Structural Insights into Substrate Specificity of Cystathionine γ

Jul 4, 2017 - Activated-Lignite-Based Super Large Granular Slow-Release Fertilizers Improve Apple Tree Growth: Synthesis, Characterizations, and ...
1 downloads 0 Views 1MB Size
Subscriber access provided by University of South Florida

Article

Structural insights into the substrate specificity of cystathionine gamma-synthase from Corynebacterium glutamicum Hye-Young Sagong, and Kyung-Jin Kim J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02391 • Publication Date (Web): 04 Jul 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 5, 2017

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

1

Structural insights into the substrate specificity of cystathionine gamma-synthase from

2

Corynebacterium glutamicum

3

Hye-Young Sagong and Kyung-Jin Kim*

4 5

School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University,

6

Daehak-ro 80, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea

7 8

*

9

Kyung-Jin Kim, Ph.D.

Correspondence should be addressed:

10

Structural and molecular biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National

11

University, Daehak-ro 80, Buk-ku, Daegu 702-701, Korea.

12

Tel: +82-53-950-5377

13

Fax: +82-53-955-5522

14

E-mail: [email protected]

15 16

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

17

ABSTRACT

18

Cystathionine gamma synthase (MetB) condenses O-acetyl-L-homoserine (OAHS)

19

or O-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSHS) with cysteine to produce cystathionine. To investigate

20

the molecular mechanisms and substrate specificity of MetB from Corynebacterium

21

glutamicum (CgMetB), we determined its crystal structure at a 1.5 Å resolution. The PLP

22

cofactor is covalently bound to Lys204 via a Schiff base linkage in the deep cavity.

23

Superposition with the structure of MetB from Nicotiana tabacum in complex with its

24

inhibitor APPA revealed that Thr347 from the β10-β11 connecting loop, located at the

25

entrance of the active site, is speculated to be a main contributor for the stabilization of

26

acetyl-group of OAHS. Moreover, based on structural comparison of CgMetB with EcMetB

27

utilizing OSHS as a main substrate, we propose that the conformation of the β10-β11

28

connecting loops determines the size and shape of the acetyl- or succinyl-group binding site,

29

and ultimately determines the substrate specificity of MetBs towards OAHS or OSHS.

30

31

Keywords: Corynebacterium glutamicum, Cystathionine gamma-synthase, L-methionine

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 2 of 27

Page 3 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

32

INTRODUCTION

33

Methionine is one of the essential amino acids in humans and livestock. It can be

34

produced only in microorganisms and plants, and the members of methionine biosynthetic

35

pathway are therefore attractive targets for designing novel antibiotics and herbicides.

36

Methionine is also used as an animal feed additive for livestock. Due to increase in meat

37

consumption, the global market of methionine is expected to reach USD 7.3 billion by 2022.

38

Industrially, methionine is mainly produced by chemical synthesis, which produces a mixture

39

of D- and L-methionine1. This process requires hazardous chemicals as ingredients and incurs

40

additional costs to separate the racemic mixture. The increased demand for environment-

41

friendly methionine based on renewable resources encourages bio-based methionine

42

production. Bio-based methionine can be produced by enzymatic synthesis or by

43

fermentation using microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium

44

glutamicum. Enzymatic synthesis of methionine exhibits high yields, but it requires

45

expensive substrates2. Methionine production by fermentation utilizes microorganisms

46

capable of producing amino acids, and attempts have been made to overproduce biologically

47

active L-methionine3-6.

48

C. glutamicum is a Gram-positive bacterium that has been widely utilized for the

49

industrial production of various amino acids3, 7-8. In C. glutamicum, the biosynthetic pathway

50

leading to L-methionine is derived from homoserine. The first step is the activation of

51

homoserine, which is converted into O-acetyl-L-homoserine (OAHS) by homoserine O-

52

acetyltransferase (MetX). In most organisms, an acetyl group activates the homoserine9,

53

whereas in enterobacteria and some other organisms, a succinyl group is transferred to

54

homoserine10-11. In addition, plants and some bacteria utilize a phosphate group. Activated

55

homoserine can be converted into homocysteine in two different ways. The trans-sulfuration

56

pathway via cystathionine utilizes cysteine as a sulfur donor, while direct-sulfuration pathway

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

57

utilizes an inorganic sulfur source, such as hydrogen sulfide or methanethiol. C. glutamicum

58

has been reported to utilize both trans- and direct-sulfuration pathways. In the trans-

59

sulfuration pathway, cystathionine is produced by the condensation of OAHS with cysteine

60

by cystathionine gamma-synthase (MetB) and subsequent hydrolysis of cystathionine by

61

cystathionine beta-lyase yields homocysteine. In the direct-sulfuration pathway, OAHS reacts

62

with free hydrogen sulfide, directly producing homocysteine. The final step is S-methylation

63

of homocysteine, which is catalyzed by homocysteine S-methyltransferase (MetE/H).

