J. Org. Chem. 1984,49, 3527-3534 23068-95-3; 4-methoxybenzylalcohol, 105-13-5; 2-chloroethanol, 107-07-3;4-lithie4-@henylsulfonyl)pent~l-ene, 82599-01-7; lithium methyl(diethoxyphosphinyl)acetate, 67393-41-3; sodium methyldiethylphosphonoacetate,61961-70-4. Supplementary Material Available:
'H NMR spectra of
3527
16 (400 MHz), 20 (200MHz), (2)-20 (200 MHz), 22,23, the acetate of 24,26,27, ( 0 2 7 (400 MHz), 28, (2)-28,29,4b (400 MHz), 35, 36,37,38,38 Me ester, 39,40,41, and (f)-3; ir spectra of 16,20, (2)-20, 22,23, 24, 27, 28, (2)-28,29, 4b, 35, 36, 38, 38 Me ester, 39, 40, 41, and (f)-3 (44 pages). Ordering information is given on any current masthead page.
Synthesis of Na,N6-ProtectedNb-Hydroxy-L-ornithinefrom L-Glutamic Acid Richard K. Olsen,* K. Ramasamy, and Thomas Emery Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322
Received January 10, 1984
The synthesis of N"-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-Nd-acetyl-Nd-(benzyloxy)-L-ornithine (3) has been accomplished by alkylation of the anion of 0-benzyl acetohydroxamate with the chiral2-amino-5-bromopentoicacid 4, the latter substance being derived from L-glutamic acid. In a similar manner, Nd-(benzyloxy)-N6-tosyl-L-ornithine (16) was prepared and was shown to be optically pure. T w o other approaches to the ornithine 3 were investigated; however, these approaches were not successful due to (1)the propensity of the urethane nitrogen to undergo intramolecular cyclization with a &aldehyde function present in glutamic semialdehyde derivatives generated in situ and (2) the occurrence of transamidation rearrangement proceases upon attempted reduction of the 6-carboxyl group in certain glutamic acid a-hydroxamate derivatives.
Methods for the synthesis of optically active amino acids are of continuing intere5t.l Preparation and resolution of D L - c Y - ~ acids ~ ~ ~ commonly o afford the desired optically active amino acids. Transformation of one chiral amino acid into another chiral amino acid also has received considerable attentione2 By application of the latter approach, we report a convenient synthesis from L-glutamic acid of N6-hydroxy-L-ornithine,a component of several peptidyl hydroxamate antibiotics such as ferrichrome (2):
Scheme I
I
5 Br
AC~OBZI
3
t NHBoc
Me
\
\
rcooH
4
BocN_H
P C O O - t - B u t HnNOBzl
!HZ
OHC
6
HNOH
1
ferrichrome (2)
fusarinine,' dimeric acid: rhodotorulic acid: and related (1) For some recent examples, see: Schollkopf, U.; Neubauer, H-J. Synthesis 1982,861. Bajgrowicz, J. A.; Coseec, B.; Pigiere, Ch.; Jacquier, R.; Viallfont, Ph. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24, 3721. MacNeil, P. A.; Roberts, N. K.; Bosnich, B. J . Am. Chem. SOC.1981,103,2273. Miya&ita, A.; Yaeuda, A.; Takaya, H.; Toriumi, K.; Ito, T.; Souchi, T.; Noyori, R. Zbid. 1980,102,7932. Vineyard, B. D.; Knowles, W. S.; Sabacky, M. J.; Bachman, G. L.; Weinkauff, D. J. Zbid. 1977,99,5946. Nakajima, K.; Oda, H.; Okawa, K. Bull. Chem. Soo. Jpn. 1983,66, 520. (2) For some recent examples, see: Seebach, D.; Aebi, J. B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983,24,3311. Seebach, D.; Weber, T. Zbid. 1983,24,3315. Bemardini, A.; Hallaoui, A. E.; Jacquier, R.; Pigiere, Ch.; Videfont, Ph.; Bajgrowicz, J. Zbid. 1983, 24, 3717. Seebach, D.; Boes, M.; Naef, R.; Schweizer, W. B. J . Am. Chem. SOC.1983,105,5390. Noguchi, N.; Kurada, T.; Hatanaka, M; Iehimaru, T. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1982,55,633. Schollkopf, U.; Nozulak, J.; Groth, U. Synthesis 1982,868. Rich, D. H.; Sun,E. T.; Boparai, A. S. J. Org. Chem. 1978,43,3624. Ramasamy, K.; Olsen, R. K.; Emery, T. Synthesis 1982, 42. Scott, A. I; Wilkinson, T. J. Synth. Commun. 1980,10, 127. (3) Neilands, J. B.; J. Am. Chem. SOC.1952, 74, 4846. Rogers, S.; Neilands, J. B. Biochemistry 1966,4, 1410. (4) Emery, T. Biochemistry 1966,4, 1410. (5) Diekmann, H. Arch. Mikrobiol. 1970, 73, 65. (6)Atkin, C. L.; Neilands, J. B. Biochemistry 1968, 7, 3734.
