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to improve the crosslinking that improves your product. If you are working with resins containing active hydrogens, Du Pont TYZOR® organic titanates can provide the crosslinking key that improves your product's properties. Hardness, solvent resistance, electrical characteristics, or heat resistance are examples. There's a wide variety of applica tions for TYZOR. Printing inks, paints, coatings and gels are some of them. The seven high-purity TYZOR products are excellent for a broad range of reactivity. Water-stable chelated forms are also available. Find out what our TYZOR organic titanates can do for your product. Send for our 48-page technical brochure. Du Pont Company, Room 35688 Wilmington, DE 19898
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Please send me your 48-page brochure about TYZOR organic titanates.
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C&EN May 14, 1979
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Technology
New flue gas scrubber uses dry absorbent A new flue gas scrubber requiring no water and yielding stable, nonsoluble by-products is being marketed by Energy & Pollution Controls Inc. (EPC), a subsidiary of Flick-Reedy Corp., Bensenville, 111. The EPC dry reactor, when used in conjunction with a commercial cartridge bag filter unit, can remove up to 80% of the sulfur dioxide and virtually all of the particulate matter issuing from most commercial boilers fired with coal. Key element in the EPC dry scrubber is a conical reactor for cor> tacting and reacting suitable absor bents with flue gas. Lime, limestone, and soda ash have been used suc cessfully as absorbents. Flue gas enters the reactor through a diverging nozzle. A rapidly rotating disk in the throat of the nozzle dis tributes the finely divided absorbent throughout the flue gas. Intimate contact is maintained long enough, through recirculation and high tur bulence, to permit adsorption and reaction. The disk is driven by a hy draulic motor, which is internally pressurized to eliminate bearing contamination by hot gases or par ticulates. Hydraulic drive fluid also cools and lubricates the motor. Reactive absorbent can be recycled several times before being exhausted. Fly ash and other particulates pass on to be trapped in the cartridge bag filter. The only products other than the cleaned gas are spent absorbent, usually gypsum anhydrite, and the fly ash from the bag house. Both are fine dry powders. The absence of water virtually has eliminated corrosion problems in the system, even in the case of mild steel materials. According to Grant T. Hollett Jr., vice president of EPC, the total pressure drop over the system is less than 6 inches of water. The reactor is available in several sizes up to 25,000-cfm capacity. Largerflowsare handled by parallel multiples and the largest installation now being offered will treat 250,000 cfm. The systems are intended for op erators of small and medium-size in dustrial boilers who must treat ex haust in compliance with regulatory requirements. In most cases the boilers are fired with locally pur chased coal. The immediate market, says Hollett, includes those Illinois operators who want to use high-sulfur Illinois coal. The alternative to using Illinois coal is to import low-sulfur western
coal. An EPC analysis of comparative economics indicates that the dry scrubber will permit the use of Illinois coal, satisfy the pollution regulations, and still yield a savings of as much as $4.00 per ton over imported western coal. This is not claimed to be typical of experience elsewhere but the eco nomics are still attractive. D
Spectrophotometer has superfast capabilities "It's the only really new thing in spectrophotometry in years," says one applications chemist at HewlettPackard's scientific instruments di vision, Palo Alto, Calif. "It" is H-P's newly introduced 8450A ultraviolet-visible spectro photometer, a bench-top device that can scan a liquid sample from 200 nm to 800 nm in one second, while ana lyzing for as many as seven compo nents simultaneously.
CUSTOM LARGE-BATCH CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING. Tretolite offers: CUSTOM OXYALKYLATION, ESTERIFICATION and other processes from St. Louis, Houston, Los Angeles facilities. Call or write for complete information.
ΊΠ3ΙΜ*2ΪΜΙϋ@ DIVISION Market Development Department 369 Marshall Avenue St. Louis, Missouri 63119 314-961-3500
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Πβ] lïà ι Add a dash of ZON YL to make water wetter and save yourself some money. A little ZONYL®fluorosurfactantgoes a long, long way toward making water wetter and saving you money. ZONYL reduces surface tension to values below those reached by other types of surfactants. You need so little to do the job, you can end up spending less than you would on less expensive wetting agents. In most applications, ZONYL surfactants are effective in concentrations as low as 50 to 1,000 ppm (0.005 to 0.1%). You can even wet TEFLON* They're also stable, both chemically and thermally. You can use them in strong acids or concentrated alkalis, and at high temperatures, conditions that cause hydrocarbon surfactants to decompose. There's a ZONYL surfactant of each ionic type— cationic, anionic, nonionic and amphoteric.