64

Cystathionine gamma-synthase (MetB) catalyzes the γ-replacement reaction of

65

OAHS with cysteine, producing cystathionine (Fig. 1A). This protein is an attractive target

66

for the development of novel antimicrobial compounds because it catalyzes the first reaction

67

in the trans-sulfuration pathway, which is unique in bacteria12. MetB utilizes PLP as a

68

cofactor and belongs to the γ-family of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes. As

69

microbial MetB uses acetyl- or succinyl-homoserine as an activated substrate, the substrate

70

specificity of this enzyme is an important issue. Although the structural studies have been

71

reported on MetBs from several microorganisms, such as Mycobacterium ulcerans13,

72

Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli14, and Nicotiana tabacum15, detailed studies on

73

substrate specificity of MetB proteins had not been reported yet. In addition, despite the

74

importance of C. glutamicum as a producer of L-methionine, structural and biochemical

75

studies on MetB had not been reported prior to this study.

76

In this study, we determined the crystal structure of MetB from C. glutamicum

77

(CgMetB) and elucidated the cofactor and substrate binding modes of the enzyme. In addition,

78

this study provides structural insights into how the enzyme utilizes acetyl-homoserine instead

79

of succinyl-homoserine as an activated substrate.

80

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 4 of 27

Page 5 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

81

MATERIALS AND METHODS

82

Cloning, expression, and purification of CgMetB

83

The CgMetB gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic

84

DNA from C. glutamicum strain ATCC 13032 as a template with primers: forward, 5’-

85

GCGCGCATATGTCTTTTGACCCAAACACCCAG-3’, and reverse, 5’-GCGCG GCGGCC

86

GCAAGGTTATTGAGGGCCTGCTC-3’. The PCR product was then subcloned into pET30a

87

(Novagen) with a 6x His tag at the C-terminus, and the resulting expression vector

88

pET30a:CgmetB was transformed into the E. coli strain BL21(DE3)-T1R, which was grown

89

in 1 L of LB medium containing kanamycin at 37 °C. After induction by the addition of 0.5

90

mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), the culture medium was maintained for a

91

further 21 h at 18 °C. The culture was then harvested by centrifugation at 4,000 × g for 15

92

min at 4 °C. The cell pellet was resuspended in buffer A (40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) and then

93

disrupted by ultrasonication. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 13,500 × g for

94

30 min and the lysate was applied to an Ni-NTA agarose column (Qiagen, Germany). After

95

washing with buffer A containing 10 mM imidazole, the bound proteins were eluted with 300

96

mM imidazole in buffer A. Finally, trace amounts of contaminants were removed by size-

97

exclusion chromatography by using a Sephacryl S-300 prep-grade column (320 mL, GE

98

Healthcare, England) equilibrated with buffer A. All purification experiments were performed

99

at 4 °C and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the purified proteins shows a

100

single polypeptide of 41.7 kDa corresponding to the estimated molecular weight of the

101

CgMetB monomer. The purified protein was concentrated to 50 mg/mL in 40 mM Tris-HCl,

102

pH 8.0. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments were performed using the Quick Change site-

103

directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, United States of America). The production and

104

purification of the CgMetB mutants were carried out by the same procedure employed for the

105

wild-type protein.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

106 107

Crystallization of CgMetB

108

Crystallization of the purified protein was initially performed with commercially

109

available sparse-matrix screens, including Index, PEG ion I and II (Hampton Research), and

110

Wizard Classic I and II (Rigaku Reagents), using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method at

111

20 °C. Each experiment consisted of mixing 1.0 µL protein solution (70 mg/ml in 40 mM

112

Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) with 1.0 µL reservoir solution and then equilibrating this against 500 mL

113

reservoir solution. CgMetB crystals of the best quality appeared in 13% polyethylene glycol

114

3350 and 0.1 M Magnesium formate dihydrate.

115 116

Data collection and structure determination of CgMetB.

