Published on Web 07/26/2007
Synthesis of the Docosanasaccharide Arabinan Domain of Mycobacterial Arabinogalactan and a Proposed Octadecasaccharide Biosynthetic Precursor Maju Joe, Yu Bai, Ruel C. Nacario, and Todd L. Lowary* Contribution from the Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, The UniVersity of Alberta, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada Received May 2, 2007; E-mail:
[email protected] Abstract: Two major components of the cell wall in mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), are polysaccharides containing arabinofuranose residues. In one of these polysaccharides, arabinogalactan, this arabinan domain consists of three identical motifs of 22 arabinofuranose residues, which are in turn attached to an underlying galactofuranan backbone. Recent studies have proposed that this docosanasaccharide motif, and a structurally related arabinan present in another cell wall polysaccharide, lipoarabinomannan, are biosynthesized from a common octadecasaccharide precursor. To facilitate the testing of this hypothesis, we report here the first total syntheses of these 18- and 22-residue oligosaccharides both functionalized with an aminooctyl linker arm. The route to the target compounds involved the preparation of four tri- to heptasaccharide building blocks possessing only benzoyl protecting groups that were coupled in a highly convergent manner via glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors. Each of the targets could be prepared in only six steps from these intermediates, and in both cases more than 10 mg of material was obtained. These compounds are expected to be useful tools in probing the biosynthesis of these arabinan-containing polysaccharides. Such studies are essential prerequisites for the identification of novel anti-TB agents that target arabinan assembly.
Introduction
Mycobacterial infections have received significant attention recently due to their increasing incidence in industrialized countries as well as the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the organism that causes the most high profile of these diseases, tuberculosis (TB).1 Notably, in the past year the identification of “extreme” drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) has raised considerable alarm.2 Successful treatment of TB requires a regimen of multiple antibiotics that must be administered over a number of months,3 and failure to complete this process is a major cause of drug resistance.4 Such protracted treatments are necessitated by the unusual structure of the mycobacterial cell wall, which promotes bacterial survival by acting both as a permeability barrier to the passage of antibiotics and also as a modulator of the host immune system.5 New drugs to treat TB and other mycobacterial diseases are therefore of (1) (a) Paolo, W. F., Jr.; Nosanchuk, J. D. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2004, 4, 287293. (b) Davies, P. D. O. Ann. Med. 2003, 35, 235-243. (c) Coker, R. J. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2004, 9, 25-40. (d) Nachega, J. B.; Chaisson, R. E. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003, 36, S24-S30. (e) Wade, M. M.; Zhang, Y. Front. Biosci. 2004, 9, 975-994. (2) (a) Cohen, J. Science 2006, Sept 15, 1554. (b) Marris, E. Nature 2006, Sept 14, 131. (3) Bass, J. B., Jr.; Farer, L. S.; Hopewell, P. C.; Obrien, R.; Jacobs, R. F.; Ruben, F.; Snider, D. E.; Thornton, G. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994, 149, 1359-1374. (4) (a) Huebner, R. E.; Castro, K. G. Annu. ReV. Med. 1995, 46, 47-55. (b) Datta, M.; Radhamani, M. P.; Selvaraj, R.; Paramasivan, C. N.; Gopalan, B. N.; Sudeendra, C. R.; Prabhakar, R. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 1993, 74, 180186. (5) Brennan, P. J. Tuberculosis 2003, 83, 91-97. 10.1021/ja072892+ CCC: $37.00 © 2007 American Chemical Society