Mail us the coupon, and we'll send you our 16-page technical brochure about ZONYL fluorosurfactants. Du Pont Company, Room 35687 Wilmington, DE 19898
Please send me your 16-page brochure about ZONYL fluorosurfactants. _Title_
. State.
_Zip.
Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. for Du Pont s fluorocarbon resins
DU MUNX ICllSWlTMO"
May 14, 1979 C&EN 43
We put a large volume of know-how into our smaller-volume products. Everybody puts a lot of research, development and service effort behind high-volume products. But we're The Little Chemical Giant.™ So it s only natural that we extend our know-how into specialty products for your special needs. Our polyolefin resin and compounding experience, for instance, led naturally to the industry's broadest line of color concentrates and compounds. Plus thermoplastic and crosslinkable wire and cable compounds ... in a variety of natural, flame retardant and semiconductive types.
Another example: Having pioneered mechanically ground polyethylene for carpet coating and roto molding, U.S.I.® then went on to patent micron sized polyethylene powders for more exotic uses. And, through our expertise in polyethylene, vinyl acetate and catalyst technology, we've developed the industry's broadest assortment of ethylene-vinyl acetate and vinyl acetateethylene copolymers. They're used in adhesives, elastomers and packaging.
So you see, these extensions of our know-how benefit both you and us. And by the way, since we sell only raw materials, we don't compete with you in end markets. In a supply crunch, our obligation would be to you alone. Find out how much The Little Chemical Giant can help you. Send for our capabilities brochure. Write U.S.I. Chemicals Co., Dept. LCG, 99 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016.
USA Chemicals ( U ^ National Distillers & Chemical Corp.
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The Little Chemical Giant
IT MAS THE DOCTOR'S PRESCRIPTION THAT BUM THE PANAMA CANAL. A water route through the Isthmus of Panama had been on people's minds since 1513 when Balboa walked across and found the Pacific Ocean. Four centuries later Western Civilization had acquired the skill and machinery to undertake what is probably man's largest engineering task. Earthmoving equipment alone was not enough. There was also the overwhelming problem of disease—malaria, yellow fever, even bubonic plague. Not until America was able to maintain some forty-thousand laborers in good health for seven years in a debilitating tropical environment could the vast ditch be dug. The credit goes to the U.S. Army doctor who conquered the deadly mosquito. William Crawford Gorgas didn't discover the cause of yellow fever and malaria. But at a time when only a few realized that mosquitos were the enemy, he eliminated their breeding grounds by draining swamps, installing sanitation systems, sealing water tanks and introducing the first window screens ever seen in Panama. When this meticulous 2-year campaign was over, the engineers, headed by U.S. Army Colonel George Washington Goethals, were able to attack the 267,000,000 cubic yards of swamp and volcanic mountainside that lay between
the Atlantic and Pacific. We think there is a similar lesson to be learned in meeting the State solvent emission limitations. There is no one right way for all solvent users to satisfy these requirements. Water-borne coatings, combinations of water- and solventborne coatings, incineration, solvent recovery and other possibilities all have to be considered in the light of individual users' needs and potential equipment modification. For the past 12 years Union Carbide has been analyzing these problems and their solutions, and compiling them into remarkable computer programs. Today we are not only the leading supplier of solvents: our practical experience can help users make the best technical choice of solvents for high solids and water-borne industrial finishes to reduce emissions. This is an invitation to an open and useful discussion about the problems you may have and the solutions we can offer. We think you'll soon see there's no reason why the quality of your products and the stability of your profits should be kept oceans apart.