117

The crystals of CgMetB were transferred to cryoprotectant solution composed of the

118

corresponding conditions described above and 30% (v/v) glycerol, fished out with a loop

119

larger than the crystals, and flash-cooled by immersion in liquid nitrogen. All data were

120

collected at the 7A beamline of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL, Pohang, Korea),

121

using a Quantum 270 CCD detector (ADSC, USA). The CgMetB crystals diffracted to a

122

resolution of 1.5 Å. All data were indexed, integrated, and scaled using the HKL-2000

123

software package16. The CgMetB crystals belonged to the space group F222 with unit cell

124

parameters a = 58.57 Å, b = 149.85 Å, c = 161.86, α = β = γ = 90.0°. Assuming one molecule

125

of CgMetB (41.7kDa) per asymmetric unit, the crystal volume per unit of protein mass was

126

2.13 Å3 Da-1 with a solvent content of approximately 42.27%17. The structure of CgMetB was

127

determined by molecular replacement with the CCP4 version of MOLREP18 using the

128

structure of MetB from Mycobacterium ulcerans (PDB code 3QHX) as a search model.

129

Model building was performed manually using the program WinCoot19, and refinement was

130

performed with CCP4 REFMAC520. The data statistics are summarized in Table 1. The

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 6 of 27

Page 7 of 27

131

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

refined model of CgMetB was deposited in the Protein Data Bank with PDB code of 5X5H21.

132 133

Site-directed mutagenesis and activity assay of CgMetB

134

Site-specific mutations were created with the QuikChange kit (Stratagene), and

135

sequencing was performed to confirm correct incorporation of the mutations. Mutant proteins

136

were purified in the same manner as their wild-type. Primers used for cloning and site-

137

directed mutagenesis are listed in Supplementary Table 1. The enzymatic activity of CgMetB

138

was evaluated by using the continuous coupled assay involving cystathionine β-lyase (CBL)

139

and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In this method, OAHS was condensed with cysteine by

140

MetB into cystathionine, followed by the production of homocysteine, pyruvate and

141

ammonium ion by CBL. Pyruvate is then converted into lactate by LDH with the oxidation of

142

NADH to NAD+. The decrease of NADH is measured at 340 nm absorbance. Activity assays

143

were performed at room temperature with a reaction mixture of 0.5 mL total volume. The

144

reaction mixture contained 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.2 mM NADH, 0.1-10 mM cysteine,

145

0.0001-1 mM OAHS, and 2.45 µM CBL, 1.45 µM LDH. For kinetic analysis of OSHS,

146

0.005-2 mM OSHS was added to the same reaction mixture. The reaction was initiated by the

147

addition of 24 µM wild-type or mutant CgMetB proteins.

148

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

149

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

150

Overall structure of CgMetB

151

To understand the molecular mechanism of CgMetB, we determined its crystal

152

structure at 1.5 Å resolution (Table 1). The monomeric structure of CgMetB shows an overall

153

fold similar to those of cystathionine gamma-synthases from other bacteria such as

154

Mycobacterium ulcerans (MuMetB; PDB code 3QHX)13, Helicobacter pylori (HpMetB; PDB

155

code 4L0O), and Escherichia coli (EcMetB; PDB code 1CS1)14 (Fig. 1B). The monomeric

156

structure of CgMetB consists of three distinctive domains; N-terminal domain, PLP binding

157

domain, and C-terminal domain (Fig. 1C). The N-terminal domain (NTD, Met1-Asn57) is

158

composed of one α-helix and an extended N-terminal loop (ENL, Ala17-Tyr52) (Fig. 1C).

159

The extended loop from NTD reaches to a neighboring subunit and participates in cofactor

160

binding and formation of the active site entrance. The PLP-binding domain (PBD, Pro58-

161

Thr253) exhibits a seven stranded β-sheet at the center and seven α-helices surround the

162

central β-sheet (Fig. 1C). PBD mainly contributes to the binding of PLP cofactor and contains

163

most of the residues involved in the enzyme catalysis. The C-terminal domain (CTD,

164

Leu254-Leu386) shows a fold similar to that of PBD, although numbers of β-strands and α-

165

helices forming the domain are different. A 4-stranded antiparallel β-sheet is located at the

166

center of the domain with six α-helices covering both sides of the central β-sheet (Fig. 1C).