0022-3263/84/1949-3527$01.50/0
I
antibiotics.' The problems associated with the preparation and utilization of Nd-hydroxy-L-ornithinein the total synthesis of ferrichrome: dimeric acid: and rhodotorulic acidlohave prompted interest in a practical synthesis of the above amino acid. Syntheses of N6-hydroxyornithine (1) have been reported. A racemic synthesis of 1 by Rogers and Neilandsl' involved reduction of an w-nitro derivative to the hydroxyamino group with zinc dust, a reaction that pro-
(7) Giaribaldi, J. A.; Neilands, J. B. J . Am. Chem. SOC.1955,77,2429. Emery, T.; Neilands, J. B. J. Am. Chem. SOC.1961,83,1626. Atkin, C . L.; Neilands, J. B.; Phaff, H. J. J . Bacteriol. 1970, 103, 722. KellerSchierlein, W.; Deer, A. Helu. Chim. Acta 1963,46,1907. Tadenuma, M.; Sato, S.Agric. Biol. Chem. 1967, 31, 1482. Keller-Schierlein, W.; Deer, A. Helu. Chim. Acta 1963,&, 1920. Sayer, J. M.; Emery, T. Biochemistry 1968, 7, 184. Moore, R. E.; Emery, T. Zbid. 1976,15,2719. Diekmann, H. Agnew. Chem. 1968,7,551. Pidacks, C.; Whitehill, A. R.; Pruess, L. M.; Hesseltine, C. W.; Hutchings, B. L.; Bohonos, N.; Williams, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soe. 1953, 75, 6064. Keller-Schierlein, W.; Diekmann, H. Helv. Chim. Acta 1970,53, 2035. Maurer, B.; Muller, A.; Keller-Schierlein, W..; Zahner, H. Arch. Microbiol. 1968, 60, 326. Maehr, H. Pure Appl. Chem. 1971,28,603. Poddubnaya, N. A.; Krysin, E. P. J . Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.) 1962,32,9!30. (8) (a) Keller-Schierlein,W. Helu. Chim. Acta 1969,52,603. (b)Isowa, Y.; Takashima, T.; Ohmori, M.; Kurita, H.; Sato, M.; Mori, K. Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn. 1974,47, 215. (9) Widmer, J.; Keller-Schierlein,W. Helv. Chim. Acta 1974,57,1904. (10) Isowa, Y.; Takaehima, T.; Ohmori,M.; Kurita, H.; Sato, M.; Mori, K. Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn. 1972,45, 1467. (11) Rogers, S.; Neilands, J. B. Biochemistry 1963,2, 6.
0 1984 American Chemical Society
3528 J. Org. Chem., Vol. 49, No. 19, 1984
Olsen, Ramasamy, and Emery
- BzIOOCV~C~O-t -Bu Scheme IIa
Scheme IIIu
B z I O O C ~ C O O H NHz
BocNH
C _L
NHBoc
r C O O - + - B u
-
T C O O - t - B u
b
9
8
OH
NHBoc
10 a
BocPjH
Br
4
11
NHBoc
BocPjH
11
BocNH
(a) Isobutylene, H,SO,, dioxane; (b) di-tert-butyl
dicarbonate, DMF/H,O, 82% overall; (c) H,, Pd/C, EtOH, 78%; (d) ethyl chloroformate, Et,N, THF, then NaBH,, H,O, 61%. CH3 K N \ ~ ~ ~ ~ ceeded in only 16% yield. Isowa et a1.12 have provided a 0 practical synthesis of 1 involving alkylation of an achiral 12 3 halide with the anion of N-tosyl-0-benzylhydroxylamine, followed by resolution. Widmer and Keller-S~hierlein'~ BocNH have prepared 1 on a milligram scale and of unspecified #N\ -0 BOC-N optical purity from N"-t-Boc-L-ornithine tert-butyl ester BzlO coo-t-Bu via epoxidation and hydrolysis of the corresponding Schiff I CH3 base. After the work reported in this paper was completed, COO-t-Bu 13 Lee and Miller described14a synthesis of 1 from L-glutamic 14 acid via reduction of an oxime derived from a &glutamic a (a) CBr,, Ph,P, THF, 77%; (b) AcNHOBzl, K,CO,, semialdehyde derivative. acetone, 60%; (c) TFA; (d) di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, In devising a synthesis of Na-Boc-N6-acetyl-Nb-(benEt,N, DMF/H,O, 79%. zy1oxy)-L-ornithine (3)from L-glutamic acid, three strategies for construction of the N-hydroxyamino acid were duced, via the mixed carbonic anhydride and sodium boinvestigated (Scheme I). The approach that proved to be rohydride,2l to the desired alcohol ll. applicable involved displacement of an &bromogroup in tert-Butyl (S)-2-[(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-54 by the anion of N-acetyl-0-benzylhydroxylamine.This bromopentanoate (4) was prepared in 77% yield from approach has been used by Maurer and Miller15 in the alcohol 11 by reaction with triphenylphosphine and carbon synthesis of N'-hydroxy-L-lysine and is similar also to the tetrabromideB(Scheme m). Treatment of bromide 4 with above cited alkylation step employed by Isowa et al.12 A