Subject Index - ACS Publications

Subject Index

Downloaded by 117.253.105.22 on December 24, 2015 | http://pubs.acs.org Publication Date (Web): December 15, 2015 | doi: 10.1021/bk-2015-1216.ix002

C California, hydraulic fracturing and acidizing, 205 background, 206 methods, 207 results DOGGR, estimated and actual water use per well, 214f DOGGR, injected versus recovered water volume, 216f horizontal wells, schematic, 211f Monterey Formation, stimulation, 216 regulated activities, 208 South Belridge field and offset wells, 212f stimulated area, 210 stimulation fluid, 215 stimulation notices, summary, 208t water use, 213 well stimulation treatment, 209

D Discovery science, efficiency of hydraulic fracturing, 71 background, 73 Barnet shale play, average production rate, 74f non-linear coupled processes, research, 75 core scale, 78 function of strain, stress and permeability, 80f representative triaxial coreflood experiment, comparison, 79f shear fracture experiment, experimental setup, 79f fracture-matrix interaction, 80 binary image of shale, two-dimensional slice, 83f influence of microcracks, preliminary investigation, 84f simple fishbone fracture pattern, microfluidic experiment, 82f triaxial experiment, fracture geometry, 81 work-flow for extracting fracture geometry, schematic, 82f pore scale, 84

global permeability and porosity, relationship, 85f reservoir scale, 76 Haynesville formation, typical production, 76f production curve, reservoir scale calculations, 77f

H Hydraulic fracturing, environmental aspects, 1 additive use, review, 29 biocides, 30 friction reducers (FR) green progression, 30 gel frac fluid, 30 scale inhibitors, 31 surfactants, 31 age versus construction era, 22 pollution potential by era, timeline, 23f cementing and isolation testing, 13 cement pump charts, 13f cutting chemical toxicity and volume, 27 drilling and well construction, 11 basic operations, sequence, 12f few pollution incidents, well integrity failures, 21 fracturing, chemicals used, 25 most common fracture additives, examples, 26t groundwater and methane migration, 32 gas migration, factors involved, 33f hydraulic fracturing risks, 24 fracturing risk events, 25t hydraulic fracturing, risk reduction, 24f induced seismicity earthquakes, 39 2008 and 2014, USGS earthquake risk maps, 40f methane emissions, 33 naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), 37 pollution, major sources, 34 EPA data collected in 1999, 34f recycling produced water, 40 reduction strategies, 29 risk, 20 ALARP, 21f

227 In Hydraulic Fracturing: Environmental Issues; Drogos, Donna L.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.


Texas aquifers, case history, 34 groundwater pollution in Texas, reported incidents, 36f oil and gas wells, overlay, 35f water use, 37 U.S., total freshwater use, 38f water used, energy source, 38t well failure frequency, 18 barrier and integrity failures, distribution, 19t well failures, studies, 18 well integrity and leak potential, 17 wellheads, christmas trees, and flow equipment, 14 low pressure gas well, wellhead, 15f resource conservation, 16 tubing string configuration, 15f what is it?, 2 Apache Corporation six-acre pad, 9f four major U.S. shale plays, fracture height-growth limits, 10t fractures in vertical wells, downhole camera pictures, 8f fracturing technique, 5 onshore U.S. multiple well development, time and cost, 7f permeability and the deposition environment, range, 6 permeability shale formations, 4 rocks, permeability range comparison, 7f wellbore to fracture direction, orientation, 3f Hydraulic fracturing bans, legal and economic implications, 181 background principle, 189 economic impacts economic consequences, 191 hydraulic fracturing, technologies used, 193 successful bans, economic impacts, 192 unsuccessful bans, economic impacts, 192 government action, character, 187 highly regulated activities, 187 investment-backed expectations, 186 issue, 182 Lucas standard, 188 no precise rule, 186 Penn Central test, refining, 188 personal or real property interests, 190 physical versus regulatory distinction, 184 public nuisance exception, 189

regulation, economic impact, 186 regulatory takings defined, 185 takings overview, 183

