HUGH B. FISCHER
ANNUAL REVIEW
Stainless Steels And Other Ferrous Alloys For the user!! This year’s review is written from the viewpoint of the chemical engineer who is specifying the ferrous materials to be used in the plant, process, or operation
of new developments in the stainless steels A review and other ferrous alloys as materials of construction in the chemical industry presents an interesting paradox. Since there are more ferrous alloys used-in pounds and in dollars-in chemical plants than all of the other materials of construction taken together, it might be expected that there would be numerous new developments. Ferrous alloys have been the backbone of the industry for a long time, however, and the really significant new developments each year have been few. Unlike in the more glamorous materials fields, most new developments in ferrous alloys have been detailed improvements in materials for special applications which are of limited general interest. This review will be concerned, from the user’s viewpoint, with recently published articles about new uses for existing ferrous materials of construction and new data in related areas such as corrosion resistance, manufacturing techniques, and welding, which permit wider use of existing materials, as well as the development of new materials. Accordingly, the review is divided into the following general areas : Materials Selection, Corrosion Resistance, New Alloys, New Manufacturing Techniques, and Welding.
Materials Selection The selection of materials of construction for chemical plants has become more complex as new materialsmetals and nonmetals-with quite different properties have become available. Higher temperature, higher pressure, and more corrosive processes along with much larger plants with larger equipment have made materials selection more critical. I n some instances, it has been the lack of adequate economical materials of construction which has been the limiting factor in the commercialization of new processes. VOL. 6 0
NO. 8
AUGUST
1968
45
General articles on the use of materials include the annual review of last year ( 3 A ) . Current structural design concepts have been summarized (54 6A). This summary includes examples of designs for process buildings, conveyors, bins, and tanks; the economic advantages of high strength steels; and a brief introduction to the plastic theory of design. A survey of construction materials ( 2 A ) contains a discussion of welded construction and lists the manufacturers of high strength steels. A report describes the use of stainless steel roofing materials (44). The use of materials for cryogenic service has been summarized (7A). This includes materials in an air separation plant and the properties and costs of the most widely used copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and stainless steels. Case histories of brittle failures from improper material selection have been documented (7A). These include storage tank failures; the reasons for the failures are stated. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry. The use of stainless steels in modern chemical plants has been described (3B, 4B, S B ) . An excellent review of design practice, properties, and corrosion resistance with special emphasis on the fertilizer industry has been compiled for all of the standard grades of stainless steel ( 8 B ) . Design principles and allowable stresses and pressures have been tabulated for chromium steels and stainless steels ( 3 B ) . New developments in European and American standard and high-strength stainless steels have been summarized ( 4 B ) . Various types of strengthening mechanisms such as precipitation hardening, maraging, and ausforming are discussed. The applications of precipitation hardening stainless steels in the chemical industry are described further ( 2 B ) , as are new European stainless steels ( 1 B ) . These high-strength stainless steels are being specified and used in a variety of special services where corrosion resistance and high strength are needed as in compressors, high-pressure pumps, and homogenizers. Some of the low alloy steels which have higher strength and better corrosion resistance than carbon steels are continuing to .be more widely used. Some performance tests have been published for thes’e materials (7B). Properties of titanium-clad steels (5B)and also enameled steels (6B) for use in the chemical industry have been tabulated. Properties and case histories of many chemical plant applications of the Meehanite cast irons have been reported (9B). Specific Chemical Processes. Most of the references below include a flow diagram or model of the process and show the materials of construction which are currently preferred. Problem areas are often described. Materials for steam-methane reforming are reviewed in a series of 31 articles (6C). Included are discussions about creep-rupture fundamentals, the basis of material selection, the development of the widely used HK-40 alloy, and also some operating experiences. Several materials problems in steam-methane reforming furnaces have been reported (7C,74C). Hydrogen plant design improvements have been described (ZOC). Proper pip46
INDUSTRIAL A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