great current interest,6 and the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall components are particularly attractive targets for antibiotic action. Indeed, two of the frontline antibiotics used to treat TB, ethambutol and isoniazid, act by preventing the formation of an intact cell wall.7 The major structural component of the cell wall complex is the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, which consists of an arabinogalactan (AG) polysaccharide attached, at its nonreducing end, to mycolic acids and, at its reducing end, to peptidoglycan.8 The linkage between the AG and peptidoglycan is through a disaccharide phosphate moiety (RL-Rhap-(1f4)-R-D-GlcpNAc-O-PO3) to which is attached a chain of ∼30 D-galactofuranose residues, polymerized via alternating β-(1f5) and β-(1f6) linkages. Along this galactan chain are three pendant arabinan chains,9 each containing 22 D-arabinofuranose (Araf) residues, in a combination of R-(1f5), R-(1f3), and β-(1f2) linkages, to which the mycolic acids are esterified at the nonreducing end.10 In addition, recent work11 (6) (a) Zhang, Y. Annu. ReV. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005, 45, 529-564. (b) Biava, M.; Porretta, G. C.; Deidda, D.; Pompei, R. Infect. Disord.: Drug Targets 2006, 6, 159-172. (c) Jachak, S. M.; Jain, R. Anti-Infect. Agents Med. Chem. 2006, 5, 123-133. (7) Janin, Y. L. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 2479-2513. (8) Mahapatra, S.; Basu, J.; Brennan, P. J.; Crick, D. C. Structure, Biosynthesis and Genetics of the Mycolic Acid-Arabinogalactan-Peptidoglycan Complex. In Tuberculosis and the Tubercle Bacillus; Cole, S. T., Eisenach, K. D., McMurray, D. N., Jacobs, W. R., Jr., Eds.; American Society for Microbiology: Washington, DC, 2005; pp 275-285. (9) Alderwick, L. J.; Radmacher, E.; Seidel, M.; Gande, R.; Hitchen, P. G.; Morris, H. R.; Dell, A.; Sahm, H.; Eggeling, L.; Besra. G. S. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280, 32362-32371. J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 2007, 129, 9885-9901
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has confirmed an earlier report12 that the arabinan domain in some mycobacterial species is further functionalized by the addition of substoichiometric amounts of a single galactosamine residue. A second important cell wall molecule is lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a major antigen and immunomodulatory molecule.13 LAM consists of a phosphatidylinositol moiety linked to an R-(1f6)-linked mannopyranan core to which is attached an arabinan similar in structure to that found in AG.13 LAM can be further elaborated with species-specific capping motifs (e.g., inositol phosphate residues,14 mannopyranosyl oligosaccharides,15 or 5-thiomethyl-D-xylofuranose residues16), which are attached at the nonreducing end of the arabinan. Succinate moieties are also found as modifications in LAM.17 Although both AG and LAM contain an arabinan domain of similar structure, differences between these motifs exist. In particular, increasing evidence has now accumulated to suggest that while the arabinan domain in AG is structurally well defined (i.e., a 22-residue motif), the one present in LAM is more hetereogenous.13,18 Despite significant advances in recent years, mycobacterial arabinan biosynthesis is still relatively poorly understood.8,13,19 The majority of the Araf residues appear to be installed by a family of arabinosyltransferases (AraTs), EmbA, EmbB, and EmbC,20 which utilize decaprenolphosphoarabinose (DPA)21 as the donor species. It has been proposed that AG biosynthesis is mediated by EmbA and EmbB, while EmbC is involved in LAM biosynthesis.20b,c Efforts to purify or recombinantly express these enzymes have not been successful, but it is possible to assay their activity in a mycobacterial membrane preparation.22 Enzymes other than the Emb proteins may also be involved, and indeed Besra and co-workers have reported that a distinct AraT, designated AftA, installs the first Araf residue attached to the galactan, thus “priming” the molecule for full-length arabinan assembly.23 In addition, a very recent study24 has demonstrated that another enzyme, termed AftB, is involved in arabinan biosynthesis, and the available (10) Besra, G. S.; Khoo, K.-H.; McNeil, M. R.; Dell, A.; Morris, H. R.; Brennan, P. J. Biochemistry 1995, 34, 4257-4266. (11) Lee, A.; Wu, S. W.; Scherman, M. S.; Torrelles, J. B.; Chatterjee, D.; McNeil, M. R.; Khoo, K.-H. Biochemistry 2006, 45, 15817-15828. (12) Draper, P.; Khoo, K.