I Ions in hydraulic fracturing, analysis, 135 introduction, 136 hydraulic fracturing, water use cycle, 137f hydraulic fracturing workflow monitoring, 137f ion chromatography, 138 reagent-free ion chromatography system, overview, 139f sample dilution, software-enabled sample analysis, 141f wastewater analysis, challenge, 140 ion analysis anions, comparison, 145f anions in produced water, determination, 144f cation concentrations, comparison, 148f cations in hydraulic fracturing, concentration, 147f cations in hydraulic fracturing flowback, determination, 146f chloride in flowback, concentration, 143f flowback, anions, 141 flowback, cations, 145 inorganic anions, concentration, 143f inorganic anions and organic acids, determination, 142f produced water, anions, 143 produced water, cations, 148

N Naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM), 89 basic properties of NORM, addendum actinium, 115 bismuth, 117 lead, 117 polonium, 114 protactinium, 114 radium, 116 radon, 116 thallium, 118 thorium, 115 uranium, 114



marine black shales, NORM, 95 marine organisms, uranium trapped, 95f NORM, 91 interest in shale formations, primordial decay series, 92f unconventional drilling wastes element, naturally occurring radioactive materials, 93t 226Ra-decay products, fate and transport, 110 anticipated fates, 111f bit cuttings, oxidation, 112f NORM in solid waste, behavior and composition, 111 222Rn, potential regional impacts, 112 unwanted gases, flaring, 113f radioactive materials, fundamental properties decay products, activities/atoms, 102 radioactive decay, 99 radioactive equilibrium, 100 radioactive ingrowth, 100 selected NORM, equilibrium characteristics, 103f transient equilibrium, 101 research needs, 109 subsurface, partitioning, 96 thorium series partitioning at depth, 98 U and U decay products, theoretical partitioning model, 97f uranium series partitioning, 97 unconventional drilling, major stages, 104 chemical mixing, 105 drilling, 105 flowback and flaring, 106 injection, 105 liquid waste, 108 solid waste, 109 stages, environmental radiochemistry, 104f treatment, 107 water acquisition, 104

S Shale gas production, total water cycle management, 129

U United States (U.S.) as energy superpower, 45 benefits, U.S. as an energy superpower, 66 hydraulic fracturing, global challenges, 66 community engagement, 60 hydraulic fracturing, 47 hydraulic fracturing, environmental benefits, 66 increased U.S. energy production, economic benefits, 50 industry standards, development and implementation, 58 jobs, economic benefits, 53 oil and natural gas sectors, average annual pay, 55t upstream oil and natural gas activities, small business contribution, 55t national security, 56 state-based regulation, effective system, 64 surface environmental management, 63 U.S. is an energy superpower, 46 water use and management, 62 well integrity, 61 U.S. EPA’s study, overview, 197 analytical method development, 199 existing data, analysis FracFocus, data, 198 hydraulic fracturing water cycle, 198f potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing, assessment, 201 retrospective case studies, 201 scenario evaluations, 199 toxicity studies, 200

W Williston basin of Western North Dakota, Bakken formation, 151 air pollution, 170 Bakken fields, gas production, 176f Bakken pool area, oil and gas production, 175t generalized natural gas processing schematic, 175f North Dakota point source SO2 emissions, 177f O&G production, emission sources and pollutants, 173t hydraulic fracturing, 154


Bakken, highest water use counties, 162f Bakken, water handling costs, 166t ND, consumptive water use, 162f oil exploration, sources, processes, and hazards, 157t oil production, comparison, 161t samples collected from three wells, typical composition, 164t wastewater management, 163 water stress, 156


fracture formations in the Bakken, chemicals used, 154t introduction, 152 Bakken shale, introduction, 153 Bakken total petroleum system (TPS), 153f oil spills, 167 ND, major oil spills, 168t unconventional oil development, different stages, 156 water resources, impacts


Subject Index - ACS Publications

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