A large stainless steel flanged and dished head, ? - ? / 4in. thick and having a 240-in.I.D.was recentlyproduced by G. 0 . Carlson, Inc., f o r use at the Von Karman Center in an environmental test chamber
ing design and materials for hydrogen plant service have also been noted (ZC). Some of the practical problems which have occurred in the new large ammonia plants have been documented ( I 6 C ) . The performance of carbon, low alloy, and stainless steels in ammonia synthesis has been evaluated (4C, I7C). The wider use of stainless steels in various parts of ammonium nitrate fertilizer plants has been reported (8C, IOC). Additions of titanium or columbium to carbon steel permit it to be used in certain areas of these nitrate fertilizer plants (3C). Proper material selection has minimized or eliminated corrosion problems in sulfuric acid plants (73C, 75C, (78C) and in wet phosphoric plants (5C). Stainless steels have been used successfully for digesters, evaporators, and acid tanks in the cellulose industry (79C). The corrosion resistance of various alloy steels in a methanol and isobutanol plant has been determined (72C). The conditions under which carbon and stainless steels may be used in hot potassium carbonate systems have been reported ( I C ) . Hot carbonate systems are being more widely used for gas scrubbing in competition and monoethanolamine systems. The effects of corrosion inhibitors on various alloys in the cooling water system of a large refinery are described (9C). How the inhibitors make possible the use of much more economical materials is shown. The performance of various carbon and stainless steels in water desalination plants has been evaluated ( I IC).
AUTHOR H u g h B. Fischer is S t a f Metallurgist in the Central Engineering Department, Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Del. This is Mr. Fischer’sjrst year to compile this review.
Specific Chemical Equipment. The design of stainless steel chemical process equipment has been summarized (6D). Discussion of design principles, selection of materials based on service and test spool data, and description of areas where stainless steels are normally used are included. A survey of materials of construction presently being used in regenerators, reactors, and risers at 20 petroleum refineries has been made ( 2 0 ) . Various refinery reactor designs such as cold wall, hot wall, multilayer, and solid wall are discussed ( 5 0 ) . The materials used and methods of preventing corrosion are included. Selection of steels for heaters and exchangers in heavy hydrogenation service has been described ( 4 0 ) . Heat exchanger corrosion problems are discussed ( 3 D ) , and a test to determine corrosion rates on external tubular surfaces under heat transfer conditions has been developed (8D). Standard tests of this type are extremely useful because of the considerable influence of heat transfer conditions on corrosion rates, and because of the difficulty of reproducing actual heat exchanger corrosion rates in the laboratory. Many of the applications of steel condenser tubes have been summarized ( I D ) , Corrosion problems associated with storage tanks have been discussed (17D). The effects of materials, protective coatings, and cathodic protection are mentioned. The selection of materials for papermaking apparatus (9D) and pulp mill stock refining equipment (IOD) have been reported. Data on the use of plastic and steel composite pipe in the chemical industry are presented by Proetzl ( 7 0 ) . Boilers and Pressure Vessels. The compositions, mechanical properties, and specifications for the carbon, alloy, and stainless steels which are currently used in boilers, nuclear reactors, and other pressure vessels have been tabulated (7ZE). The temperature limitations for each alloy, the metallurgical changes which occur during high-temperature service, and the problems encountered during high- and very low-temperature service are described. Some of the provisions of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code-to which these vessels are designed and fabricated-are discussed (70E). Mechanical properties, including creep-rupture data, have also been tabulated for the most widely used European boiler and pressure vessel steels (43). The reduced service life which may be expected when boiler steels are heated above the maximum design temperature may now be determined very easily by a graphical method (5E). This should enable operating personnel to evaluate quickly the effects of short periods of unexpected overheating on boilers and similar vessels. Pressure vessel design has been greatly influenced in recent years by the fracture toughness theory (9E). This has occurred partly because of the need for larger and thicker vessels such as hydrocrackers and the converters in the new large ammonia and methanol plants. Some of these converters weigh 500 tons and have walls 8 in. thick. A few vessels of this type have failed in recent years. A thorough failure analysis of one such failure has been made (2E). Nondestructive testing is being more widely
