Sustainable Management of Textile Wastewater: A Hybrid Tight

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Cite This: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 11003−11012

Sustainable Management of Textile Wastewater: A Hybrid Tight Ultrafiltration/Bipolar-Membrane Electrodialysis Process for Resource Recovery and Zero Liquid Discharge Jiuyang Lin,† Fang Lin,† Xiangyu Chen,† Wenyuan Ye,*,‡ Xiaojuan Li,† Huiming Zeng,§ and Bart Van der Bruggen∥

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†

Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Rural Waste Recycling Technology, School of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China ‡ Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China § College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China ∥ Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium S Supporting Information *

ABSTRACT: Sustainable textile wastewater treatment strongly demands an indispensable paradigm shift from removal of contaminants to effective recovery of resources. In this work, a hybrid tight ultrafiltration (TUF) and bipolarmembrane electrodialysis (BMED) process was explored to recover resources (i.e., dye extraction, acid/base conversion, and pure water regeneration) from highly saline textile wastewater. Using a TUF membrane with 5000 Da molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) can obtain a sufficient rejection (>99.6%) of both reactive and direct dyes, due to the dye aggregation. Additionally, the considerably large pore size of the TUF membrane endowed the process with free transport of NaCl and Na2SO4 (i.e., >99.42%), exhibiting promise as an alternative means of separation of dyes and Na2SO4. Additionally, an integrated TUF-based diafiltration was designed to separate the model dye (i.e., reactive blue 194) and Na2SO4. Particularly, reactive blue 194 was remarkably concentrated from 997.9 to 7952.8 mg·L−1 by the TUF membrane with 99.5% dye recovery and 99.95% desalination efficiency after 8.0 diavolumes. Furthermore, a trace amount (i.e., 2.7 mg·L−1) of reactive blue 194 was observed in Na2SO4-containing TUF permeate, enabling a subsequent BMED operation. With the implementation of BMED, the Na2SO4-containing TUF permeate was sufficiently desalinated for acid/base conversion and pure water regeneration with no obvious fouling on the ion exchange membranes. These results demonstrate a potential applicability of the hybrid TUF/BMED process for sustainable management of textile wastewater, providing a strategy for practical applications in treatment of other high-salinity wastewaters. Generally, textile wastewater has a high salinity (e.g., ∼5.0 wt % NaCl or Na2SO4) due to the addition of salts for enhancing the uptake of dye by fabric during the dyeing process.5 In the concept of sustainability, the highly saline textile wastewater stream can be considered as a potential resource rather than a waste.6,7 For instance, the unexhausted dyes which are remained in the textile wastewater can be further reused to reduce the dyeing expenditure, while inorganic salts can be extracted for potential applications, for

1. INTRODUCTION The textile industry, as one of most important traditional pillar industries, plays a significant role in stimulating the domestic economic growth of China.1,2 Generally, China is currently considered the largest textile producer and supplier, approximately exporting the textile products with a value of $248 billion (U.S. dollars).1 However, the textile wastewater with a typical quantity varying from 200 to 350 tons is generated to obtain 1 ton of textile products.3 Around 1.84 billion tons of textile wastewater is directly discharged without appropriate treatment as reported in the China Environment Statistical Yearbook of 2015, which potentially induces a severe damage to the ecosystem and human health.4 © 2019 American Chemical Society

Received: Revised: Accepted: Published: 11003

March 11, 2019 May 15, 2019 June 3, 2019 June 3, 2019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01353 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 11003−11012

Article

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Figure 1. Chemical structures of (A) reactive blue 49, (B) reactive blue 194, and (C) direct red 80 in the study.

