1294
IKDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Frey and Hepp, Ibid., 25, 441 (1933). Frey and Smith, Ibid., 20, 948 (1928). Frolich and Wiesevich, Ibid., 27, 1055 (1935). Hague and Wheeler, J . Chem. Soc., 1929, 378. Hurd, Parrish, and Pilgrim, J . Am. Chem. Soc., 55, 5016 (1933). Hurd and Spence, Zbid., 51, 3353 (1929). Keith and Ward, Natl. Petroleum News,27, N o . 47, 52 (1935). Lang and Morgan, IND. ENQ.CHEX.,27, 937 (1935). Marek and Neuhaus, Ibid., 25, 516 (1933). Neuhaus and Marek, I b i d . , 24, 400 (1932). Parks, Chem. Reo., 18, 325 (1936). Pease, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50, 1779 (1928).
A n industrial waste survey was made covering the most highly industrialized area of New Jersey. Using as units the employees of each industry, the results were integrated a n d e s t i m a t e s made for the entire waste p r o d u c t i o n of t h e state. The quantities of wet sludge produced by the industries amounted to 700,000 tons a year, as compared to 900,000 tons of sewage sludge. The settleable solids amounted t o nearly 100,000 tons a year as c o m p a r e d with 450,000 tons of sewage sludge. The estimated “population equivalents’’ for the indust r i e s a m o u n t e d t o over 300,000 tons or about twothirds of the total domestic waste produced by the entire population of the state.
VOL. 28, NO. 11
(21) Podbielniak, IND. ENQ. CHEM.,Anal. Ed., 5, 119, 135, 172 (1933). (22) Podbielniak, Oil Gas J., 29, No. 52, 22, 140 (1931). ENG.CHEM.,23, 1405 (1931). (23) Schneider and Frolich, IND. (24) Steacie, Hatcher, and Rosenberg, J . Chem. Phys., 4, 220 (1936). (25) Sullivan, Ruthruff, and KuentzeI, ISD. ENG.CHEM.,27, 1072 (1935). (26) Tropsch, Thomas, and Egloff, Ibid., 28, 324 (1936).
RECEIVED July 3, 1936. Presented before the Division of Orgsnic Chemistry a t the 91st Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Kansai City, Mo., April 13 t o 17, 1936.
STREAM POLLUTION
HE problem of stream pollution in New Jersey is intensified by the density of population and industrial development. Fully two-thirds of the population resides in the northern part of the state, where manufacturing is of primary importance and greatly diversified. Textile dyeing and finishing, chemical, silk manufacturing, tanning, and steel plants and power laundries are among those producing large quantities of waste. Some of the waste is highly putrescible, some is poisonous, and some contains large quantities of suspended solids capable of settling in the streams. Investigations of the major streams produced a fair idea of the condition and the degree of pollution caused by domestic and industrial waste. The sewage pollution of the interstate stream amounts to a sludge production (met) of over 900,000 tons a year, and the oxygen required for stabilization (bday B. 0. D.) is more than 750,000 pounds of oxygen daily. Since the pollution load put upon the streams by domestic sewage is only a part of the total load, and very little information was available t o indicate the part played by industrial wastes, studies were undertaken to estimate the volume, type, and strength of the industrial wastes discharged.
IN NEW JERSEY Importance
of Industrial Waste WILLEM RUDOLFS New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, N. J.
The survey was conducted with the aid of a number of chemists and engineers employed under the C. W. A. and E. R. A., and of employees of the P. W. A., covering nine counties of the most highly industrialized area of the state. During the survey, 1792 industries were visited, and definite information and samples were obtained from 1213 of them. Since many industries were of the same type, samples of wastes were gathered from 401 industries, 251 of which were completely analyzed and 150 partly analyzed for confirmation. The water consumption of the industries from which samples were collected amounted to 54,600,000 gallons daily; the liquid wastes discharged amounted to 43,651,000 gallons a day. Rather complete analyses were made, consisting of different types of suspended solids, sludge volume, oxygen consumed, acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, pH, etc.
Analytical Results The large volume of analytical results’ was grouped more or less arbitrarily, following, in general, the national census of industries. This classification made possible the determination of stream pollution by groups of industries and of the general effect on localized conditions, and permitted the calculation of the gross pollution caused by all industries in the state. A total of 205 different industries from which samples v-ere collected were selected for calculations to determine the volume and strength of the waste produced per employee per day. 1 Detailed results will be published in a bulletin from the N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station.
NOVEMBER, 1936
INDUSTRIAL, AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY TABLE I.
AVERBGE
Analyses Tannery 15.81 Total solids, lb. 60.66 Ash total solide $& 1.92 Susiended solidi, lb. 42.51 Ash, suspended solids, $& 0.51 Settleable solids, lb. 38.09 Ash, settleable solids, % 8.50 Sludge volume. % 13,89 Soluble solids lb. 1.41 Colloidal solids,a lb. 1.73 Oxygen consumed, lb. Acidityb t o phenolphthalein, lb. 40.5 51.5 Acidityb t o methyl orange, lb. Alkalinityb t o phenolphthalein, lb. 72.0 Alkalinityb t o methyl orange, lb. 81.0 1.91 Chlorides, lb. 0
Chemical 27.73 7.58 1.18 50.51 0.33 35.55 10,07 26.55 0.85 1.53 43.5 34.5 110.0 107.0 1.46
DAILYmTASTE Organic 2.95 43 99 0.39 2 8 95 0.10 31.50 8.54 2.56 0.29 0,20 12.0 48.5 41.0 31.0 0.10
Include finely divided, pseudo colloidal, and colloidal solids.