used in the inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. An eddy current-testing technique which can reveal differences in metallurgical structure and thus can be used to determine if the proper heat treatment was performed has been developed (8E). O n the water side of boilers, the principles of corrosion control are fairly well established (3E). O n the fire side of the high-pressure boilers which burn residual fuel oil containing vanadium and appreciable amounts of sulfur, corrosion is still a serious problem. This corrosion, which occurs when the tube skin temperature reaches about 1200 O F , has become more widespread as the number of high-pressure boilers has increased. Recent work on this problem has been summarized ( I E , SE, 7 7E), and tests to determine which materials are satisfactory under these conditions have been devised (7E, 73E). Corrosion Resistance
Satisfactory corrosion resistance is certainly one of the important requirements of materials of construction for the chemical industry. Since the corrosion resistance of any material depends upon environmental conditions and since most chemical plant environments are unique mixtures of many different species-often containing unknown contaminants-selection of the proper material can be difficult. Therefore much work is done in this area each year and much is published about corrosion principles and about the corrosion resistance of specific materials to specific environments. Articles of general interest are shown below. Design practices to minimize corrosion problems have been recommended (527). Vessel and piping designs as well as the effects of operating conditions are included. The effects of trace impurities on corrosion rates under actual plant conditions have been discussed (2F). The importance of protective surface films in preventing corrosion is noted. Fatigue failures and metal dusting, which is a type of catastrophic carburization, are also described. The corrosion resistance and sulfide corrosion cracking problems of the high-strength low-alloy steels have been reviewed ( 3 F ) . These materials are generally replacing carbon steels in such special services as large storage tanks, high-pressure vessels, and in severe wear applications. The sulfide cracking problem has been minimized in many cases by limiting the strength levels at which these materials are used. The influence of chromium, nickel, and molybdenum on the corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steels and high nickel alloys has been investigated (4F). Increased nickel and molybdenum content increase the corrosion resistance of these materials to hydrochloric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids and to aqueous sodium hydroxide, but decrease the corrosion resistance to nitric acid. Chromium has exactly the opposite effect. Analyses of several plant corrosion failures have been cataloged (SF). The effectiveness of zinc coatings in protecting steel from corrosion has been described (7F), and the comVOL. 6 0
NO. 8
AUGUST 1968
47
mon methods of coating-hot dip galvanizing, electrogalvanizing, metallizing, sherardizing, and painting with zinc-rich paints-are shown. Specific Corrosion Data. The corrosion resistance of ferrous alloys to specific chemical environments is shown below. The resistance of stainless steels to phosphoric acid solutions has been studied (7G, ZG, 4G). The activepassive behavior of these alloys under these conditions is described (ZG). Anodic protection of these alloys in 75 to S5Y0 phosphoric acid is feasible (7G). Anodic protection of carbon steel in the concentrated acid can also be accomplished ( 7G). The resistance of iron-chromium alloys containing 2 to 100YOchromium to boiling nitric acid has been investigated (6G). I t was found that at least 14yochromium was needed for satisfactory corrosion resistance. The pitting corrosion of an austenitic stainless steel in a sodium chloride solution has been studied under heat transfer conditions (7G), and it was found that under these conditions, corrosion was accelerated regardless of the direction of the heat flow. It has been shown that Alloy 20 is resistant to dilute sulfuric acid and to many other corrosive environments (5G, 8G). The corrosion resistance of high silicon cast iron to many environments has been tabulated (3G). The corrosion of carbon steel in sea water has been documented (9G). Stress Corrosion Cracking. Unlike general corrosion which progresses over a period of time and usually leaves a few clues along the way, stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement produce serious failures without warning. These phenomena, along with fatigue failures, are probably responsible for the most expensive materials failures in chemical plants when lost production is considered in addition to replacement costs. Research aimed a t determining the cause of stress corrosion cracking and at minimizing failures with existing alloys and conditions is described below. Since almost every alloy system can be cracked in the proper environment and unknown contaminants are often present in process streams, stress corrosion cracking will be a problem until its nature is well understood. With respect to ferrous alloys, there are three well-known theories or mechanisms : the mechanical, electrochemical, and surface-energy theories. The current status of these theories has been very well outlined ( 3 H ) and further discussed (73H, 77H). The effect of cold work on the stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels has been studied ( 7 7 H ) . The threshold stresses for cracking were plotted, and the considerable influence of preferred orientation was noted. I t has been found that ausforming several high strength steels generally increases the resistance of these steels to stress corrosion cracking ( 7 H ) . Experiments with stressed austenitic stainless steels in boiling magnesium chloride solutions have shown that stress corrosion cracking can be prevented by cathodic polarization and accleerated by anodic polarization (9H, 7 5 H ) . This evidence supports the electrochemical theory of cracking. The effects of surface finish have also been investigated ( 9 H ) , and it was found that electropolished specimens 48
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
had better resistance to cracking than did machined specimens. The crack propagation rate was faster in the electropolished specimens, however. Stress corrosion cracking has always been a problem in high-strength fasteners because of the high stress levels to which fasteners are subjected. Cracking susceptibility can be minimized by good design and manufacturing techniques such as rolling threads and fillets after heat treatment and using compound fillets and fully formed threads with large root radii ( 4 H ) . hlethods of improving the resistance of welded vessels to stress corrosion cracking from sodium hydroxide have also been described (70H). Sulfide cracking of low alloy stecls, which is such a serious problem in refineries, is a special kind of stress corrosion cracking. I t is thought by many people that sulfide cracking can be best explained on the basis of hydrogen embrittlement, while some believe that it is true stress corrosion cracking. An excellent discussion of this problem was recently published (74H). This paper offers evidence in support of the hydrogen embrittlement theory. I t was also found that cracking resistance decreased with increased strength, cracking susceptibility increased as carbon content increased, quenched and tempered steels were more crack resistant than normalized or normalized and tempered steels, and austenite-con taining steels were much more resistant to cracking than entirely ferritic steels. Extensive work on sulfide cracking has been done in Japan. A summary of some of this work (5H) contains curves which show the strength l e d and hydrogen sulfide concentration necessary to produce cracking in various high-strength low-alloy steels. Several Japanese articles discuss the failure of a high-strength steel, LP gas tank ( 7 6 H ) ,the failure of welded high-strength steel plates (7H), the failure of another high-strength steel, LP gas storage tank (72H), and summarize these and other similar failures ( 6 H ) . A good review of hj-drogen embrittlement of steels in high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen service has been published ( S H ) . Methods of protecting steels from hJ-drogen corrosion such as the addition of carbide formers (e.g., chromium) and the use of cladding have been described ( 2 H ) . New Alloys
Several new alloys of interest to the chemical industry were announced or first produced in the past year. As stated earlier, most of these were developed for special applications. I t should be noted that many of the recent alloys have been developed from metallurgical principles rather than by empirical methods as were most of the older well-known ferrous alloys. The maraging steels are an outstanding example of this, and reports of two new stainless maraging steels have been published (7J, S J ) . The first of these ( 7 J ) is a 0.03Yo C, 15Yo Cr, 20’34 Co, 2.9% Mo steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 250,000 psi. It has moderate corrosion resistance, and its resistance to stress corrosion cracking is comparable to that of the other martensitic stain-
The second less steels. I t is intended for use to 1100'F. maraging stainless ( 8 J ) is a 0.03% C, 14.5% Cr, 6.5% Ni, O.8yOT i steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 200,000 psi. I t also has moderate corrosion resistance comparable to that of 430 stainless steel, and its resistance to stress corrosion cracking is somewhat superior to that of the other martensitic stainless steels. A new precipitation hardening stainless steel, 15-5PH, has been described ( 2 J ) . I t contains o.O4y0 C, 15% Cr, 4.6% Ni, 3.3y0 Cu, and 0.25Yp Cd, and is a modification of 174 PH from which delta ferrite has been eliminated. Thus 15-5PH has much better mechanical properties than 17-4PH in heavy sections such as large forgings. I t has an ultimate tensile strength of 190,000 psi and has corrosion resistance comparable to that of 17-4PH. All of these steels have good formability, and because of the combination of good strength, formability, and corrosion resistance, ought to find many applications in the chemical industry ( I B , 2B). A new nitrogen-bearing 316L stainless steel with greatly improved strength has been announced (4J). The addition of 0.1 to 0.2% nitrogen has increased the ultimate tensile strength from 75,000 to 85,000 psi, and the 0.2y0yield strength from 32,000 to 44,000 psi. The