wastewater would potentially accumulate onto the surface or pore structure of the ion exchange membranes and thus induce membrane fouling under the direct current (dc) condition, significantly deteriorating the performance of the BMED stack with increasing energy consumption.15−18 Xue et al. applied the conventional electrodialysis for fractionation of the acid blue 9/salt mixtures and observed the deposition of an acid blue 9 dye cake layer with a thickness of 15−20 μm, which blocked the pores of the anion exchange membranes and thus hindered the transport of the salts (i.e., NaCl and Na2SO4).19 Therefore, membrane fouling inevitably occurs when the BMED process is applied to directly treat high-salinity textile wastewater for sustainable resource recovery. The key challenge and premise to minimize the membrane fouling during BMED application is to effectively separate the dyes from the salts (i.e., Na2SO4). Nanofiltration (NF), especially loose NF (MWCOs of 500− 1000 Da), has attracted an increasing interest in separation of the dye/salt mixtures.20−25 Specifically, the moderately loose surface structure of these unique NF membranes enables a nearly free transport of monovalent salts (i.e., NaCl). Furthermore, an acceptably high retention of dyes can be obtained based on the combination of steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion effects, establishing these loose NF membranes as a great potential of in fractionation of the dye/ NaCl mixtures.26,27 Lin et al. systematically explored the practicability of a commercial loose NF membrane with 860 Da MWCO for separation of dyes and NaCl, yielding a nearly

example, in forward osmosis as draw solution or acid/base conversion by bipolar-membrane electrodialysis (BMED). Nevertheless, the traditional strategies, including activated carbon adsorption, coagulation, advanced oxidation, and biological treatment, cannot sustainably extract the dyes, either through taking the “waste” out or degradation.5 Thus, the sustainable management of the textile wastewater with high salinity strongly requires an indispensable paradigm shift to effective resource extraction, apart from contaminant removal.8 BMED technology creates a new pathway to extract resources from high-salinity wastewaters. Through integrating the bipolar membrane into conventional electrodialysis for water splitting, BMED can convert these highly saline liquors into the acid and base to close the loop of the raw materials.9−12 Ye et al. employed BMED technology to effectively fractionate glyphosate from NaCl in a highly saline glyphosate neutralization stream (i.e., 16.8% NaCl and 1.3% glyphosate), in view of extraction of glyphosate and regeneration of HCl and NaOH.13 Jiang et al. and Lin et al. demonstrated the applicability of the BMED technology as an alternative to the conventional hydantoin pathway for separation of the methionine/Na2CO3 mixture (i.e., 15.0 wt % methionine and 10.0 wt % Na2CO3).10,14 This can simultaneously achieve two targets: effective extraction of methionine acid with high purity and recycling of NaOH for adsorption of CO2 from flue gas to close the material loop. During BMED operation, the presence of organic matters (e.g., surfactants, amino acids, humic substances, and dyes) in the 11004

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01353 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 11003−11012

Article

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research Table 1. Properties of the Tested TUF Membrane composition of active layer

PWP (L·m−2·h−1·bar−1)a

max. applied temperature (°C)

zeta potential at pH 7.0 (mV)

process pH limitations

PES

31.8

90

−17

0−14

a

PWP: permeability of pure water.

red 80 (DR80), were employed as the model dyes (Figure 1). NaCl and Na2SO4 with >99% purity were supplied from Aladdin (China). Milli-Q ultrapure water was applied throughout the study. A commercial TUF membrane with 5000 Da MWCO from Rising Sun Membrane Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., was used in this study. The properties of the tested TUF membrane are displayed in Table 1. Ion exchange membranes from ChemJoy Polymer Material Co., Ltd. (China) and bipolar membrane (BP-1) from Asahi Glass (Japan) were used for BMED performance. The characteristics of the tested bipolar membrane and ion exchange membranes are shown in Table 2.