167

Although the asymmetric unit contains one CgMetB molecule, and the tetrameric

168

structure of the protein is generated by applying crystallographic F222 symmetry. Our size-

169

exclusion chromatography result also showed the protein exist as a tetramer in solution (data

170

not shown). The tetrameric structure of CgMetB is formed by the association of two tightly

171

bound dimers, and the active sites of the enzyme are constituted by each active dimer. All

172

three domains are involved in the dimerization of the CgMetB (Fig. 1D). For dimerization,

173

ENL of NTD interacts with α12, α13, α14, and β10 of CTD from the neighboring molecule

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 8 of 27

Page 9 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

174

(Fig. 1D). In addition, four α-helices (α4, α5, α9, and α10) and three connecting loops (α3-β1,

175

β6-β7, and α9-α10) from one molecule interact with those of the other dimer-related molecule

176

through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions (Fig. 1D). PISA software22 calculated

177

that within a dimer a 2,366.9 Å2 area of solvent-accessible interface per monomer is buried,

178

and the percentage of participating residues is 18.2 %. The tetramer of CgMetB is formed by

179

the symmetric association of two dimers (a dimer of dimers), and the ENLs and α10 from

180

four monomers are found to be the main contributors for tetramerization. The dimer-dimer

181

interactions include 52 hydrogen bonds and 12 salt bridges, indicating that the dimer-dimer

182

interface is highly polarized. PISA software22 calculated that a 22,456.5 Å2 area of solvent-

183

accessible interface per monomer is buried upon tetramer formation.

184 185

Cofactor binding mode of CgMetB

186

Cystathionine gamma-synthase utilizes PLP as a cofactor, and it belongs to fold type

187

I (Aspartate aminotransferase family) of PLP-dependent enzymes. The PLP cofactor is

188

covalently bound to Lys204 via a Schiff base linkage (Fig. 2A). The cofactor binding site is

189

located at a deep cavity and formed by N-terminal ends of two α-helices (α4 and α5) and

190

three connecting loops (β4-α7, β5-α8, and β6-β7). NTD from the neighboring monomer also

191

contributes to the formation of cofactor binding site. Most of the residues involved in the

192

stabilization of PLP are from PBD (Fig. 2B). The positively charged pyridine nitrogen of PLP

193

is stabilized by a hydrogen bond with the carboxylate group of Asp179, increasing the

194

electrophilic character of the cofactor (Fig. 2B). In addition, the hydroxyl group of the

195

pyridine ring interacts with Asn154 through a hydrogen bond (Fig. 2B). The pyridine ring is

196

fixed by van der Waals interactions with Thr181 and Ser201 on the side facing the protein

197

and with Tyr107 on the other side (Fig. 2B). Interactions between aromatic residues and the

198

pyridine ring are observed in most of PLP-dependent enzymes, possibly increasing the

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

199

electron sink properties of the cofactor. The phosphate group of PLP is the main anchor of the

200

cofactor binding. The phosphate moiety of PLP is mainly stabilized by hydrogen bonds with

201

the side-chains of Ser201 and Thr203 and the main-chain nitrogen atoms of Gly82 and Met83

202

(Fig. 2B). In addition, the side-chains of Tyr52 and Arg54 from the neighboring monomer

203

stabilize the phosphate moiety of PLP by forming hydrogen bonds (Fig. 2B).

204 205

Substrate binding mode of CgMetB

206

To date there has not been reported a crystal structure of cystathione gamma-synthase

207

family protein in complex with its substrate. To investigate the substrate binding mode of

208

CgMetB, we first tried to determine the crystal structure of the protein in complex with the

209

OAHS, which turned out not to be successful. However, we could identify the substrate

210

binding mode of CgMetB by superposing the structure of the protein with that of MetB from

211

Nicotiana tabacum (NtMetB; PDB code 1I41)15 in complex with its inhibitor, DL-E-2-amino-

212

5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid (APPA). The substrate binding site is formed by the CTD and

213

ENL of the neighboring monomer (Fig. 3A). By analogy with the structure of NtMetB in

214

complex with APPA, the α-carboxyl group of OAHS might be oriented in hydrogen bonding

215

distances to Asn154, Ser332, and Arg364. The side-chains of Asn154 and Arg364, and main-

216

chain of Ser332 stabilize the α-carboxyl group of substrate (Fig. 3B). The acetyl-group of

217

OAHS might be located at the entrance of the active site that is constructed by the CTD loops

218

(connecting loops of α12-β10 and β10-β11) and ENL from the other monomer. The position

219

of the phosphate moiety of APPA seems to be similar to that of the carbonyl moiety of the

220

acetyl-group. In the structure of NtMetB in complex with APPA, the phosphate moiety of

221

APPA is stabilized by the side chains of Glu107 and Tyr111 through hydrogen bonds (Fig.