-H.; Chatterjee, D.; Dell, A.; Morris, H. R. Biochem. J. 1997, 327, 519-525. (13) Briken, V.; Porcelli, S. A.; Besra, G. S.; Kremer, L. Mol. Microbiol. 2004, 53, 391-403. (14) Gilleron, M.; Himoudi, N.; Adam, O.; Constant, P.; Venisse, A.; Rivie`re, M.; Puzo. G. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 117-124. (15) Chatterjee, D.; Lowell, K.; Rivoire, B.; McNeil, M. R.; Brennan, P. J. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 6234-6239. (16) (a) Treumann, A.; Feng, X. D.; McDonnell, L.; Derrick, P. J.; Ashcroft, A. E.; Chatterjee, D.; Homans, S. W. J. Mol. Biol. 2002, 316, 89-100. (b) Guerardel, Y.; Maes, E.; Briken, V.; Chirat, F.; Leroy, Y.; Locht, C.; Strecker, G.; Kremer, L. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 36637-36651. (c) Turnbull, W. B.; Shimizu, K. H.; Chatterjee, D.; Homans. S. W.; Treumann, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 3918-3922. (d) Joe, M.; Sun, D.; Taha, H.; Completo, G. C.; Croudace, J. E.; Lammas, D. A.; Besra, G. S.; Lowary, T. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 5059-5072. (17) Delmas, C.; Gilleron, M.; Brando, T.; Vercellone, A.; Gheorghui, M.; Riviere, M.; Puzo, G. Glycobiology 1997, 7, 811-817. (18) Shi, L.; Berg, S.; Lee, A.; Spencer, J. S.; Zhang, J.; Vissa, V.; McNeil, M. R.; Khoo, K.-H.; Chatterjee, D. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 19512-19526. (19) Berg, S.; Kaur, D.; Jackson, M.; Brennan, P. J. Glycobiology 2007, 17, 35R-56R. (20) (a) Belanger, A. E.; Besra, G. S.; Ford, M. E.; Mikusova´, K.; Belisle, J. T.; Brennan, P. J.; Inamine, J. M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 11919-11924. (b) Escuyer, V. E.; Lety, M. A.; Torrelles, J. B.; Khoo, K.-H.; Tang, J. B.; Rithner, C. D.; Frehel, C.; McNeil, M. R.; Brennan, P. J.; Chatterjee, D. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 48854-48862. (c) Zhang, N.; Torrelles, J. B.; McNeil, M. R.; Escuyer, V. E.; Khoo, K. H.; Brennan, P. J.; Chatterjee, D. Mol. Microbiol. 2003, 50, 69-76. (21) Wolucka, B. A.; McNeil, M. R.; de Hoffmann, E.; Chojnacki, T.; Brennan, P. J. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 23328-23335. 9886 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.
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data point to its role as a β-(1f2)-AraT that installs the terminal Araf residues in the arabinan. As part of the increasing body of work on mycobacterial arabinan biosynthesis, Chatterjee and co-workers have proposed18 that a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the arabinan domain of both AG and LAM is a motif (1, Figure 1) containing 18 Araf residues attached via R-(1f5) and R-(1f3) linkages. It was further proposed that the complete 22-residue arabinan motif present in AG (2) would result from the addition of four β-(1f2)-linked Araf residues by EmbA/EmbB, whereas the action of EmbC on 1 would lead to LAM arabinan. In light of the recent identification of AftB,24 this enzyme may also be involved in the production of a complete arabinan domain in one or both of these polysaccharides. Testing these hypotheses would be facilitated by access to milligram quantities of authentic samples of these motifs, which can be most conveniently obtained by chemical synthesis. Thus, we report here synthesis of these motifs, functionalized at the reducing end with an octylamino linker, which can be used for their conjugation to a solid support or in the preparation of neoglycoconjugates. This study represents the first synthesis of these motifs, and the targets 3 and 4 (Figure 1) are some of the largest and most complex oligosaccharides produced by chemical synthesis to date.25 Results and Discussion
