Structure-Property Relations in Polymers, Copyright, 1993 Advisory

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Structure-Property Relations in Polymers

In Structure-Property Relations in Polymers; Urban, Marek W., et al.; Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993.




A D V A N C E S IN CHEMISTRY SERIES

236

Structure-Property Relations in Polymers Spectroscopy and Performance Marek W. Urban, EDITOR

North Dakota State University Clara D . Craver, EDITOR

Craver Chemical Consultants

Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering at the 201st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, Georgia, April 14-19, 1991

American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 1993


Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Structure-property relations in polymers : spectroscopy and performance / Marek W. Urban, editor, Clara D. Craver, editor, p. cm.—(Advances in chemistry series, ISSN 0065-2393; 236) "Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering at the 201st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlanta, Georgia, April 14-19, 1991." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8412-2525-7 1. Polymers—Analysis—Congresses.

2. Spectrum analysis—Congresses.

I. Urban, Marek W., 1953- . II. Craver, Clara D. III. American Chemical Society. Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. IV. Series. QD1.A355 no. 236 [QD139.P6] 540 s—dc20 [547.7'046]

93-15964 CIP

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Copyright © 1993 American Chemical Society All Rights Reserved. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of each chapter in this volume indicates the copyright owner's consent that reprographic copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to copying or transmission by any means—graphic or electronic— for any other purpose, such as for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating a new collective work, for resale, or for information storage and retrieval systems. The copying fee for each chapter is indicated in the code at the bottom of the first page of the chapter. The citation of trade names and/or names of manufacturers in this publication is not to be construed as an endorsement or as approval by ACS of the commercial products or services referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemical process, or other data be regarded as a license or as a conveyance of any right or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce, use, or sell any patented invention or copyrighted work that may in any way be related thereto. Registered names, trademarks, etc., used in this publication, even without specific indication thereof, are not to be considered unprotected by law. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


1993 Advisory Board Advances in Chemistry Series


M . Joan Comstock, Series Editor V . Dean A d a m s University of Nevada-Reno

Douglas R. Lloyd The University of Texas at Austin

R o b e r t J. Alaimo Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Robert McGorrin Kraft General Foods

Mark Arnold University of Iowa

Julius J. Menn Plant Sciences Institute, U.S. Department of Agriculture

David Baker University of Tennessee Arindam Bose Pfizer Central Research R o b e r t F. B r a d y , Jr. Naval Research Laboratory M a r g a r e t A. C a v a n a u g h National Science Foundation D e n n i s W. H e s s Lehigh University Hiroshi Ito IBM Almaden Research Center Madeleine M. Joullie University of Pennsylvania Gretchen S. Kohl Dow-Corning Corporation Bonnie Lawlor Institute for Scientific Information

Vincent Pecoraro University of Michigan Marshall Phillips Delmont Laboratories George W . Roberts North Carolina State University A . Truman S c h w a r t z Macalaster College John R . S h a p l e y University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign L. S o m a s u n d a r a m Ε. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Peter Willett University of Sheffield (England)


FOREWORD


T h e A D V A N C E S IN C H E M I S T R Y S E R I E S was f o u n d e d i n 1949

b y the

American

C h e m i c a l Society as a n outlet for symposia a n d collections o f data i n special areas o f topical interest that c o u l d not b e accommodated i n the Society's journals. It provides a m e d i u m f o r symposia that w o u l d otherwise b e frag m e n t e d because their papers w o u l d be distributed a m o n g several journals o r not p u b l i s h e d at all. Papers are reviewed critically according to A C S editorial standards a n d receive the careful attention a n d processing characteristic o f A C S p u b l i c a tions. V o l u m e s i n the A D V A N C E S IN C H E M I S T R Y SERIES maintain the integrity o f the symposia o n w h i c h they are based; however, v e r b a t i m reproductions o f previously p u b l i s h e d papers are not accepted. Papers may include reports o f research as w e l l as reviews, because symposia m a y embrace b o t h types o f presentation.