PEOPLE PLANNING THE FUTURE. UNION CARBIDE Chemicals and Plastics
(A complete list of our sales offices appears on the following page)
Nobelist Giulio Natta dies in Italy
SALES OFFICES THAT CAN ANSWER YOUR CHEMICAL AND PLASTICS NEEDS. Our advertisement on the preceding page tells why we're the leading supplier of solvents. To learn more about our total capabilities, please call the sales office nearest you. Boston, Mass. 02194 300 First Avenue Needham Heights 617-444-5400 New York (Metropolitan) Hackensack, NJ. 07601 1 University Plaza 201-646-1111 212-695-5054 Tonawanda, N.Y. 14150 Chemicals & Plastics P.O. Box 44 716-877-1600 Atlanta, Ga. 30359 17 Executive Park Drive, NE 404-321-6600 Charlotte, N.C 28210 6230 Fairview Road 704-364-1400 Kansas Gty 800-621-0737 Moorestown, N.J. 08057 308 Harper Drive 609-235-6200 Pittsburgh, Perm. 15220 875 Greentree Road 412-922-5700 Cincinnati, Ohio 45227 West Street & Madisonville Rd. 513-272-0206 Minneapolis 800-621-0244
Cleveland, Ohio 44114 1300 East 9th Street 216-621-4200 Southfield, Mich. 48037 26500 Northwestern Highway 313-354-0800 Chicago, 111. 60606 120 So. Riverside Plaza 312-454-2000 St. Louis, Mo. 63105 10 South Brentwood Blvd. 800-621-0737 Long Beach, Calif. 90802 100 Oceangate 213-435-3721 Dallas, Texas 75207 2710 Stemmons Freeway 214-631-0010 Houston, Texas 77046 2 Greenway Plaza East 713-621-1000 San Francisco, Calif. 94111 1 California Street 800-352-3789 From Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington or Wyoming 800-421-3724
PEOPLE PLANNING THE FUTURE.
Chemicals and Plastics
48
C&ENMay 14, 1979
Giulio Natta, Italian polymer chemist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963, died May 2 in Bergamo, Italy, hie had had Parkinson's disease for more than a decade. He was 76. Natta won the Nobel prize along with Karl Ziegler of Max Planck Institute in West Germany for fundamental work on catalytic polymerization of macromolecules. Ziegler, in 1953, discovered that a titanium organometallic compound would catalyze polymerization of ethylene at room temperature into highmolecular-weight polyethylene. Natta, working at the Polytechnic Institute of Milan and as a consultant for the Italian chemical firm Montecatini (now Montedison), used a Ziegler-type catalyst in 1954 to produce polypropylene, which he later characterized by x-ray studies to be in the isotactic form. He recognized this reaction to be a stereospecific one that, with some modification, could be used to polymerize almost any alpha-olefin. Later work in his laboratory established the existence and significance of several stereospecific forms of many types of polymers. Natta contributed particularly to the emerging field of polymer chemistry by bridging the gap between fundamental research efforts and practical applications. In his position with Montecatini, he
Conventional uv-visible systems, by contrast, take two to 10 minutes per scan, and are limited to analyzing two or at most three components at a time. H-P spokesmen also point out that with the addition of an automatic sampler, the 8450A can process a new sample every 10 seconds, 360 samples an hour. "We expect our biggest markets to be in industry, where you have to do high-volume quality control analyses, and in government labs doing regulatory work," says product manager Ernest Bonelli. "Our goal has always been to build a general-purpose, high-precision spectrophotometer," agrees Barry Willis, project manager for the 8450A. Three key developments have made the instrument possible, he says. The first is parallel wavelength acquisition. Conventional spectrophotometers use serial acquisition, that is, passing light through the sample one wavelength at a time. The 8450A, on the other hand, passes white light through the sample, then disperses the light from the sample with a holographic grating into an array of 400 photodiodes. This type of acquisition is fast—so
developed processes and techniques for producing isotactic polypropylene and other polymers from alpha-olefins. His work at the Polytechnic Institute of Milan was largely responsible for making that institute a major world center for macromolecular chemistry. Natta was born in Imperia, on the Italian Riviera, in 1903. He received his doctorate in chemical engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Milan and taught physical chemistry at universities in Pavia, Rome, and Turin before returning to the Polytechnic Institute in 1938 as director of the Institute of Industrial Chemistry. His professional activity had been severely limited in recent years because of his illness. D
fast that the instrument actually takes seven spectra per second and displays the average. To prevent false absorption signals, optical efficiency in the beam path is crucial, Willis explains. Thus, a second key development is the beam director. This device is a pair of pivoted mirrors. One directs the source beam out through any of five sample positions. The beam is then reflected to the second mirror, which directs it onto the dispersion grating. An H-P-patented feedback mechanism keeps the two mirrors positioned accurately to within three seconds of arc. This mechanism is so fast, says Willis, that the mirrors can even compensate for the random dancing of the beam due to changes in the index of refraction of the air. Finally, Willis says, the third key development has been the highowered microprocessor capability ased on silicon-on-sapphire technology. This is particularly important in the 8450A's multicomponent analysis capability, he says. Instead of comparing reference spectra with observations at one or two wavelengths, as in conventional instruments, the 8450A does a least-squares fit using all 400 channels. •
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