N-acetyl-O-benzylhydro~ylamine~~ and anhydrous potassecond method envisioned condensation of &glutamic sium carbonate in dry acetone for three days at reflux semialdehyde 6 with hydroxylamine to form the oxime, temperatures produced the desired N-alkylated hydroxawhich could then undergo reduction and acylation to the mate 12 in 60% yield. Addition of a catalytic amount of N-hydroxyamino acid. This approach recently was repotassium iodide to the reaction mixture, as per the produced to practice in the synthesis of 1 by Miller and Lee.14 cedure of Miller,15allowed reduction of the reaction time A third strategy was to form the lactam 7 by intramolecto 24 h. However, the yield of hydroxamate 12 was only ular alkylation of the 0-benzyl hydroxamate derivative of 54% with an apparent increase of the number of side the &-bromoderivative 4 or an equivalent substrate, folproducts formed in the reaction. We have characterized lowed by opening of the lactam ring. Although this apthese side products, which include the 0-alkylated E- and proach has been used for the synthesis of cobactin T,ls it 2-hydroximates 13 (1&25%) and N-Boc-L-proline terthas not been employed for the synthesis of Nb-hydroxybutyl ester 14,(20%). The formation of the latter product ornithine. The preparation of 7 is of interest due to the is to be expected as the transformation of glutamic acid presence of this moiety in the siderophores pseudobactin" into proline has been observed.% These results indicate and pyoverdine.18 an increased amount of intramolecular N-alkylation as also A key compound required for our synthetic studies was 0-alkylation may be occurring from the iodide as compared ter t- butyl (S)-2-[ (tert-butyloxycarbonyl) amino]-5with bromide 4,while the intermolecular N-alkylation of hydroxypentanoate (11). This substance was readily bromide 4,though slower, is a cleaner reaction than that prepared (Scheme 11) from &benzyl L-glutamate (8) by of the corresponding iodide. acid-catalyzed esterification with isobutylene to furnish Conversion of the hydroxamate 12 into the natural the a-tert-butyl e~ter,'~ followed by introduction of the Boc product synthon 3 was achieved by removal of both the (tert-butyloxycarbonyl) group to give 9. Hydrogenolysis P - B o c and tert-butyl ester groups by treatment with of the 6-benzyl ester gave monoacid which was retrifluoroacetic acid to give the trifluoroacetate salt, which without characterization, was caused to react with di(12) Isowa,Y.; Takashima, T.; Ohmori,M.;Kurita,H.; Sato, M.; Mori, tert-butyl dicarbonate2' in dimethylformamide-waterK. Bull. Chem. SOC.Jpn. 1974,45, 1461. triethylamine to furnish 3 in 79% yield from 12. The (13) Widmer, J.; Keller-Schierlein,W. Helv. Chim. Acta 1974,57,657. preparation of 3 in a protected form suitable for use in (14) Lee, B. H.; Miller, M. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984,25, 927.
y
(15) Maurer, P. J.; Miller, M. J. J. Am. Chem. SOC.1982, 104,3096. (16) Maurer, P. J.; Miller, M. J. J . Org. Chem. 1981,46, 2835. (17) Teinh, M.; H d ,M. B.; Barnes,C. L.; Leong,J.; vanderHelm, D. Biochemistry 1981,20, 6446. Teintze, M.; Leong, J. Zbid. 1981,20, 6457. (18) Wendenbaum,S.; Demange, P.; Dell, A.; Meyers,J. M.; Abdallah, M. A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983,24,4877. (19) Roeeke, R. J. Org. Chem. 1963,28,1251. (20) For a previoue synthesis of 10, see: Tomasz, J. Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 1971, 70, 255.
__
3
(21) bhizumi, K.; Koga, K.; Yamada, S. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1968,16,
492. _.
(22) Ayelrod, E. H.; Milne, G. M.; Tamelen, E. E. J . Am. Chem. SOC. 1970,92,2139. (23) Pravda, 2.;Rudinger, J. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1955, 20, 1. (24) Mmoder, L.; Hallet, A.; Wunsch, E.; Keller, D.; Wersin G . Hoppe-Seyler's 2.Physiol. Chem. 1976, 357, 1651.
J. Org. Chem., Vol. 49, No. 19, 1984 3529
Synthesis of L-Ornithine from L-Glutamic Acid
Scheme V
Scheme IVa BOCFH
7
Boc H COO- t-Bu oorb
I Br
r'""'-Bu C
4
11
Tos"\OBzl
NHBoc
r-fcoo-t-Bu -f - f
15
+ p
L
NHBoc
I
Coo-+-Bu
3