Impressive syntheses of large fragments of mycobacterial LAM have recently been reported.25d,26,27 The Seeberger group has synthesized a dodecasaccharide fragment containing six R-Araf and six R-mannopyranose (R-Manp) residues via a [6 + 6] strategy in which a key step is the coupling of the mannan and arabinan domains.26 An even larger (28-residue) fragment, possessing the inositol, 15 R-Manp, and 12 R-Araf residues was synthesized via a route in which the key glycosylation was a [12 + 16] coupling between an arabinomannan donor and a mannosylated inositol acceptor.25d These are elegant approaches to complicated molecules; however, neither contain the β-Araf residues present in the arabinan domain of mycobacterial AG. Introduction of these β-Araf residues in a stereocontrolled manner is challenging28 and was a key consideration in planning our approach to the targets 3 and 4. (22) (a) Lee, R. E.; Mikusova´, K.; Brennan, P. J.; Besra, G. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 11829-11832. (b) Lee, R. E.; Brennan, P. J.; Besra, G. S. Glycobiology 1997, 7, 1121-1128. (c) Ayers, J. D.; Lowary, T. L.; Morehouse, C. B.; Besra, G. S. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 437442. (d) Pathak, A. K.; Pathak, V.; Maddry, J. A.; Suling, W. J.; Gurcha, S. S.; Besra, G. S.; Reynolds, R. C. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2001, 9, 31453151. (e) Marotte, K.; Ayad, T.; Genisson, Y.; Besra, G. S; Baltas, M.; Prandi, J. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 2557-2565. (f) Cociorva, O. M.; Gurcha, S. S.; Besra, G. S.; Lowary, T. L. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2005, 13, 1369-1379. (g) Khasnobis, S.; Zhang, J.; Angala, S. K.; Amin, A. G.; McNeil, M. R.; Crick, D. C.; Chatterjee, D. Chem. Biol. 2006, 13, 787795. (23) Alderwick, L. J.; Seidel, M.; Sahm, H.; Besra, G. S.; Eggeling, L. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 15653-15661. (24) Seidel, M.; Alderwick, L. J.; Birch, H. L.; Sahm, H.; Eggeling, L.; Besra, G. S. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282, 14729-14740. (25) For examples of chemical syntheses of oligosaccharides with 18 or greater residues see: (a) Matsuzaki, Y.; Ito, Y.; Nakahara, Y.; Ogawa, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 1061-1064. (b) Petitou, M.; Duchaussoy, P.; Driguez, P.-A.; Herault, J.-P.; Lormeau, J.-C.; Herbert, J.-M. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 1155-1160. (c) Pozsgay, V. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 151-172. (d) Fraser-Reid, B.; Lu, J.; Jayaprakash, K. N.; Lopez, J. C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2006, 17, 2449-2463. (26) Holemann, A.; Stocker, B. L.; Seeberger, P. H. J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 8071-8088. (27) (a) Jayaprakash, K. N.; Lu, J.; Fraser-Reid, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 5894-5898. (b) Lu, J.; Fraser-Reid, B. Chem. Commun. 2005, 862864. (28) Lowary, T. L. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 749-756.
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Figure 1. Araf22 domain of mycobacterial AG (2) and the proposed Araf18 biosynthetic precursor (1) and aminooctyl glycoside analogues of these motifs (3 and 4). The four β-Araf residues in 2 and 4 have been identified for clarity, and key synthetic disconnections are identified by open arrows.
In designing a route to 3 and 4, we determined that a convergent approach, in which the molecules would be assembled via the sequential coupling of tri- to heptasaccharide building blocks, would be the most efficient. This would allow us to prepare large amounts of these building blocks that, due to their relatively small size, could be readily characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, by adding blocks of residues in the glycosylations, we expected that the resulting large changes in molecular weight would facilitate chromatographic separations of reaction mixtures. With regard to the installation of the four β-Araf residues in 4, we chose to prepare a building
block with these linkages already in place, as we envisioned that the separation of any unwanted isomers on relatively small intermediates would be easier than on larger structures. Finally, given the size of the final target molecules, we anticipated that the removal of a large number of benzyl groups at the end of the synthesis could be problematic, and therefore, a key part of the strategy was to use building blocks protected only with acyl (benzoyl) groups. With these considerations in mind, key disconnections were identified for each molecule (open arrows in Figure 1) and four key building blocks were chosen (5-8, Figure 2). We envisioned J. AM. CHEM. SOC.