complete rejection (>99.6%) of direct dyes and a 97.5% NaCl permeation.5,28 A loose NF membrane functionalized through fast bioinspired codeposition of copper nanoparticle was found to have a complete dye rejection (i.e., >99.5%) and an enhanced NaCl permeation (i.e., 96%).23 Nevertheless, the surfaces of such loose NF membranes are negatively charged, leading to a considerably high retention of divalent salts (e.g., SO42−) and compromising the fractionation of dyes and Na2SO4. Generally, the electrostatic repulsion effect of the membrane surface would be diminished with an enlargement of membrane pore sizes, resulting in decreasing rejections of inorganic salts or dye species and vice versa.29 Therefore, a reduction of the membrane pore sizes from NF to ultrafiltration (UF) scale can be an interesting strategy to fractionate the dyes and Na2SO4.30−33 However, the pore sizes of the UF membranes should be carefully designed to maintain an acceptable rejection of dyes. Several attempts have been documented to investigate the application of tight ultrafiltration (TUF) membranes with 1000−5000 Da MWCOs in treatment of textile wastewater. A Torlon polymer-based TUF membrane (∼1900 Da MWCO) which was developed through phase inversion was found to have an impressive rejection of 99.1% for rose bengal with 92.1% Na2SO4 permeation, which facilitated the fractionation of dyes and Na2SO4.34 Jiang et al. observed that a TiO2-based ceramic TUF membrane with 2410 Da MWCO had a > 98.12% rejection for six reactive dyes with 98.5% Na2SO4 permeation, sufficiently fractionating the reactive dye/Na2SO4 mixtures.32 In addition, a commercial poly(ether)sulfone (PES) TUF membrane with ∼4000 Da MWCO exhibited a >99.0% rejection of Congo red and reactive blue 2 and 99.5% Na2SO4 permeation, yielding an effective separation of the dye/Na2SO4 mixtures.35 Ultimately, by integrating BMED technology, the TUF permeate loaded with high content of Na2SO4 and trace amounts of dyes can be potentially used to close the material loop. In this study, a hybrid TUF-BMED process was applied to extract the resources (i.e., dye extraction, acid/base conversion, and pure water regeneration) from the dye/Na2SO4 binary systems, with the purpose of sustainable management of highly saline textile wastewater. Initially, an efficient fractionation of the dye/Na2SO4 binary liquor in the simulated textile wastewater was performed by using a TUF membrane (5000 Da MWCO) in an integrated diafiltration procedure. Subsequently, the BMED operation was employed to desalinate the Na2SO4-containing permeate from the TUFbased diafiltration for production of acid, base, and pure water. Simultaneously, the fouling propensity of ion exchange membranes during BMED operation was considered as well. Finally, a conceptual framework flow chart of the hybrid TUFBMED process was designed, as well as that for fractionation of the dye/Na2SO4 binary liquor, in view of industrial application.

Table 2. Characteristics of the Tested Bipolar Membrane and Ion Exchange Membranes membrane

thickness (μm)

IEC (meq·g−1)a

area resistance (Ω·cm2)

CJMC-1 CJMA-1 BP-1

150 100 200

0.8−1.0 0.8−1.0

1.5−2.5 2.5−3.5

a

voltage drop (V)

efficiency (%)

1.2−2.2

>98 >94 >98

IEC: ion exchange capacity.

2.2. Filtration Performance. During each filtration experiment, the TUF membrane samples with effective area of 2.29 × 10−3 m2 were placed into a lab-made cross-flow ultrafiltration module. Initially, the filtration of singlecomponent (i.e., NaCl, Na2SO4, reactive blue 49, reactive blue 194, and direct red 80) solutions with different concentrations by the TUF membrane was performed at 4 bar. Afterward, the separation behavior of the TUF membrane in the dye/Na2SO4 binary mixtures was conducted to explore its potential for fractionation of dyes and Na2SO4. Before the filtration experiment, the TUF membrane was precompacted by filtrating the distilled water at 6 bar for 1 h to ensure a stable flux. All the experiments were duplicated three times. Furthermore, an integrated TUF-based diafiltration procedure, involving a preconcentration stage and a diafiltration stage, was employed to fractionate the RB194/Na 2SO4 solution as the model binary liquor at 4 bar and 25 ± 1 °C (Figure S1). Briefly, 1440 mL of RB194/Na2SO4 mixture (i.e., ∼1.0 g·L−1 RB194 and ∼40.0 g·L−1 Na2SO4) as feed was preconcentrated at a factor of 8.0. Subsequently, the diafiltration stage was conducted through adding the pure water with 8.0 diavolumes at a constant volume mode. The samples of feed and TUF permeate were taken at fixed intervals to determine the concentration of RB194 and Na2SO4. Finally, the permeate from the TUF membrane (ca. 2500 mL) was collected and further used for BMED operation, in view of acid/base conversion and pure water regeneration. Specifically, the observed rejection (R) of Na2SO4 or dyes can be determined as Cp zy ji zz × 100 R (%) = jjj1 − j Cf zz{ k