ABOUT THE EDITORS


PROFESSOR M A R E K W . URBAN received his

M.S.

degree in chemistry from Marquette University in 1979, followed by the P h . D . degree from Michigan Tech in 1984 Before joining North Dakota State University in 1986, he spent two years as a research associate in the Department of Macromolecular Science at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland. He is the author of over 130 research papers, numerous review articles, and several book chapters, mostly published in the A C S A d vances in Chemistry Series. H e is the author of the book entitled Vibrational Spectroscopy of Molecules and Macromolecules of Surfaces, cur rently in production by Wiley-Interscience. His research interests range from characterization of polymer networks and surfaces using F T I R spectroscopy to structure-property relation ships at surfaces and interfaces, from inorganic polymers and coatings to mobility of small molecules in polymer networks, and from spectroscopic measurement of diffu sion in polymer networks to nonequilibriurn thermodynamics. For his pioneering work on rheophotoacoustic spectroscopy, he was awarded the 1990 Megger's Award pre sented for the most outstanding paper published in the Applied Spectroscopy Journal. The award is given by the Federation for Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies. H e also is credited with a patent in this area. Five years in a row, from 1986 to 1991, he was honored by the 3 M Company with the young faculty award. From 1987 to 1988, he served as a chairperson for the Society for Applied Spectroscopy, Minnesota Chapter, H e is an invited speaker at many international conferences, Gordon Research conferences, and industrial laboratories. H e serves as a consultant to several chemical companies. His involvement i n the A C S symposia initiated in 1991, when he coehaired the International Symposium on Spectroscopy of Polymers in Atlanta, from which this book was derived. H e is a co-chair of the 1993 Symposium on Hyphenated Tech niques in Polymer Characterization, held in Chicago 1993 during the A C S National Meeting, and will serve as a chair of the International Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy, to be held in Washington in 1994. H e is also a lecturer in the spectroscopy workshops offered by the A C S Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. At North Dakota State University, he is a director of the summer coatings science short courses and serves as a Director of the Graduate Program in the Polymers and Coatings Department.

vii



CLARA D . CRAVER is the president of Craver

Chemical Consultants. Until 1990 she was pres ident of Chemir Laboratories, which she founded in 1958, and the vice president of Polytech Laboratories. She received her B.Sc. degree in chemistry (cum laude) from Ohio State University in 1945. She is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science by Fisk University in 1974. Her early work at Esso Research Labo ratories, 1945-1949, resulted in patents on spectroscopic characterization of complex hy drocarbon mixtures. She established the molec ular spectroscopy laboratory at Battelle Memo rial Institute in 1949, and as group leader through 1958, she conducted spectroscopic studies for Battelle's research projects and orig inal research in the areas of drying oils, as phalts, paper, and rosins. H e r research on organic coatings won her the 1955 Carbide and Carbon Award of the A C S Division of Organics Coatings and Plastics Chemistry. In 1975 she became chairman of that division and has been active in A C S governance continually since then, including 15 years service as counselor. In the early 1980s, Craver initiated workshops on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at A C S national meetings to offer educational opportunities and chaired three prior major A C S symposia on new developments in polymer characterization by instrumental methods. She began the Coblentz Society's spectral publication program and is editor of five books of Special Collections of Infrared Spectra and of an 11-volume spectral data collection. She served as consultant to A S T M for their evaluated infrared spectral publication program, supported by the Office of Standard Reference Data of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. She was chairman of the Joint Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physical Data, on which she now serves as Executive Committee member-at-large. She is past chairman of the A S T M Committee on Molecular Spectroscopy, and was named a Fellow of A S T M in 1982 when she received that organization's highest award, the Award of merit. She is a Fellow of the American Institute of Chemists and Certified Professional Chemist. She was honored by being named the 1989 National Honorary Member of the Women's Professional Honorary Chemistry Sorority, Iota Sigma P i . She is director of the Fisk Infrared Institute held annually at Vanderbilt University of IR, Raman, and F T I R spectroscopy. She also lectures at other short courses and is an A C S tour speaker. She directs short courses including F T I R laboratories at national A C S meetings for the Division of Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering. This book is her fourth volume on spectroscopic and other instrumental methods of polymer characterization. She co-chaired the A C S International Symposium on Spectroscopy of Polymers held in Atlanta in 1991 from which this book is derived, and chaired the two-day F T I R workshop that preceded the symposium. viii


Structure-Property Relations in Polymers, Copyright, 1993 Advisory

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