chromatographic and extraction teehniques. A further general contribution discusses the solution properties of nonionic surfactants of the polyoxyethylenevariety and their interactions with various phospholipids. An overview of commercial surfaetants is also provided and covers both household and industrial applications. Experimental methods for determining both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of micellization are discussed and the theoretical treatments of the data are included, including recently developed theories. Model calculations for the standard free enerev of transfer of an amohiohilic monomer from the
ceedings of the 52nd Colloid and Surface Science Symposium of the Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistrv of the American
style from one author to another the presentation is clear and free from major errors. The information presented in these volumes will be very valuahle for the scientist or engineer who is active in the area of surfactant chemistry as it provides an up-to-date and comprehensive review of this subject with contributions from leading researchers. For the few college courses on surface or colloid chemistry this two volume text would serve as an excellent reference source. The subject matter covers two broad areas of surfactant chemistry, namely aggregation ~henomenaand adsorotion a t interfaces with emohasls on both theoretical nnd nrnctical r ~ ~ ~ . aspects. Some of the contributed papers are overview in nature while others are original research papers. The two volumes contain a total of forty-nine contributions covering a diversified range of topics including thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of surfactants t o micellization in aqueous media and aggregation in nonaqueous media with attention devoted to solvent effects on micelle formation. Biological surfaetants are discussed in some detail as is micellar catalysis and inhibition. One of the appealing features of the texts is the attention given to the practical applications of surfactant chemistry such as the use of micellar systems in analytical chemistry, mieroemul~ions,tertiary oil recovery, surfactant flooding, liquid crystals, phase stability, surface rheological properties, and adsorption a t various interfaces. The eight general overview papers are well balanced and each contains auseful bihliography. The concepts are supported with recent experimental data, and trends in behavior are liberally illustrated diagramatically. The paper on ionic interaction and phase stability focusses on the influence of ion pairing and the formation of complex coacervates on deviations from ideality. A seneral contribution on adsorption of surfactants compares micellization with adsorption a t the liquid-air or liquid-liquid interface when the chemical structure of the surfactant molecule or the environment around it is changed. For example the effect ~f the addition of solutes which modify the 3tructure of water on the values of the free :nergy of adsorption and micelle formation IS discussed. The review on the use of surFactant and micellar systems in analytical :hemistry is particularly interesting. Their x e arises from their soluhilization power, :heir utilization as a reaction medium in nhich the rates, equilibrium position, prodlcts and in some eases the stereochemistry :an be affected and finally their ability to ;redly alter the microscopic properties and :hange the effective microenvironment about iolubilized solutes. Examples of analytical Ipplications of micellar systems are given for ~ltraviolet-visibleabsorption, fluorescence, Itomic absorption, electroanalytical methods nvolving potentiumetry and polarography ~ n dfor chemical separations including ~
A32 1 Journal of Chemical Education
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and some interesting results on head group effects and the relative importance of the hvdro~hobicand electrical forces in determining micelle shape and the extent of water penetration in the micellar core is discussed. Some of the mare specialized contrihutions ~ focus . . ~ on topics such as the relaxation kinetin of micellization, mixed micelle solutions, the effect of aromatic alcohols on thecritical micelle concentrations of cationic surfactants, aggregation phenomena in aqueous solutions, the micellar behavior of surfactants in water, the application of keto-end tautomerism to the study of micellar properties of surfaetants, solvent effects on amphiphilic aggregation, and the association behavior of synthetic and natural surfactants. Volume 2 focusses more on reactions and interactions in micellar media with particular attention given to micellar catalysis. Electrochemical investigations in micellar media are covered also. Microemulsions and reacphase behavior. A very important topic in surfactant chemistry is that of adsorption and a substantial part of volume 2 is devoted to this subject. In particular contributions are presented on the rheological properties of fluid interfaces.. a ~ d i e a t i o n sin tertiarv oil rrccmry nnd the intvrtacinl icnrion, and phase I h , h w 8 r i f pure ,uri;lctmt systems Thcw 15 umlwhtrdly a ntalth oi infm mation on surfactants in these two volumes and their acquisition represents a valuable addition to any library or ~ e r s o n acollection l on the subject.
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REGINALD P. T. TOMKINS Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark. NJ 07102
Surface Contamination: Genesis, Detection, and Control K L. Mittal, (Editor), Plenum Press. New York. 1979.Vols. I and 2, xxx 1056 pp. Figs. and tables. 25.5 X 17 cm. $39.50. @ or 565.00 set.