2. METHODS AND MATERIALS 2.1. Chemicals and Membranes. Three dyes, including reactive blue 49 (RB49), reactive blue 194 (RB194), and direct 11005

(1) DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01353 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 11003−11012

Article

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research where Cp and Cf are the concentrations of RB194 and Na2SO4 in the permeate and feed, respectively. 2.3. Subsequent BMED Operation. The lab-made setup of the BMED module consisted of an anode, a cathode, and a membrane stack (Figure 2). Both the anode and cathode were

During the BMED process, proton leakage is a challenging issue which can significantly deteriorate the performance of the membrane stack for acid, base, and pure water production. Therefore, it is critical to control the pH of the feed. In this case, 700 mL of Na2SO4 solutions with various concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 g·L−1 Na2SO4 were initially applied as feed to explore the applicability and efficacy of external pH control for BMED performance. Specifically, NaOH with a high concentration (10 M) was used to maintain the feed pH at the level of 7.0 ± 0.5. Afterward, ∼2.5 L of TUF permeate with a trace amount of dye (i.e., RB194) from the integrated TUF-based diafiltration process of the RB194/Na2SO4 mixture was further employed as the feed of subsequent BMED operation with external pH control for acid/base conversion and pure water regeneration, in view of sustainable management of textile wastewater. Once the conductivity of TUF permeate as feed was lower than 0.5 mS·cm−1, the operation of BMED stack was terminated as 1 cycle. Moreover, the membrane fouling propensity of BMED stack caused by dye components was investigated through 3 cycles of BMED operation under the same condition. The current intensity of the BMED stack was recorded by an adjustable dc power supply (DPK3−601, Allftek, China). Specifically, the BMED operation was performed at the constant voltage of 20 V throughout all the experiments. The energy consumption (E) of the BMED stack was calculated based on the yield of 1 kg of acid (i.e., H2SO4), which was expressed as

Figure 2. BMED configuration for acid/base conversion and pure water regeneration. CEM: cationic exchange membrane; BPM: bipolar membrane; AEM: anionic exchange membrane.

made of titanium plates which were coated with ruthenium. Five pieces of anion exchange membranes, five pieces of bipolar membranes, and six pieces of cation exchange membranes with a dimension of 21 cm × 9 cm (i.e., effective membrane area of 189 cm2) were inserted between the cathode and anode chamber and isolated by the spacers with thickness of 750 μm. The pure water was used in the acid/base chamber for acid/base regeneration. The 30.0 g·L−1 Na2SO4 solution was used as the electrolyte media in the electrode chambers.

E=

∫0

t

U · I dt (Ct − C0) ·V ·M

(2)

where I is the current of the BMED stack, U denotes the applied voltage, M represents the molar mass of H2SO4, and V

Figure 3. Separation performance of the TUF membrane in different solutions. (A) Rejection of pure salt (NaCl or Na2SO4) solutions; (B) rejection of various pure dye solutions; (C) dye and Na2SO4 rejection for dye/Na2SO4 mixtures. 11006

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01353 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 11003−11012

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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