222

3B). However, it was observed that the Tyr111 is substituted by Val55 in CgMetB, and Glu51

223

and Val55 are located distal from the acetyl-group. Instead of these residues, Glu331 from the

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 10 of 27

Page 11 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

224

α12-β10 connecting loop and Thr347 from the β10-β11 connecting loop might be involved in

225

the stabilization of the carbonyl moiety of OAHS (Fig. 3B). The methyl moiety of acetyl

226

group seems to be stacked around Val55 through hydrophobic contact (Fig. 3B). After OAHS

227

binds to the enzyme, the second substrate L-cysteine has to bind to a different binding site.

228

The OAHS would occupy the main part of the binding pocket and then L-cysteine binds to

229

the active site entrance. We investigated a second potential binding site that is

230

electrostatically optimally designed for binding the L-cysteine, and expect that L-cysteine

231

might be docked with the α-amino and α-carboxyl groups through hydrogen bond interactions

232

with putative recognition functions Glu51 and Glu331, and Arg112, respectively (Fig. 3C).

233

To verify the residues involved in the substrate binding mode of CgMetB, we

234

performed site-directed mutagenesis experiments based on our structural observations of the

235

protein and compared the enzyme activities of the mutants with that of the wild-type protein.

236

We mutated residues that are speculated to be involved in the stabilization of the substrate

237

OAHS and L-cysteine to alanine, and compared the MetB activities of the mutants with that

238

of the wild-type. The CgMetBE51A, CgMetBV55A, CgMetBN154A, CgMetBE331A, and

239

CgMetBS332A mutants showed only 50% MetB activities, and the CgMetBR112A mutant

240

exhibited 20% MetB activity, as compared with that of the wild-type (Fig. 3D). These results

241

indicate that the residues Glu51, Val55, Asn154, Glu331, Ser332, and Arg112 contribute to

242

the binding of the OAHS and cysteine substrates. In addition, CgMetBT347A and CgMetBR364A

243

showed almost complete loss of activity (Fig. 3D). Thus, we propose that the Thr347 and

244

Arg364 residues are the main contributors for the substrate binding.

245 246

Substrate specificity of MetB proteins

247

Microbial cystathionine gamma-synthases condense acetyl- or succinyl-homoserine

248

with L-cysteine to produce cystathionine. It has been reported that CgMetB uses only OAHS

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

249

as an activated substrate but not O-succinyl-L-homoserine (OSHS)23, however, EcMetB is

250

known to utilize OSHS as a main substrate24-25. In order to determine the substrate specificity

251

of CgMetB, we performed kinetic analysis for OAHS, OSHS, and L-cysteine. For all three

252

substrates, the kcat values were similar each other with 0.0106 min-1, 0.0115 min-1, and

253

0.0114 min-1 for OAHS, OSHS, and L-cysteine, respectively (Fig. 4A, B, C). However, the

254

Km values for these substrates were quite different each other with 1.30 µM, 10.2 µM, and

255

242.3 µM for OAHS, OSHS, and L-cysteine, respectively (Fig. 4A, B, C). The Km values for

256

OSHS was 8-fold higher than that for OAHS. The results indicate that CgMetB has much

257

higher affinity for OAHS and utilizes it as a main substrate. To investigate structural features

258

that determine substrate specificities of MetBs, we superimposed the monomeric structure of

259

CgMetB with that of EcMetB. The overall structures of these proteins were quite similar to

260

each other, with R.M.S.D. values for all atoms of 1.26 Å. However, structural differences

261

were observed at the substrate binding site, especially, the conformation of the β10-β11

262

connecting loop in CgMetB which exhibits noticeable structural differences compared with

263

that of the corresponding loop in EcMetB (Fig. 4D). Compared to that of EcMetB, the loop in

264

CgMetB is located closer to the PLP binding site, which consequently makes smaller

265

substrate binding site of CgMetB than that of EcMetB (Fig. 4E, F). Because OAHS has two

266

less carbons than OSHS, the substrate binding pocket of CgMetB should be smaller than that

267

of EcMetB using OSHS as a substrate. Based on these structural observations, we suggest

268

that the conformation of the β10-β11 connecting loop in MetB determines the size of

269

substrate binding pocket and ultimately determines the substrate specificity of MetB.