PER
Steel 28.80 63.84 0.62 50.52 0.15 53.16 11.78 28.18 0.47 0.25 140.5 183.5 62.0 43.0 0.31 b
EMPLOYEE FOR Dye 12.4s 49.31 0.87 24.50 0.05 15.93 4.50 11.61 0.82 3.00 31.0
0.0 55.0 81.6 8.50
E.4CH
Distillery 92.3 22.71 29.16 16.08 4.32 15.79 10.96 63.14 24.84 31,89 225.0 0.0 0.0 135.0 0.58
1295
TYPEOF
Dairy 13.05 40.86 0.92 33.88 0.03 19.40 1.38 12.13 0.89 3.03 12.5 0.0 76.6 103.0 0.94
INDESTRY
Laundry 12.28
...
3.61 22.96 0.05 30.93 3.75 8.90 3.56 1.55 34.0
0.0 53.0 108.0 1.07
Av. with- Av without out Diatillery Distillery or Dairy Average 13.29 13.33 16.48 43.04 43.40 40.50 1.07 1.10 1.61 36.27 36.67 33.75 0.11 0.14 0.17 ... 32.09 30.06 6.93 7.44 ii:84 11.87 14.60 0.89 0.88 1.34 1.09 0.92 1.67 32.5 38.4 41.5 8.0 12.5 5.5 24.5 62.5 35.0 12.5 68.0 77.6 0.96 0.96 0.90
Expressed as CaCOI.
Considerable variation in pounds of waste per employee per day produced within each type of industry necessitated obtaining the specific mean as well as the general weighted mean. The specific mean was obtained by taking geometric average pounds of waste produced daily per employee of each industry and multiplying by the total number of employees of the specific industrial group in the state. The average pounds of waste produced daily per employee for each type of industry is shown in Table I, as well as the weighted averages for all industries. For comparison, the average calculations of all industrial groups with the distillery and the distillery and dairy wastes omitted are shown. As might be expected, the daily solids waste production, oxygen demand, and acids and alkalies of the waste per employee vary considerably from group to group. The dairy waste is close to the average waste of all industries when this and the distillery waste are omitted. The distillery industry is the outstanding group in waste production, with several times greater suspended, settleable, and “colloidal” solids production and oxygen demand per employee per day than any other group. On the basis of the sludge produced, the groups of industries can be roughly divided into three parts: (a) those yielding relatively small quantities of solids which will settle in streams (laundry, dairy, dye), (b) those yielding medium quantities of settleable solids (organic and steel), and (c) those yielding relatively large amounts (distillery, tannery, chemical), The bulkiness of the sludge is not the same, so that the volume of sludge produced by the industries discharging medium and large quantities of sludge on a dry basis is much the same. Comparing the groups of industries on the basis of oxygen consumption, the organic wastes are comparable with the steel industry in producing a total waste per employee of 1017 oxygen requirement. I n the medium group fall laundry, tanning, and chemical wastes; the waste of the dairy industry in this respect is comparable to the dye industry. These results are illuminating because, although the group wastes contain greatly varying quantities of suspended solids and have differing oxygen requirements, on the basis of number of employees the solids production and oxygen demand come close. This is due to the greatly varying volumes of waste produced.
Total Waste for the State From the 1930 census reports, data were secured covering all industries of the state which fell into the types of industrial classifications made for the survey. The wet waste produced by the industries could be integrated, using as units the employees of each industry. The estimated total waste per day (in tons) produced by all industrial groups for the entire state is shown by the following table:
Total solids Suspended solids Soluble solids Settleable solids
1192 98 1078 13
“Colloidal” solids Oxygen consumed Chlorides Wet sludge
82 106 184 264
It is of interest to compare the quantities of solids produced by the industries with the 900,000 tons of sewage solids discharged yearly into the streams; the amount of suspended solids produced by the industries and converted to the same density of sewage solids appears to be well over 700,000 tons per year, However, the suspended solids produced by the industries do not settle as rapidly as sewage solids, so that local sludge bank formation is less. The total amount of settleable wet sludge formed is nearly 100,000 tons a year as compared to about 450,000 tons of wet domestic sewage solids. The finely divided suspended solids eventually settle, in part because of natural processes of coagulation, but the distribution is over a wider range than sewage solids of the same finely divided character. Considerable portions of these finely divided solids, as well as the coarser settleable and the soluble solids, are capable of oxidation and exert a demand upon the oxygen resources of the streams. The quantity of oxygen required to satisfy the demand for the average domestic waste per person per day has been determined and furnishes a convenient unit of expressing the extent of oxidizable pollution. The estimated “population equivalent” of the industrial wastes varies materially with the industries. This is due to the type of industry as well as to the volumes of wastes produced. For instance, the oxygen demand of the waste produced per employee by the tannery industry is twenty-five times greater than the oxygen demand of domestic sewage discharged per capita. The group “organic waste,” on the other hand, requires only about three times the oxygen per employee as the domestic sewage. The estimated population equivalents for all industries amount to atout 3,100,000 or two-thirds of the total domestic sewage discharged by the entire population of the state. The waste of the different industrial groups varies considerably in oxygen requirements and capability of sludge production. RECEIVED September 12, 1936. Presented before the Division of Water, Sewage, and Sanitation Chemistry a t t h e 92nd iMeeting of the American Chemical Society, Pittsburgh, Pa., September 7 t o 11, 1936. This is a Journal Series Paper from the Division of Water and Sewage Research, N. J Agricultural Experiment Station.