was slightly elevated from 39.6 to 41.1 g·L−1, mainly attributed to the high salt permeation (i.e., 1.3−2.0% Na2SO4 rejection in Figure S2A). Meanwhile, the RB194 concentration showed a linear increase from 997.9 to 7952.8 mg·L−1. The aggregation of dye clusters was intensified with increasing dye concentration, allowing for an increasing dye rejection (i.e., from 99.79 to 99.95%, Figure S2A). During the diafiltration stage, the RB194 concentration in the feed remained unchanged, i.e., ranging from 7984.2 to 7920.3 mg·L−1, with almost complete dye retention (>99.95%) by this TUF membrane. The extremely high dye rejection suggests that only a trace amount of dye can be observed in the permeate of the TUF membrane during the whole integrated TUF-based diafiltration procedure, which can not only minimize the dye loss for enhanced dye recovery (i.e., 99.5% in Figure S2B) but also significantly alleviate the membrane fouling in the subsequent BMED operation. By contrast, the concentration of Na2SO4 in the feed dropped sharply. This is caused by the low salt rejection, which can facilitate the penetration of Na2SO4 through the TUF membrane for enhancing the dye desalination. Specifically, the concentration of Na2SO4 in the feed was reduced to 0.36 g·L−1 with 6.0 diavolumes. As the diafiltration stage extended, the Na2SO4 concentration in the feed slightly decreased, which was mainly attributed to the increasing electrostatic repulsion for SO42− ions with decreasing salt concentrations for enhancing the salt rejection. The concentration of Na2SO4 in the feed further declined to 0.17 g·L−1 with 8.0 diavolumes, endowing a sufficient purification for dye with 99.95% desalination efficiency. This demonstrates that the TUF membrane can be a practical alternative to separation the dyes and Na2SO4 from highly saline textile wastewater. Additionally, the efficient fractionation of the RB194/Na2SO4 mixture allows for a very limited amount of dye (i.e., 2.7 mg·L−1 RB194) and high Na2SO4 content (i.e., 21.06 g·L−1) in the collected TUF permeate with a volume of 2494 mL. 3.2. BMED Operation for Acid/Base and Pure Water Production. 3.2.1. External pH Control for Enhanced BMED Performance. Proton leakage of ion exchange membranes caused by H+ ions is a critical challenge which can deteriorate the BMED performance. In order to minimize the proton leakage, external pH control by adding the base (i.e., 10 M NaOH) was conducted in BMED operation. Figure 5 presents the performance of the BMED process through external pH control (i.e., 7.0 ± 0.5) in different Na2SO4 solutions. As shown in Figure 5A, the conductivity of the Na2SO4 solutions declined under the dc field, since SO42− and Na+ ions transferred continuously through the anion and cation exchange membrane, respectively. Initially, transport of SO42− and Na+ ions was restricted, because of the high electrical resistance of the BMED stack, thus leading to a slow decay in conductivity of the feed. As more SO42− and Na+ ions were transferred from the feed into the corresponding acid and base chamber for generation of acid and base, the BMED stack showed decreasing electrical resistance (Figure S3). As the content of Na2SO4 in the feed was further reduced and exhausted, the BMED stack showed an increasing electrical resistance. This can be reflected by the reverse “V” shape of current (Figure 5B). In the ultimate stage, Na2SO4 in the feed was fully exhausted, resulting in a nearly unchanged electrical resistance of the BMED stack and thus a stable current. In particular, the conductivity of the Na2SO4 solutions was lower

is the volume of solution in acid chamber. C0 and Ct are the initial and find concentrations of acid, respectively 2.4. Analytical Methods. The conductivity of the solutions was determined by a benchtop electrical conductivity meter (Orion Star A212, Thermo Scientific). The concentration of the tested dyes (i.e., RB49, RB194, and DR80) was measured by a double-beam spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1601, Japan) according to Lambert−Beer law at the peak wavelength of 586, 600, and 528 nm, respectively. The concentrations of NaCl or Na2SO4 in all the experiments were measured through ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-2000 System, USA). The concentration of acid and base generated in BMED stack was measured through titration.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. TUF-Based Diafiltration of Dye/Na2SO4 Mixtures. In order to explore the potential of the TUF membrane in fractionation of the dye/Na2SO4 binary mixtures, the separation behavior of the TUF membrane in salt and dye solutions was investigated (Figure 3). As indicated in Figure 3A, the TUF membrane showed a high transmission of NaCl and Na2SO4. Especially, the TUF membrane allowed for a complete salt transmission (>99.42%) at high salt concentrations, since the electrostatic repulsion for ions was significantly reduced with the large pore size of this TUF membrane.36 Unexpectedly, an acceptably high retention (>99.6%) of RB49, RB194, and DR80 was found (Figure 3B). This is due to the aggregation of dyes induced by the hydrophobic interaction between aromatic rings of adjacent dye molecules, which substantially enlarges the actual size of dye cluster and reduces its diffusivity for enhanced dye rejection.32,35,37 However, only a slight decline (99.42%). In addition, the aggregation of dye induced by hydrophobic interaction endows an unexpectedly high rejection (>99.6%) for both reactive and direct dyes to the TUF membrane. This implies the great potential of TUF membrane for effective fractionation of dye and Na2SO4 through diafiltration. During integrated TUFbased diafiltration, the model dye, reactive blue 194, was highly concentrated with a 99.5% dye recovery and 99.95% desalination efficiency after 8.0 diavolumes. Only a very limited amount of dye was present in the Na2SO4-containing TUF permeate (i.e., 21.06 g·L−1 Na2SO4), which enabled a subsequent treatment by BMED with no obvious membrane fouling. Through the application of BMED, acid, base, and pure water can be regenerated from the salt-containing TUF permeate with an energy consumption of 4.23 ± 0.12 kWh· kg−1. Therefore, this hybrid TUF-BMED process demonstrates a strongly technical applicability for sustainable resource recovery from highly saline textile wastewater, in view of closing the material loop and minimizing the liquid discharge.