270

Interestingly, the Thr347 residue, whose mutation to alanine showed almost complete loss of

271

activity (Fig. 3D), is located on the β10-β11 connecting loop in CgMetB, which supports our

272

suggestion that the conformation of the β10-β11 connecting loop is a determinant of substrate

273

specificities of MetBs.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 12 of 27

Page 13 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

274

In summary, we reported the crystal structure of MetB using OAHS as a substrate,

275

CgMetB, and provided structural insight into the substrate specificity of MetB proteins. We

276

also proposed that the conformation of the substrate binding site and its size might determine

277

the substrate specificity of the MetB proteins. These structural information might

278

significantly influence L-methionine biosynthesis.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

279

AUTHOR INFORMATION

280

Corresponding Author

281

Telephone: +82-53-950-5377. Fax: +82-53-955-5522. E-mail: [email protected]

282 283

Notes

284

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

285

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 14 of 27

Page 15 of 27

286

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

287

This work was supported by C1 Gas Refinery Program through the National

288

Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future

289

Planning (NRF-2016M3D3A1A01913269), and was also supported by the New &

290

Renewable Energy Core Technology Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology

291

Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) granted financial resource from the Ministry of Trade,

292

Industry & Energy, Republic of Korea (20153030091360).

293 294 295 296

Author contribution K-J.K. designed the project. H-Y.S. performed the experiments. H-Y.S and K-J.K. wrote the paper.

297

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

298

References

299

1.

300

of Primary Metabolism, Volume 6, Second Edition 2008, 465-502.

301

2.

302

the Enzymatic Resolution (IV). Enzymatic Resolution of dl-Methionine (2) VI. Studies on the

303

Enzymatic Resolution (V). Enzymatic Resolution of dl-Lysine (2) VII. Studies on the Enzymatic

304

Resolution (VI). A Survey of the Acylase in Molds VIII. Studies on the Enzymatic Resolution (VII).

305

Specificity of Mold Acylase. Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan 1957, 21 (5),

306

291-307.

307

3.

308

of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1975, 39 (1), 153-160.

309

4.

310

Corynebacterium glutamicum Mutants. In Nutritional Improvement of Food and Feed Proteins,

311

Springer: 1978; pp 649-661.

312

5.

313

multi-analogue resistant mutant of Corynebacterium lilium. Process Biochemistry 2003, 38 (8),

314

1165-1171.

315

6.

316

analogue ethionine resistant mutants of Brevibacterium heali. Acta biotechnologica 1994, 14 (2),

317

199-204.

318

7.

319

based systems metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for l-lysine production.

320

Metabolic engineering 2011, 13 (2), 159-168.

321

8.

322

Corynebacterium glutamicum on glucose, fructose and sucrose: roles of malic enzyme and

323

fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase. Metabolic engineering 2005, 7 (4), 291-301.

324

9.

325

1571-1584.

326

10.

327

cystathionine by Escherichia coli. Microbiology 1964, 36 (3), 341-358.

328

11.

329

PROPERTIES OF A NEW ENZYME IN BACTERIAL METHIONINE BIOSYNTHESIS. Journal of Biological

330

Chemistry 1966, 241 (19), 4463-4471.

331

12.

332

active-site characterizations. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics 2011,

333

1814 (11), 1511-1517.

334

13.

335

S. H.; Exley, I.; Staker, B. L.; Myler, P. J., Structure of the cystathionine γ-synthase MetB from

Leuchtenberger, W., Amino acids–technical production and use. Biotechnology: Products Chibata, I.; Watanabe, A.; Yamada, S. i.; Ishikawa, T., Studies on Amino Acids: V. Studies on

Kase, H.; Nakayama, K., L-Methionine production by methionine analog-resistant mutants Nakayama, K.; Araki, K.; Kase, H., Microbial Production of Essential Amino Acids with

Kumar, D.; Garg, S.; Bisaria, V.; Sreekrishnan, T.; Gomes, J., Production of methionine by a

Mondal, S.; Chatterjee, S., Enhancement of methionine production by methionine

Becker, J.; Zelder, O.; Häfner, S.; Schröder, H.; Wittmann, C., From zero to hero—design-

Georgi, T.; Rittmann, D.; Wendisch, V. F., Lysine and glutamate production by

Ferla, M. P.; Patrick, W. M., Bacterial methionine biosynthesis. Microbiology 2014, 160 (8), Rowbury, R.; Woods, D., O-Succinylhomoserine as an intermediate in the synthesis of Kaplan, M. M.; Flavin, M., Cystathionine γ-Synthetase of Salmonella CATALYTIC

Aitken, S. M.; Lodha, P. H.; Morneau, D. J., The enzymes of the transsulfuration pathways:

Clifton, M. C.; Abendroth, J.; Edwards, T. E.; Leibly, D. J.; Gillespie, A. K.; Ferrell, M.; Dieterich,

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 16 of 27

Page 17 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

336

Mycobacterium ulcerans. Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology and Crystallization

337

Communications 2011, 67 (9), 1154-1158.

