p l a i n t h e absence o f s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b i l i t y i n laboratory-measured p e s t i c i d e degradation r a t e s . I n c o n t r a s t t o measuring OC o r v a l u e s , t h e measurement o f p e s t i c i d e degradation h a l f - l i v e s ( ) ^ s o i l s i s a much more d i f f i c u l t and time-consuming t a s k . Hence, t h e s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n t - i 2 c o u l d n o t be a s s e s s e d i n as much d e t a i l as we d i d w i t h OC and ί,. M e t o l a c h l o r and a l d i c a r b TTR h a l f - l i v e s were measured i n a s e l e c t e d number o f s o i l samples c o l l e c t e d from t h e G e o r g i a f i e l d site. S o i l samples were s e l e c t e d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e t h r e e major s o i l s e r i e s p r e s e n t a t t h e s i t e ( C l a r e n d o n , A r d i l l a , and T i f t o n ) and t h e f o u r major m o r p h o l o g i c s o i l h o r i z o n s (0-20, 25-46, 48-63, and 94-107 cm) w i t h i n t h e c r o p r o o t zone. S o i l samples c o l l e c t e d from 4 depths a t 10 s i t e s were u s e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e a l d i c a r b TTR d e g r a ­ dation rates. M e t o l a c h l o r h a l f - l i v e s were measured i n s o i l s t a k e n from f o u r d e p t h s a t one s i t e f o r each s o i l s e r i e s and a l s o i n samples c o l l e c t e d a t two depths (0-20 cm and 94-107 cm) a t 6 s i t e s . The d a t a f o r o b s e r v e d v a r i a t i o n s i n m e t o l a c h l o r t . ,^ a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I . Of t h e t h r e e sampling s i t e s w i t n m t h e C l a r e n d o n s e r i e s , t h e s h o r t e s t d i s t a n c e between two s i t e s (G-13 t o K-15) was about 60 m, w h i l e t h e s i t e s K-15 and H-9 were t h e f a r ­ t h e s t , l o c a t e d about 100 m from each o t h e r . Of t h e f i v e s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n s , t h e g r e a t e s t s e p a r a t i o n d i s t a n c e was about 200 m between J-4 ( T i f t o n ) and J-18 ( A r d i l l a ) . M e t o l a c h l o r t , v a l u e s measured n

1

n

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

RAO ET A L .

A : ORGANIC CARBON

B : ALDICARB K

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109

Spatial Variability of Pesticide Parameters

CONTENT

D

FIGURE 5. S p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n s o i l o r g a n i c c a r b o n c o n t e n t (OC) and a l d i c a r b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t (K. ) a t t h e F l o r i d a s i t e .

A : ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT

C : METOLACHLOR K

d

Β : ALDICARB K

d

D: DIURON K

d

FIGURE 6. S p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n OC and K, v a l u e s f o r t h r e e p e s t i c i d e s ( a l d i c a r b , m e t o l a c h l o r , and d i u r o n ) at the Georgia s i t e .

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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EVALUATION O F PESTICIDES IN G R O U N D WATER

i n a l l s u r f a c e s o i l s (0-20 cm) were e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l . The t / v a l u e s a r e l a r g e r by about a f a c t o r o f 2 f o r t h e s u b s o i l s (25-46, 48-63, 94-107 cm) and t e n d t o be more v a r i a b l e (CV < 3 8 % ) . The m e t o l a c h l o r h a l f - l i v e s shown i n T a b l e I a r e s m a l l e r t h a n t h o s e r e p o r t e d by e a r l i e r workers ( 30, 31^ ). 1

?

Table I. V a r i a t i o n s i n Metolachlor Degradation H a l f - L i v e s ( d a y s ) Measured i n S o i l s from t h e G e o r g i a S i t e

S o i l Depth Increment Soil

0-20

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(cm)

Series 25-46

48-63

94-107

C l a r e n d o n (G-13) C l a r e n d o n (H- 9) C l a r e n d o n (K-15) Ardilla (J-18) Ardilla (B-13) Tifton (J-4)

19 19 17 18 14 19

17 ^ N.D. N.D. 34 N.D. 31

44 N.D. N.D. 44 N.D. 39

41 35 20 53 68 41

Average CV (%)

18 11

27 33

42 7

43 38

* **

Code f o r s a m p l i n g Not d e t e r m i n e d

Table I I .

l o c a t i o n on an a r b i t r a r y

V a r i a t i o n s i n A l d i c a r b TTR H a l f - L i v e s ( d a y s ) Measured i n S o i l s from t h e G e o r g i a S i t e

S o i l Depth (cm)

S o i l Series Clarendon

0-20 25-46 48-63 94-107

42 51 51 67

Average *

grid

(26) (26) (26) (21)

53 (28)