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The volumes document the proceedings of
the Smnosiom on Surface Contamination:
ternational Symposium on Contamination Control. K. L. Mittal, who is the editor of several recent symposia proceedings, is the editor of these volumes. His ability and experience as an editor show in the consistent format, uniform reference citations, and wellLproofed papers. The papers were reviewed by a t least two qualified reviewers. Of the 64 papers, 20 are invited overview papers, and 44 are contributed research papers. There are no written discussions of the papers. The objectives of the symposium were (1) to bring together scientists, technologists, and engineers interested in all aspects of surface contamination, (2) to review and to assess the current state of knowledge, (3) to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas, and (4) to define the areas which need intensified efforts on the problems of surface contamination. The papers cover the problems of surface contamination in broad and general terms in order to acquaint the workers in diverfie areas of their common problems. There are papers on metal, alloy, and metal oxide surfaces, on glass and ceramic surfaces, an p o l p e r surfaces, and on liquid surfaces. Organic film, inorganic film, particulate, microbial, and radioactive surface contaminants are discussed. General papers and papers on the cleaning of surfaces are in Volume 1. Papers on surface contamination detection, identification, characterization, and control, and on the implications of surface contamination are in Volume 2. The subject is timely and important. It is an andied tonic of erest industrial importance.'~henature ofthe topic dictates that a large fraction of many of the papers are devoted to empirical and descriptive material. However, for those interested in the topic the material isnecessary and useful. Many ofthe authors do attempt to develop some useful correlations with theory, which should help guide workers with surface contamination As the problems of the field become better known through publications such as this, the attempts to systematize the approach to the problems will became more successful. Over half of the papers have fewer than a dozen references. About one-third of the papers originate from academic institutions. The chemist is poorly represented among the authors, most of whom appear to be chemical engineers, applied physicists, electrical engineers, metallurgists and materials scientists, food technologists, microbiologists, and radio^ logical health workers. Although the problems of surface contamination have the potential to affect all of us in many ways, the details of the subject will not interest the majority of chemists. The teacher of an elementary surface chemistry course will find useful material to highlight some course topics. Departments which have a strong program in surface chemistry will want the volumes in their library. The vol-
Wastewater Treatment Donald W. Sundstrom and Herbert E. Klei, The University of Connecticut, PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs.New Jersey, 1979. xvi 444 pp. Figs. and tables. 16 x 23.5 cm. $23.00.
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This work is primarily a chemical engineering textbook which deals with various aspects of wastewater treatment. It consists of five sections in 16 chapters. The reader is taken through a wide range of topics starting with wastewater characteristics and treatment processes to biological processes, physical processes, chemical processes, followed by solid treatment, and systems analysis. Each chapter has excellent references and many chapters are provided with several interesting problems. The book is filled with useful diagrams and plots of data. It is essentially self-contained and wauld serve as an excellent text for a graduate or upper u n ~ dergraduate level course in the subject. Due to its lack of discernible hiss, I believe that the text wauld be suitable for students not only in chemical engineering and water chemistrv but also in m a w other fields that should have an interest in water supply. This book has its stated aim of introducing the reader t o the principles of wastewater treatment. The authors have done an outstanding job of providing broad perspective and critical analysis. Therefore many of the chapters should prove valuable as material for the classroom. For example, both the biological treatment processes and physical treatment processes are well written in lively fashion and offer scholarly views of their topics. The chemical processes section is
probably the weakest in the book. Discussions of water supply on water quality, c h l o ~ rination, and lime treatment are sketchy. Also absent from the book is any significant treatment of the currently extensive research efforts. Adsorption of organic matter by activated carbon received a proper treatment; however, the recent development of using macroreticular polymeric XAD resins (Amberlites) for separating organic substances such as oestieides has been neglected. The
As pointed out by the authors, to meet current and proposed water pollution standards, it is often necessary to use newer treatment, operations and to improve the efficiency of conventional processes. This book places emphasis of the knowledge of fundamentals permitting the engineer or scientist to adapt more rapidly to new processes. The treatment of wastewater requires a variety of techniques and processes involving unit operations, transfer processes, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics. Errors are rather abundant. The equation (1-5) (p. 16) is incorrect. The definitions of oxidation and reduction are wrong (p. 368). The SI system is used in the book, but the standard oxidation potentials instead of the reduction potentials recommended by IUPAC are used (Table 1&1, p. 372). Despite minor shortcomings, this book will serve as a useful initial source and reference for all chemists interested in wastewater treatment.
K. L. CHENG University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City. MO 64110
problems of surface c&sminatio9. H. LAWRENCECLEVER Emory University Atlanta. GA 30322 Volume 58, Number 1, January 1981 / A33
