Sustainable Water Cleaning System for Point-of ... - ACS Publications

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Chapter 14

Sustainable Water Cleaning System for Point-of-Use Household Application in Developing Countries To Remove Contaminants from Drinking Water Bluyé DeMessie* William Mason High School, 6100 Mason-Montgomery Drive, Mason, Ohio 45040-1797, United States *E-mail: [email protected].

Sun-dried banana peel (BP) was pyrolyzed and activated to form a carbon-fiber adsorbent (PBP) with superior removal capacity for heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, suspended particles, and water-borne pathogens from drinking water. A point-of-use (POU) water treatment system, based on PBP adsorption, was evaluated with “synthesized” and real water samples. Pyrolysis of BP resulted in the formation of a large porous surface area that had strongly negative surface charges. Batch and continuous flow studies were conducted to determine the adsorption capacity and the rate of removal of pollutants. Heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, suspended particles, and water-borne bacteria were efficiently removed. The efficacy of adsorption to remove microorganisms was tested using a qPCR quantification technique to measure the concentration of Legionella pneumophila in the inlet and outstream of the POU device. The levels of Legionella pneumophila decreased from 9x106 CFU ml-1 to below detection limits, 85% removal efficiency), thus demonstrating the great potential for use of PBP in waters downstream of agriculture and agro-processing. 309 In Water Challenges and Solutions on a Global Scale; Loganathan, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.


Figure 17. Removal efficiency of heptachlor by PBP

Figure 18. Removal efficiency of chlordane by PBP 310 In Water Challenges and Solutions on a Global Scale; Loganathan, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.


Adsorption Mechanism Analysis of the solution during adsorption of Cu2+ indicated Ca2+, K+, and Na+ increased as more Cu2+ was adsorbed (Figure 19). This shows that other ions are released from PBP as counter ions in concentrations. The ζ-potential of spent PBP decreased in charge with the increase in the adsorbed concentration Cu2+ (Figure 20). This decrease suggests that an electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged PBP and the released metal ions also plays a role in the adsorption of metals and microorganisms to PBP. The overall metal adsorption efficiency must be related to the total number of surface functional groups available on the polysaccharide, that is, the cation exchange capacity (67). Figure 21 shows that the X-ray mapping techniques from SEM/EDX analysis comprised pseudo-colors that represented the homogeneous spatial distributions of Cu2+. The results show that the distribution of adsorbed Cu2+ was not uniform, which suggests that the PBP has heterogeneous surface composition. This shows uniform distribution of the heterogeneous surface of PBP. The pyrolyzed cellulosic material and rich mineral content of banana peel resulted in the mechanism for metal adsorption into PBP that was the combination of the ion exchange mechanism and the electrophoretic attraction of metal ions to the negatively charged surface.

Figure 19. Adsorption mechanism studies on the release of Na+, K and Ca2+ ions as Cu2+ adsorbed to PBP, 311 In Water Challenges and Solutions on a Global Scale; Loganathan, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.


Figure 20. Adsorption mechanism studies on the ζ-potential of spent PBP 50 mg with increased concentration of Cu2+ adsorbed.

Figure 21. SEM/EDX analysis of spent PBP with energy-dispersive X–ray spectrum showing pseudo-colors, representing the bidimensional spatial distributions of Cu2+. 312 In Water Challenges and Solutions on a Global Scale; Loganathan, et al.; ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2015.


Conclusion The removal of heavy metal ions, persistent organic pollutants, suspended particles, and pathogens by adsorption in PBP was studied and compared with the adsorption onto a commercially activated carbon. Both the physical and chemical properties of the BP and activated carbon were measured. PBP is a novel, high-capacity and fast-acting adsorbent that effectively removed heavy metals and bacterial pathogens from water. The adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, heptachlor, chlordane, and L. pneumophila were studied using batch and continuous flow experiments. The superior adsorption capacity of PBP compared with other adsorbents is primarily attributed to its highly hydrophobic surface property, large surface area and the presence of a well-developed mesosphere that provides adsorptive filters with ion exchange systems. Multilayered columns containing sand and PBP can be used for POU systems to provide clean water to individual households. PBP can also be integrated with other media and applied for the removal of a wide range of pollutants. The components of such a POU system can be obtained in the rural areas of developing countries and manufactured at a low cost. One banana yields 4 g of PBP, which can be used to treat more than 40 L of contaminated water (C0 = 3 mg l-1 of Cu2+ and Pb2+ to below safe limits of 1.3 mg l-1 for Cu2+ and 0.015 mg l-1 for Pb2+). This method can be used to provide improved drinking water to households in developing countries by removing microbial and heavy metal contaminants. There is now conclusive evidence that simple, acceptable, low-cost interventions at the household and community levels are capable of dramatically improving the microbial quality of stored household water and reducing the risks of diarrheal disease and death. Future studies should include field testing of prototype units.

Acknowledgments The author would like to thank George Sorial, Shirley Rosenzweig, Ashraf Aly Hassan, Jingrang Lu, Ian Struewing, and Mallikarjuna Nadagouda for their time and effort in training and teaching the author to operate various analytic instruments and analyze data.

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