Ardilla

45 44 47 54

(24) (46) (36) (30)

48 (30)

Average Tifton

37 28 39 63

(11) (25) (13) ( 5)

42 (34)

42 42 47 62

(21) (38) (26) (21)

48 (31)

numbers i n p a r e n t h e s i s a r e % CV

The measured v a r i a b i l i t y i n a l d i c a r b TTR d e g r a d a t i o n h a l f - l i v e s a r e summarized i n T a b l e I I . Data shown f o r C l a r e n d o n s o i l were a v e r a g e d o v e r 4 s i t e s , and t h e v a l u e s f o r A r d i l l a and T i f t o n s o i l s a r e averages f o r 3 s i t e s . Among t h e s a m p l i n g s i t e s , J-4 and J-18 were t h e f a r t h e s t a p a r t (about 233 m), whereas t h e s i t e s 1-15 and K-15 were t h e c l o s e s t (about 30 m). The g r e a t e s t

Garner et al.; Evaluation of Pesticides in Ground Water ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1986.

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6.

RAO ET A L .

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Spatial Variability of Pesticide Parameters

d i s t a n c e between two sampling s i t e s w i t h i n a s o i l s e r i e s was: 126 m f o r C l a r e n d o n ; 157 m f o r A r d i l l a ; and 195 m f o r T i f t o n . The v a r i a t i o n s i n a l d i c a r b TTR t - , ^ v a l u e s w i t h d e p t h and l o c a t i o n a r e somewhat l a r g e r (CV < 50%) t h a n t h o s e f o r m e t o l a c h l o r t - / ^ . However, t h e v a r i a t i o n i n TTR t - , ~ v a l u e s w i t h i n a s o i l s e r i e s a r e e q u a l t o o r l a r g e r t h a n t h e v a r i a t i o n s among t h e s e r i e s . An o v e r a l l average t- ,~ f o r a l d i c a r b TTR d e g r a d a t i o n i n t h e s e s o i l s ( T a b l e I I ) was 48 days (CV = 31 % ) . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t i n o u r s t u d y , s o i l samples c o l l e c t e d from t h e f i e l d were s t o r e d a t t h e same water c o n t e n t a t w h i c h t h e y were sampled. P e s t i c i d e d e g r a d a t i o n was measured i n t h e s e s o i l s under i d e n t i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s ( i . e . , s u b s t r a t e concen­ t r a t i o n , a e r a t i o n s t a t u s , t e m p e r a t u r e , and s o i l - w a t e r content). Thus, t h e l a c k o f s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n p e s t i c i d e d e g r a d a t i o n rates suggests that the inherent c a p a c i t y o f the s o i l microorgan­ isms t o degrade t h e s e p e s t i c i d e s might be s i m i l a r a t t h e G e o r g i a site. T h i s does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y imply t h a t t h e a c t u a l i n s i t u d e g r a d a t i o n r a t e s would n o t v a r y s p a t i a l l y o r t e m p o r a l l y w i t h i n a field. L o c a l s o i l e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s may be e x p e c t e d t o v a r y as a r e s u l t o f s p a t i a l and t e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s i n o t h e r s o i l p r o p e r ­ t i e s as w e l l as v a r i a t i o n s i n c r o p / s o i l management p r a c t i c e s ( i r r i g a t i o n , r a i n f a l l , f e r t i l i z a t i o n , e t c . ) . Thus, a knowledge o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e s t i c i d e d e g r a d a t i o n r a t e s and s o i l e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s and t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i n a f i e l d i s necessary f o r p r e d i c t i n g the s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y of p e s t i c i d e residue concentrations. We a r e n o t aware o f any pub­ l i s h e d data f o r assessing i n s i t u s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n p e s t i c i d e degradation rates. Such d a t a have been c o l l e c t e d f o r s p a t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n d e n i t r i f i c a t i o n r a t e s ( 32, 33> ) . S o i l - w a t e r c o n t e n t (Θ) and t e m p e r a t u r e ( T ) a r e t h e two major s o i l environmental f a c t o r s that c o n t r o l p e s t i c i d e degradation rates. Walker ( 34 ) and Walker and Barnes ( 35 ) have p r o p o s e d a model f o r p e s t i c i d e p e r s i s t e n c e i n s o i l s . I n t h e i r model t h e Θ-depgndence o f t ^ ,^ i s d e s c r i b e d by a power f u n c t i o n ί^^,^ Α Θ , where A and Β a r e c o n s t a n t s ] , w h i l e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t ^ y ^ and Τ i s d e s c r i b e d by t h e A r r h e n i u s e q u a t i o n . Walker and co-workers ( 36 - 40 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h e v a l u e s o f t h e n e c e s s a r y model p a r a m e t e r s from l a b o r a t o r y measurements o f p e s t i c i d e degrada­ t i o n under c o n t r o l l e d c o n d i t i o n s . These parameter v a l u e s and weather d a t a were used as model i n p u t s t o p r e d i c t t h e p e r s i s t e n c e of s e v e r a l p e s t i c i d e s i n f i e l d p l o t s a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s . Walker e t a l . ( 41 ) summarized t h e r e s u l t s o f an i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a ­ t i v e s t u d y , i n which s i m a z i n e h e r b i c i d e d e g r a d a t i o n was measured i n s o i l s c o l l e c t e d from 21 l o c a t i o n s i n 11 c o u n t r i e s . As i n e a r l i e r s t u d i e s ( 36 - 40 ) , model parameters were e s t i m a t e d on t h e b a s i s l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s , and were used t o p r e d i c t s i m a z i n e p e r s i s t e n c e i n f i e l d p l o t s a t 16 l o c a t i o n s . They a l s o s i m u l a t e d s i m a z i n e d e g r a d a t i o n i n f i e l d p l o t s a t 5 o t h e r l o c a t i o n s f o r w h i c h companion l a b o r a t o r y d a t a were n o t a v a i l a b l e . I n a l l t h e s e s t u d i e s ( 36 =

