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Biological and Environmental Phenomena at the Interface
Stimuli-responsive DNA switchable biointerfaces Fangfei Yin, Xiuhai Mao, Min Li, and Xiaolei Zuo Langmuir, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02185 • Publication Date (Web): 01 Sep 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on September 3, 2018
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Stimuli-responsive DNA switchable biointerfaces Fangfei Yin1,2, Xiuhai Mao3, Min Li3, Xiaolei Zuo3,* 1
Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility
(SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China 2
University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
3
Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai 200127, China KEYWORDS: biointerfaces; DNA machines; Switchable interface; Single-switch; Sequential operation
ABSTRACT Switchable interface, also named as smart interface, can alter their macroscopic properties in response to external stimuli. Compared with artificial switchable interface, DNAbased switchable biointerfaces show high diversity, uniformity, reproducibility, and functionality and are easily designed and developed with atomic precision because the sequence of DNA strand governs strictly the structural and active properties of its assembly. Moreover, various structures such as double strand based on Watson−Crick base pairing rule, G-quadruplex, imotifs, triplex, and parallel-stranded duplexes, exist between or among DNA strands to enrich the structures of DNA biointerfaces. In this perspective, the design, stimuli-response, and applications of switchable DNA biointerfaces were discussed in terms of single switch, dual-
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response, and sequential operation. The applications related to sensing, imaging, delivery, logic gates, and nanomechines were introduced in terms of the design and construction of DNA biointerfaces. Future directions and challenges were also outlined for this rapidly emerging field.
Introduction Switchable interface, also referred to as smart interface, can alter their macroscopic properties in response to external stimuli.1 Creating switchable interfaces with desirable functions becomes the key to control some dynamic events. Various artificial switchable interface has been designed with nanomaterials modification,1 such as the adhesive/repulsive interfaces with strain engineering of wave-like nanofibers.2 However, biological systems and processes demonstrate the switchable function far beyond that obtained from current material science as the uniformity, reproducibility, and functionality of the artificial nanomaterials are still the main concerns.3 DNA is one of powerful biomaterials for creating rationally designed interface system with atomic precision because the sequence of DNA strand governs strictly the structural and active properties of its assembly. Highly ordered duplex, DNA crystal, and origami have been prepared artificially by following the Watson−Crick base pairing rule with high stability. Various nonclassical pairing patterns exist between or among DNA strands for the formation of unusual structures, such as G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, triplexes, and parallel-stranded duplexes.4 Metalion-stabilized duplexes represent the triggers for assembly of DNA scaffolds.5 Therefore, selfassembly of DNA has formed numerous DNA structures for the construction of DNA biointerface with nanoscale precision. In combination of the stimuli-response properties, almost unlimited programming switchable DNA interfaces could be designed and realized.6 Beside the switch by the change of DNA conformation, the property of the interface is also important for their application. The conjugation of DNA switchable structures and abundant
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properties of nanoparticles provides various applications. The inclusion of light-response nanoparticles, such as quantum dots and carbon dots, provides optical properties to visualize the switchable events.7 For example, CdSe-ZnS quantum dots were cross-linked to G-quadruplex structures for efficient chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) in the presence of luminol and H2O2 as dual-switch system.7 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are extensively used to conjugate to DNA, while the plasmonic absorbance and color change of AuNPs revealed the switchable events visibly.8 Exotic structures with predictable properties were designed via accurate and controllable DNA-nanoparticles assemblies. Therefore, the design and immobilization of DNA nanostructures provide the possibility to build DNA biointerface and retain their stimulus-response functionality simultaneously. Switchable DNA biointerface is promising for biosensing, biomedicine, cell biology, environment monitoring, DNA machines and more after triggered with an external stimulus if the transition of the device are energetically down (∆G