corrosion resistance is comparable to that of regular 3 1BL, but the sensitizing range is broadened somewhat. General reviews of new European stainless steels have been made ( 3 J , 7 4 . Improvements in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of various new stainless steels and nickel base alloys are discussed ( 7 4 , and new specialty steels for highly corrosive services are described ( 3 4 . A compilation of mechanical properties (including high-temperature and very low-temperature properties), compositions, and heat treatments has been made for all of the wrought stainless steels (5J). A similar compilation of compositions and mechanical properties has been made for the cast stainless and heat-resisting alloys ( 6 J ) . New creep-rupture data have been published for 310 stainless steel and HK-40 alloy ( Q J ) . The effect of carbon content on creep-rupture properties is shown. This paper summarizes the high-temperature properties of these alloys and is particularly important because of the widespread use of HK-40 alloy in steam-methane reforming furnaces. N e w Manufacturing Techniques
Several new manufacturing techniques have been reported. A British process for the pressure casting of seamless stainless steel tubes has been described (5K). The direct casting of the tube hollow, annealing, pickling and sizing are presented (7K, 2 K ) . The mechanical properties of pressure-cast 316 stainless steel tubes are shown (3K). A modern seamless stainless steel pipe and tube production facility has been described (8K). A UgineSejournet extrusion press, a Stiefel mill, and an Assel mill are included. The manufacture of welded steel pipe, including stretch reducing facilities, is also discussed ( 9 K )*
A new technique in weld overlay vessel construction has been reported (6K). Fabricated electrodes (tubes which contain alloy powders inside) are used to obtain the correct alloy composition in the overlay. Multipass welds are made simultaneously and automatically using two or more welding heads in a single welding rig. This technique, which has been widely used to overlay digesters for the pulp and paper industry, produces overlays free from excessively low alloy areas. The yield strength of 321 stainless steel plates has been doubled by warm working (4K). The ultimate tensile strength has also been increased significantly while the ductility is still good. Several proposed vessel designs which take advantage of this technique are shown. The improvement in mechanical properties of steels from deform-quenching has also been described ( 7 K ) . Welding
Some of the new developments in welding which are of interest to the chemical industry are shown below. The tungsten-inert gas (TIG) hot-wire process is described (4L). This process, in which the filler wire is heated by a separate power source, permits greatly increased welding speed while retaining the high quality of the T I G process. I t is already being widely used for welding the stainless steels, maraging steels, and some of the high-strength low-alloy steels in thicknesses of about '/4 in. and thicker. Submerged-arc welding with strip electrodes is another new process which is being used for welding stainless steels especially to dissimilar metals (2-Q. A guide to welding the 18yo Ni maraging steels has been published (1OL). I t describes conditions for T I G , M I G (metal-inert gas), and MIG-short arc welding, and also describes the correct filler wires to be used. T h e development of a 170,000 to 200,000 psi yield strength filler metal is illustrated (6L). The filler metal contains O . l O ~ oC, 10% Ni, 2y0Cr, 1% Mo, 670 Co, and actually combines some of the advantages of both the conventional carbon-martensite and the maraging alloy systems. A problem related to the welding of austenitic stainless steels has been reported (8L). Lack of penetration in 304L welds was found to be caused by the silicon and manganese contents in some heats. Good weldability was found in heats which contained 0.30 to o.7070 Si and 1.40 to 2.00y0 Mn. Detailed procedures for welding carbon, alloy, and stainless steels for service at -25 to -320 O F have been documented ( I L ) . The development of emissive coated electrodes permits the use of a-c welding of 9% Ni steel cryogenic vessels (3L). This development eliminates the problem of magnetic arc blow associated with d-c welding. Techniques for welding the 9% Ni steels are shown. A method of welding brass to high-strength low-alloy steel has been reported (7L). Butt welds and fillet welds with 40,000 psi ultimate tensile strength can be made using phosphor bronze filler metal. The influence of different types of weld defects on VOL. 6 0
NO. 8
AUGUST 1 9 6 8
49
fracture initiation has been discussed (9L). The importance of the position of the defect is noted. I t is suggested that many weld defects which are cause for rejection in specifications are not harmful in structures fabricated from many of the commonly used ferrous alloys. h-ondestructive tests such as radiography, dye penetrant, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and electromagnetic (e.g., eddy current) have been tabulated, and the ability of these tests to discover 35 kinds of weld and base metal defects is described (5L).