41 ), t h e model g e n e r a l l y u n d e r e s t i m a t e d t h e amount o f p e s t i c i d e residues remaining i n t h e s o i l . Walker and co-workers c o n s i d e r e d t h e model t o be s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e f o r p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s g i v e n t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n measured p e s t i c i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t processes other than m i c r o b i a l degradation ( e . g . , l e a c h i n g p a s t t h e s a m p l i n g depth; v o l a t i l i z a t i o n ; and

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EVALUATION O F PESTICIDES IN G R O U N D WATER

c h e m i c a l o r p h o t o l y t i c d e g r a d a t i o n ) may have been r e s p o n s i b l e f o r pesticide dissipation.

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Summary We have attempted t o show t h a t b o t h i n t r i n s i c and e x t r i n s i c f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e o b s e r v e d s p a t i a l v a r i a b i l i t y i n p e s t i c i d e concentrations. The method o f p e s t i c i d e a p p l i c a t i o n and subsequent t i l l a g e o p e r a t i o n s can have a major impact on t h e e x t r i n s i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n t h e measured p e s t i c i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and f l u x e s . Such v a r i a b i l i t y needs t o be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n d e s i g n i n g s o i l s a m p l i n g s t r a t e g i e s and i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e f i e l d d a t a . Intrinsic v a r i a b i l i t y i n p e s t i c i d e s o r p t i o n and d e g r a d a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s appears t o be s m a l l (CV < 3 0 % ) . Because p e s t i c i d e s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e s t r o n g l y c o r r e l a t e d t o s o i l o r g a n i c carbon c o n t e n t s , t h e r e i s a c l o s e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e between t h e measured s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f OC and K^. Thus, a f i e l d - a v e r a g e v a l u e may be e s t i m a t e d g i v e n t h e average OC v a l u e . P e s t i c i d e degradation rates i n s o i l samples c o l l e c t e d from d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s and s u b j e c t e d t o i d e n t i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s were n o t v a r i a b l e . However, i n s i t u d e g r a d a t i o n r a t e s may v a r y as f u n c t i o n o f v a r i a t i o n s i n s o i l environmental c o n d i t i o n s . Acknowledgments F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t f o r t h i s s t u d y was p r o v i d e d , i n p a r t , by t h e C o o p e r a t i v e Agreement No. CR-810464 between t h e U.S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency and t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f F l o r i d a ; and a g r a n t from t h e Union C a r b i d e A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o d u c t s Co., I n c . A s s i s t a n c e o f R.F. C a r s e l and C.N. Smith, AERL, USEPA, Athens, GA; Ms. S.C. Cooper, USGS, A l b a n y , GA; and J . F . McNabb, RSKERL, USEPA, Ada, OK i n c o l l e c t i n g t h e s o i l samples a t t h e G e o r g i a s i t e i s acknowledged. R.L. Jones and R.R. Romine, U n i o n C a r b i d e , a s s i s t e d i n c o l l e c t i n g t h e s o i l samples a t t h e F l o r i d a s i t e and a n a l y z e d t h e samples f o r bromide ancjl^aldicarb TTR. We a r e g r a t e f u l t o Union C a r b i d e f o r Ojroviding C - a l d i c a r b and t o C i b a - G e i g y f o r s u p p l y i n g C - m e t o l a c h l o r used i n t h e s o r p t i o n and d e g r a d a t i o n s t u d i e s . F i n a l l y , we a p p r e c i a t e Ms. L i n d a Lee's a s s i s t a n c e i n d a t a a n a l y s i s and i n d r a f t i n g t h e f i g u r e s .

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GROUND

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WATER

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