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The authors declare no competing financial interest. Biographies

Jiuyang Lin is an associate professor at Fuzhou University in China. He obtained his Bachelor and Master degrees from Wuhan University (China) in 2008 and 2011, respectively. Afterwards, he joined the group of Prof. Bart Van der Bruggen from KU Leuven (Belgium) and obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2015. He has authored 40 publications in international journals (h-index of 21). His current research interests include membrane surface chemistry and integrated membrane systems for sustainable resource recovery from wastewaters.

ASSOCIATED CONTENT

S Supporting Information *

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01353.

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Schematic of the integrated TUF-based diafiltration process for fractionation of dye/Na2SO4 mixture; dye/ Na2SO4 rejection, dye loss and Na2SO4 removal during integrated TUF-based diafiltration for RB194/Na2SO4 mixture; evolution of electrical resistance of BMED stack when using various Na2SO4 solutions with different concentrations as feed with external pH control; BMED performance in various Na2SO4 solutions without external pH control for feed; evolution of electrical resistance of BMED stack when using TUF permeate as feed at different cycles (PDF)

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

Fang Lin is currently a Master student at Fuzhou University (China), in the research group of Prof. Jiuyang Lin. She obtained her Bachelor degree from Minnan Normal University (China) in 2017. Her current research interest mainly focuses on integrated membrane systems for

*E-mail: [email protected]. ORCID

Jiuyang Lin: 0000-0003-4054-948X 11010

DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01353 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 11003−11012

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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

from Public Welfare Project of Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2017C33229).

sustainable wastewater treatment and superwetting membrane for oil/ water separation.