338

14.

339

Escherichia coli cystathionine γ‐synthase at 1.5 Å resolution. The EMBO journal 1998, 17 (23),

340

6827-6838.

341

15.

342

cystathionine γ-synthase inhibitor complexes rationalize the increased affinity of a novel inhibitor.

343

Journal of molecular biology 2001, 311 (4), 789-801.

344

16.

345

oscillation mode. 1997.

346

17.

347

33 (2), 491-497.

348

18.

349

Section D: Biological Crystallography 2009, 66 (1), 22-25.

350

19.

351

Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography 2004, 60 (12), 2126-2132.

352

20.

353

the maximum-likelihood method. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography

354

1997, 53 (3), 240-255.

355

21.

356

N.; Bourne, P. E., The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic acids research 2000, 28 (1), 235-42.

357

22.

358

Symposium on Computational Life Science, Springer: 2005; pp 163-174.

359

23.

360

transsulfuration and direct sulfhydrylation pathways for methionine biosynthesis. Journal of

361

bacteriology 2002, 184 (5), 1277-1286.

362

24.

363

PHOSPHORYLHOMOSERINE AS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE FOR CYSTATHIONINE γ-

364

SYNTHASE. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1974, 249 (4), 1139-1155.

365

25.

366

gamma-synthase from overproducing strains of Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1990, 29 (2), 435-

367

442.

Clausen, T.; Huber, R.; Prade, L.; Wahl, M. C.; Messerschmidt, A., Crystal structure of

Steegborn, C.; Laber, B.; Messerschmidt, A.; Huber, R.; Clausen, T., Crystal structures of

Otwinowski, Z.; Minor, W.; W Jr, C. C., Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in Matthews, B. W., Solvent content of protein crystals. Journal of molecular biology 1968, Vagin, A.; Teplyakov, A., Molecular replacement with MOLREP. Acta Crystallographica Emsley, P.; Cowtan, K., Coot: model-building tools for molecular graphics. Acta Murshudov, G. N.; Vagin, A. A.; Dodson, E. J., Refinement of macromolecular structures by

Berman, H. M.; Westbrook, J.; Feng, Z.; Gilliland, G.; Bhat, T. N.; Weissig, H.; Shindyalov, I. Krissinel, E.; Henrick, K. In Detection of protein assemblies in crystals, International Hwang, B.-J.; Yeom, H.-J.; Kim, Y.; Lee, H.-S., Corynebacterium glutamicum utilizes both

Datko, A. H.; Giovanelli, J.; Mudd, S. H., Homocysteine Biosynthesis in Green Plants O-

Holbrook, E. L.; Greene, R. C.; Krueger, J. H., Purification and properties of cystathionine

368

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Table 1. Data collection and refinement statistics of CgMetB. CgMetB PDB code Data collection Wavelength (Å) Cell dimensions (a, b, c; α, β, γ) (Å; °) Space group Resolution range (Å) Rsym (%) I / σI Completeness (%) Redundancy Refinement Resolution (Å) No. reflections Rwork / Rfree No. atoms Protein Ligand/ion Water B-factors (Å2) Protein Ligand/ion Water B from Wilson plot (Å2) R.m.s. deviations Bond lengths (Å) Bond angles (°) a

5X5H 0.97934 58.57, 149.85, 161.86; 90.0, 90.0, 90.0 F222 50.00-1.51 (1.54-1.51) 7.8 (30.5) 42.7 (16.0) 99.3 (98.6) 6.6 (5.0)

50.00-1.51 55876 14.8/17.2 3211 2922 35 254 18.0 17.9 23.0 28.4 15.4 0.027 2.465

The numbers in parentheses are statistics from the highest resolution shell.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 18 of 27