(9E) Langstone, P.F., Metallurgia, 75 (448), 67-72 (1967). (10E) Lorentz, R. E., and Harding, TV. L., MetalProgr., 91 (4), 95-100 (1967). (11E) Lorenz, K., and Kranz, E., Korrosion (18), 135-41 (1966). (12E) .I!etetal Progr., 91 (4), 94-94.4 ( I 967). (13E) Poczok, I., Kororrosion (181, 105-10 (1966). Corrosion Resistance (1F) Anderson, E. H., Chem. Eng., 73 (22), 154-62 (1966). (2F) Brooks, W.B., Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. Refiner, 46 (7): 147-8 (1967). (3F) Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. Refiner, 46 (4), 151-4 (1967). (4F) Scarberry, R . C., Graver, D. L., and Stephens, C . D., Mater. Protect., 6 (G), 54-7 (1967). (5F) Suss, H., Mach. Design, 38 (241, 199-203 (1966). (6F) Van Droffelaar, H., Canodion Chern. Process, 51 (3), 51-56 (1967). Specific Corrosion Data
(1A) Campbell, R . W., andBrowning, J. E., Chem. Eng., 74 (22), 188-97 (1967). (2A) Irving, R . R., Iron Bge, 201 ( Z ) , 59-66 (1968). (3A) Luce, W .A . , and Peacock, J. H., IND.ENO.CHEM.,59 (8), 57-61 (1967). (4A) Plant Engrg., 20 (23), 136-8 (1966). (5A) Pridgen, T. D., and Garcia, N., Chem. Eng., 74 (lo), 143-50 (1967). (6A) Ibid., 74 ( l l ) , 187-92 (1967). (7A) Trufyakov, V. I., and Pavlov, V. V., Zhemchuzhnikov, G. V., Avtomat. Svarka (2), 31-4 (1967).
(1G) Banks, W.P., and French, E. C., Muter. Protect., 6 (6), 48-9 (1967). (2G) Bungardt, K., Rocha, H. J., and Rosener, K. H., D E W Tech. Ber., 7 ( Z ) , 96-108 (1967). (3G) Doliwa, H. U., Werkrtntt Betrieb, 99 (8), 539-41 (1966). (4G) Hochmann, J., and Desestret, A., .Met. Constructia Mech., 99 ( Z ) , 111-15 (1967). (5G) Znd.Heating,33 (111, 2162, 2164 (1966). (6G) Mirolyubov, E. N., and Razygraev, V. P., Zashchita Metal. o t Korrorii (6)) 636-42 (1966). (7G) Riskin, I. V., Ionakh, B., and Turkovskaya, A . V., Zbid., pp. 657-63. (8G) Shapiro, M. B., Metalloved z Term. Obrabotka Metail. (5), 65-73 (1967). (9G) Wheatfall, W. L., A‘aval Engrs. J., 79 (4), 611-18 (1967).
Chemical a n d Petrochemical I n d u s t r y
Stress Corrosion Cracking
(1B) Edstrom, J. O., New Zealand Eng., 22 (7), 285-90 (1967). (2B) Halbig, J., Chem. Eng., 73 (26), 130-4 (1966). (3B) Hurford, R., Eng. Mater. Design, 10 ( 3 ) , 359-63 (1967). (4B) Ineson, E., Chem. Process Eng., 48 (2), 87-94, 98 (1967). (5B) Kameda, I., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Tech. Reu., 4 (Z), 133-43 (1967). (6B) Scharbach, H., Werkst~fe Korrosion, 18 ( 3 ) ,222-7 (1967). (7B) Schmitt, R . J., and Mathay, W.L., Mater. Protect., 6 (9), 37-42 (1967). (8B) Stainless Steel and the Chemical Industry, AISI, K.Y., pamphlet, 140 pp. (1966). (9B) TVoelke, G., Chemiker Ztg., 91 (12), 446-9 (1967).