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REFERENCES

(1) Lin, B.; Moubarak, M. Decomposition analysis: Change of carbon dioxide emissions in the Chinese textile industry. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2013, 26, 389−396. (2) Lin, B.; Moubarak, M. Mitigation potential of carbon dioxide emissions in the Chinese textile industry. Appl. Energy 2014, 113, 781−787. (3) Sun, S. P.; Hatton, T. A.; Chan, S. Y.; Chung, T. Novel thin-film composite nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes with double repulsion for effective removal of emerging organic matters from water. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 401−402, 152−162. (4) Liang, J.; Ning, X.; Kong, M.; Liu, D.; Wang, G.; Cai, H.; Sun, J.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, X.; Yuan, Y. Elimination and ecotoxicity evaluation of phthalic acid esters from textile-dyeing wastewater. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 231, 115−122. (5) Lin, J.; Ye, W.; Zeng, H.; Yang, H.; Shen, J.; Darvishmanesh, S.; Luis, P.; Sotto, A.; Van der Bruggen, B. Fractionation of direct dyes and salts in aqueous solution using loose nanofiltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 2015, 477, 183−193. (6) McCarty, P. L.; Bae, J.; Kim, J. Domestic wastewater treatment as a net energy producer-Can this be achieved? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (17), 7100−7106. (7) Lin, J.; Tang, C. Y.; Ye, W.; Sun, S.; Hamdan, S. H.; Volodin, A.; Haesendonck, C. V.; Sotto, A.; Luis, P.; Van der Bruggen, B. Unraveling flux behavior of superhydrophilic loose nanofiltration membranes during textile wastewater treatment. J. Membr. Sci. 2015, 493, 690−702. (8) Clark, J. H.; Farmer, T. J.; Herrero-Davila, L.; Sherwood, J. Circular economy design considerations for research and process development in the chemical sciences. Green Chem. 2016, 18 (14), 3914−3934. (9) Shen, J.; Huang, J.; Liu, L.; Ye, W.; Lin, J.; Van der Bruggen, B. The use of BMED for glyphosate recovery from glyphosate neutralization liquor in view of zero discharge. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 260, 660−667. (10) Lin, X.; Pan, J.; Zhou, M.; Xu, Y.; Lin, J.; Shen, J.; Gao, C.; Van der Bruggen, B. Extraction of amphoteric amino acid by bipolar membrane electrodialysis: Methionine acid as a case study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2016, 55 (10), 2813−2820. (11) Huang, C.; Xu, T. Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes for sustainable development. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (17), 5233− 5243. (12) Yang, Y.; Gao, X.; Fan, A.; Fu, L.; Gao, C. An innovative beneficial reuse of seawater concentrate using bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J. Membr. Sci. 2014, 449, 119−126. (13) Ye, W.; Huang, J.; Lin, J.; Zhang, X.; Shen, J.; Luis, P.; Van der Bruggen, B. Environmental evaluation of bipolar membrane electrodialysis for NaOH production from wastewater: Conditioning NaOH as a CO2 absorbent. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2015, 144, 206−214. (14) Jiang, C.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Xu, T. Separation of methionine from the mixture with sodium carbonate using bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J. Membr. Sci. 2016, 498, 48− 56. (15) Wang, Q.; Yang, P.; Cong, W. Cation-exchange membrane fouling and cleaning in bipolar membrane electrodialysis of industrial glutamate production wastewater. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2011, 79 (1), 103−113. (16) Nikonenko, V. V.; Pismenskaya, N. D.; Belova, E. I.; Sistat, P.; Huguet, P.; Pourcelly, G.; Larchet, C. Intensive current transfer in membrane systems: Modelling, mechanisms and application in electrodialysis. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2010, 160 (1), 101−123. (17) Vanoppen, M.; Bakelants, A. F. A. M.; Gaublomme, D.; Schoutteten, K. V. K. M.; Bussche, J. V.; Vanhaecke, L.; Verliefde, A. R. D. Properties governing the transport of trace organic contaminants through ion-exchange membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (1), 489−497.

Wenyuan Ye is an assistant professor at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University in China. She received her Bachelor degree from Harbin Institute of Technology (China) in 2008 and her Master degree from Nankai University (China) in 2011. After her Master study, she joined the group of Prof. Bart Van der Bruggen from KU Leuven (Belgium) and received her Ph.D. degree in 2015. She has authored 24 publications in international journals. Her main research interest focuses on integrated membrane processes for recovery of high value-added material or energy from wastewaters.

Bart Van der Bruggen is a professor at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) in Belgium. He has authored over 430 publications in international journals (h-index of 63) and 30 book chapters. He is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Separation and Purification Technology (Elsevier) and Executive Editor for the Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Wiley). He has received several national and international prizes as recognition for his work, including the Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water, fourth Award (2008−2010) in Saudi Arabia. He is the current President of the World Association of Membrane Societies.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This invited contribution is part of the Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research special issue for recognizing the 2019 Class of Influential Researchers. The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21707018 and 21706035), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. 2017J01413), and the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Program for Distinguished Young Scholar (Grant No. xjq201704) are acknowledged by W.Y. and J.L. for supporting this work. H.Z. is grateful for the support 11011

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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

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DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01353 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2019, 58, 11003−11012