Page 19 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

FIGURE LEGENDS

Figure 1. Overall structures of CgMetB. (A) Methionine biosynthetic pathway highlighting the enzyme reaction of CgMetB. (B) Amino acid sequence alignment of the MetB proteins. Identical and highly conserved residues are presented in red and blue colored characters, respectively. Secondary structure elements are shown and labeled based on the structure of CgMetB. Residues involved in the substrate and cofactor binding are marked with red and blue colored triangles, respectively. The extended N-terminal loop is indicated by the letters ENL. Cg, Mu, Hp, and Ec represent MetB from Corynebacterium glutamicum, Mycobacterium ulceran, Helicobacter pylori, and Escherichia coli, respectively. (C) Monomeric structure of CgMetB. A monomeric CgMetB is shown as a cartoon diagram. NTD, PBD, and CTD are distinguished with green, cyan, and salmon colors, respectively. PLP molecule bound in the enzyme is shown as a magenta sphere. (D) Tetrameric structure of CgMetB. The tetrameric structure of CgMetB is presented as a cartoon diagram. In the active dimer, one monomer is shown with a color scheme in (C) and NTD, PBD, CTD from one monomer are distinguished with yellow, light-blue, and orange colors, respectively. The other active dimer is presented in gray color. The right-side figure is a 90° rotation in the vertical direction from the left-side figure.

Figure 2. Cofactor binding mode of CgMetB. (A) Electron density map of PLP. The Fo-Fc eletron density map of the bound PLP is shown as a blue mesh and contoured at 3.5 σ. (B) Cofactor binding mode of CgMetB. The CgMetB structure in complex with PLP is presented with a surface model with colors of cyan, salmon, yellow, and light-blue for the PBD and CTD of one monomer and the NTD and PBD of the other monomer, respectively. The residues involved in the PLP binding are shown as stick

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

models and labeled. The hydrogen bonds involved in the PLP binding are shown as redcolored dotted lines.

Figure 3. Substrate binding mode of CgMetB. (A) A surface model of the substrate binding site of CgMetB. The CgMetB structure in complex with PLP is presented with a surface model with colors of cyan, salmon, and yellow for the PBD and CTD of one monomer and the NTD of the other monomer, respectively. PLP and APPA are shown as stick model with magenta and pink colors, respectively. (B) Substrate binding mode of CgMetB. The dimeric structure of CgMetB in complex with PLP is superimposed with that of NtMetB in complex with its inhibitor APPA. Monomer I and II of CgMetB are distinguished with green and cyan colors, and monomer I and II of NtmetB are presented with colors of light-blue and wheat. The residues involved in the substrate binding are shown as stick models and labeled. The hydrogen bonds involved in the APPA binding are shown as red-colored dotted lines. (C) Cysteine binding site of CgMetB. Putative cysteine binding site of CgMetB is shown as cartoon diagram with a color scheme in (A). The residues speculated to be involved in the cysteine binding are shown as stick models and labeled. (D) Site directed mutagenesis of CgMetB. Residues involved in substrate binding are replaced by alanine residues. The relative activity of recombinant mutant proteins are measured and compared with that of wild-type CgMetB. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Figure 4. Substrate specificity of CgMetB. (A) (B) (C) Enzyme kinetics of CgMetB. Michaelis-Menten equation-based plot of reaction velocity versus substrate concentrations. Various concentrations of OAHS (0.0001-1 mM) (A), OSHS (0.005-2 mM) (B), and L-cysteine (0.1-10 mM) (C) were used. Each experiment

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 20 of 27

Page 21 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

was performed in triplicate. (D) Superimposition of the MetB structures. The monomeric structures of CgMetB and EcMetB are superimposed and shown as a cartoon diagram. CgMetB and EcMetB are distinguished with different colors of green and orange, respectively. The bound PLP and APPA were presented as a stick model with magenta and pink colors, respectively. The β10-β11 connecting loops are indicated with black dotted circles and labeled. (E) Comparsion of the conformation of substrate binding site of MetBs. The substrate binding sites of CgMetB and EcMetB are superimposed and shown as a cartoon diagram with a color scheme in (D). (F) A surface model of the substrate binding site of CgMetB and EcMetB. The structures of CgMetB and EcMetB are presented with a surface model. The β10-β11 connecting loops are indicated with yellow dotted circles.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Table of Contents Graphic

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 22 of 27

Page 23 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Figure 1 600x761mm (96 x 96 DPI)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Figure 2 287x407mm (96 x 96 DPI)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 24 of 27

Page 25 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Figure 3 609x475mm (96 x 96 DPI)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Figure 4 587x377mm (96 x 96 DPI)

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 26 of 27

Page 27 of 27

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

NTD (Mol I) PBD (Mol I)

PBD (Mol II)

CgMetB

NTD (Mol II) CTD (Mol II)

CTD (Mol I)

Mol III

EcMetB

Mol IV PLP

ACS Paragon Plus Environment