(1H) Ahlquist, C. N., ASM Tech. Rept. (W7-2.3), Pamphlet (1967). (2H) Archakov, Yu. I. and Grebeshkova, I. D., F i z . Khsm. Mekhan. Materialov, Akad. Nauk GSSR (3),’337-43 (1967). (3H) Boyd, W. K., Battelle Tech. Reo., 15 ( l l ) ,5-10 (1966). (4H) Hood, A. C., Metal Progr., 92 (31, 85-8 (1967). (5H) Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. ReJiner, 46 (4), 154-5 (1967). (6H)Ishizuka, H., and Onishi, K., Jap. Chem. Quart., 3 (2), 30-4 (1967). (7H) Ishizuka, H., Onishi, K., Sugiura, T., and Kazuyoshi, N., Jap. Inst. Metals. J., 30 (12), 1147-52 (1966). (8H) Ishizuka, H., and Tiba, R., Jap. Steel Works Tech. Rev. (221, 17-33 (1967). (5”) Kohl, H., Cotrosion, 23 (Z), 39-49 (1967). (10H) Lebcdcv, B. F.. Paschchin, A . N., Langer, N. A , , and Yushkevich, 2. V., Aotomat. Suarka ( l ) , 16-18 (1967). (11H) Logan, H. L., and McBee, M . J., Mater. Research Std., 7 (4), 137-45 (1967). (12H) Nakauchi, H., Takeichi, T., and Togano, H., Corrosion Eng., 1 6 (5), 15-21 (1967). (13H) Scully, J. C., Brit. Corrosion J.,1 (9),355-9 (1966). (14H) Snape, E., Ibid., (61, 154-72 (1967). (15H) Smialowski, M., and Ryckcik, hl., Corrosion, 23 (7), 218-21 (1967). (16H) Watanabe, M., and Mukai, Y., Osaka C‘niu. Tech. Rept., 16 (716), 671-85 (1966). (17H) Williariis, D. R . G., Australasian Corrosion Eng., 10 (81, 21-3, 29-6 (1966).
REFERENCES Materials Selection
Specific Chemical Processes (1C) Banks, W.P., itlater. Protect., 6 (11), 37-41 (1967). (2C) Cherrington, D . C., and Ciuffreda, A. R., Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. Rejner, 46 (5), 148-51 (1967). (3C) Cihal, V., Chem. Process Eng., 48 (8), 61-63, 75 (1967). (4C) Defranoux, J. M., Corrosion Trait. Prot. Finit., 15 (5), 246-8 (1967). (5C) Dell, G . J., Chem. Eng., 74 (8), 234-42 (1967). (6C) Edeleanu C “Materials Technology in Steam Reforming Proccsses,” Pergamon P&s, Eong Island City, 387 pp. (1966). (7C) Edeleanu, C., Mater. Protect., 6 ( 3 ) ,75-81 (1967). (8C) Falck-Muus, R., Chem. Eng., 74 (14), 108-16 (19G7). (9C) Fielden, T. B., and Stockton, G., Brit. Corrosion J., 2 (3), 87-91 (1967). (1OC) Znd. Heating, 34 ( 3 ) ,478, 480 (1967). (1lC) Jones, R . T., Metals Eng. Quart., 7 (31, 37-48 (1967). (12C) Kuzyukov, A . N., and Kotov, V. V., Welding Prod., 13 (11), 66-9 (1966). (13C) Kuzyukov, A. K.,Malakhova, E. K., and Borisenko, V. A , , Khim. h‘ejt‘ Maschinostr., 4, 27-8 (1967). (14C) Lee, F.A., and Kraus, M., Mater. Protect., 6 (41, 46-9 (1967). (15C) Makarenko, A . A . , Welding Prod., 14 (I), 62-6 (1967). (16C) Miller, R . L., Chem. Eng., 74 (12), 125-7 (1967). (17C) Mukaewaki, K., Tetsu-to-Hagane, 52 (111, S96 (1966). (18C) Rinckhoff, J. B., Chem. Eng., 74 (24), 158-62 (1967). (19C) Schierhold, P., D E W Tech. Ber., 7 ( Z ) , 137-41 (1967). (20C) Voogd, J., and Tielrooy, J., Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. Refiner, 46 (9), 115-20 (1967). Specific Chemical Equipment
(1D) Held, H. D., and Bujak, CV., Energie, 19 ( l ) ,17-21 (1967). (ZD) Hendershot, F. A., and Valentine, H. L., Mater. Protect., 6 (IO), 43-47 (1967). (3D) 10 (4D) (5D) (6D) (7D)
Jcnssen S . J Lindberg, G., and Torngren, S., Australasian Corrosion Eng., (9),11-i3, 15219 (1966). McDowell, D. W., Hydrocarbon Process. Petrol. Rejner, 46 ( l l ) , 245-8 (1967). McDowell, D. N’., Mater. Protect., 5 (11), 45-8 (1966). Parker, T. D., and Briggs, J. Z., Metal. Progr., 9 2 ( 3 ) , 103-16 (1967). Proetzl, M., Mierkstofe Korrosion, 18 (4), 317-24 (1967).
(BD) Riskin, I . V., Zauodskaya Lab. (ll), 1420-1 (1966). (9D) Sakai, J., K o m i - p Gikjoshi, 21 (11); 729-37 (1967). (10D) Scott, J. B., TAPPZ, 50 (4), 97A-100A (1967). (11D) Watts, F. S., Anti Corms. Methods Mater., 14 ( S ) , 8-11, 18 (1967). Bailers a n d Pressure Vessels
(1E) (2E) (3E) (4E) (5E) (6E) (7E) (BE)
50
Bishop, R . J., and Samms, J . A . C., Kormosion (18), 142-51 (1966). Brit. Welding Res. Assoc. Bull., 7 (61, 149-78 (1966). Canadian Chem. Process., 51 (6), 52-6 (1967). Constant, A . , and Murphy, G., Traitement Therm. (27), 51-8 (1967). Dabler, G., N e u e Hutte, 11 (8), 503-5 (1966). Hopkins, B. E., Korrosion (18), 152-60 (1966). Jahn, E., Zbid., pp. 117-24. Jeter, J. R., Mater. Protect., 5 (111, 53-6 (1966).
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y
New Allays (1J) Caton, R . L., MetalProgr., 92 (I), 106-8 (1967). (2J) Clarke, W. C., Zbid., (2), 93-6 (1967). (3J) Hochmann, J., Corrosion Anti-Corrosion, 14 (51, 210-20 (1966). (45) Loveland, P., Steensland, O., and Tenge, P., Chem. Process Eng., 48 ( 5 ) , 61-3, (1967). ( 5 J ) Metal Progr., 92 (2), 106-9 (1967). (65) Zbid., pp. 112-15. (75) Oppenheim, R., D E W Tech. Ber., 7 (Z), 49-64 (1967). (85) Spitzner, A . J., and Kaltenhauser, R . H., Welding J., 46 (101, 433s-8s (1967). (9J) Van Echo, J. A , , Roach, D. B., and Hall, A. M., J . Baric Eng. 89 (3), 465-70 (1967). New Manufacturing Techniques
( I K ) Brit. Steelmaker 33 (7), 34-6 (1967). (2K) Engrg. (London), 204 (52811, 33-4 (1967). (3K) Iron Steel, 4 0 ( 8 ) , 315-17 (1967). (4K) Kemper, M. J., htorley, J. I., McTVilliam, J. A , , and Slater, D., Inst. Mech. Eng. Proc., 181 (7), Pr. 1, 137-68 (1966-67). (5K) Metallurgia, 76 (453), 11-14 (1967). (6K) Rienhofl, H. Y., and Zouck, P.G., ‘Mater. Protect., 5 (101, 42-43 (1966). (7K) Shioya T. Yamada, S., and Tarutani, Y., Nippon Kinraku Guhkoishi, 31 (2) 126-32 (l