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Figure 2. Key building blocks 5-8 required for the synthesis of 3 and 4.
that 3 could be obtained by glycosylation of pentasaccharide 5 with a trichloroacetimidate derived from heptasaccharide 6 to give a dodecasaccharide. Cleavage of the silyl ethers in this Araf12 species would provide a diol that could be reacted with an excess of the trichloroacetimidate donor prepared from trisaccharide 7, in turn yielding a fully benzoylated octadecasaccharide. Treatment with base followed by reduction would afford 3. A similar approach could be used to access 4 by the use, in the final glycosylation reaction, of a trichloroacetimidate obtained from pentasaccharide 8, in which the key β-Araf residues are already in place. In the coupling of all these building blocks, the stereochemistry of the newly formed glycosidic linkage would be controlled by neighboring group participation of the benzoyl group at C-2 of the donor. Synthesis of Pentasaccharide 5. Having developed a general strategy to access the targets, we first addressed the synthesis of the building block that would become the reducing end of both 3 and 4: pentasaccharide 5 (Scheme 1). The synthesis of 5 started from the protected thioglycoside 9, which was prepared from D-arabinose in six steps as previously reported.29 Conversion of 9 into glycoside 10 was carried out by reaction with 8-azido-1-octanol30 and N-iodosuccinimide-silver triflate (NISAgOTf).31 The product was obtained in 92% yield, and the anomeric stereochemistry was determined, as was the case for all glycosylations reported here, using NMR spectroscopy.32 Consistent with the assigned R-stereochemistry, in the 1H NMR spectrum for 10 the signal for H-1 appeared as a singlet at 5.24 ppm and in the 13C NMR spectrum the C-1 resonance was at (29) Callam, C. S.; Gadikota, R. R.; Lowary, T. L. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 4549-4558. (30) Boigegrain, R.; Castro, B.; Selve, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 16, 25292530. (31) Konradsson, P.; Udodong, U. E.; Fraser-Reid, B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 4313-4316. (32) Mizutani, K.; Kasai, R.; Nakamura, M.; Tanaka, O.; Matsuura, H. Carbohydr. Res. 1989, 185, 27-38. 9888 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.
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105.6 ppm. Deprotection of 10 to give 11 was achieved upon reaction with HF-pyridine, a transformation that proceeded in 83% yield. Thioglycoside 9 was also hydrolyzed by reaction with NIS-AgOTf in aqueous THF, which afforded lactol 12 in 85% yield as a 1:1 R/β mixture. With a route to 12 in place, it was reacted with DBU and trichloroacetonitrile, yielding the trichloroacetimidate 13, which, following a brief purification step, was used to glycosylate the known thioglycoside alcohol 1433 using TMSOTf as the promoter.34 The product disaccharide thioglycoside 15 was obtained in 76% yield over two steps. This glycosyl donor was then reacted with alcohol 11 using NIS-AgOTf promotion, which afforded an 84% yield of the fully protected trisaccharide 16. Cleavage of the silyl ether protecting group under standard conditions (HF-pyridine) gave trisaccharide alcohol 17 (95% yield), which was subsequently reacted with an excess of disaccharide thioglycoside 15 to afford pentasaccharide 18. This [2 + 3] glycosylation provided 18 in 86% yield. Conversion of 18 into building block 5 was achieved in 96% yield by treatment with HF-pyridine. In the 13C NMR spectrum of 5, five anomeric carbons were observed between 105.5 and 105.8 ppm, thus establishing their R-stereochemistry.32 Synthesis of Heptasaccharide 6. The precursor to the branched core of both 3 and 4 was heptasaccharide 6, which was synthesized as shown in Scheme 2. First, thioglycoside 19, which can be easily obtained in multigram quantities in three steps from D-arabinose,35 was transformed in 90% yield to the corresponding p-methoxyphenyl (PMP) glycoside 20 under standard glycosylation conditions. Removal of the benzoyl groups in 20 was achieved by stirring in sodium methoxide and methanol, affording triol 21 in 87% yield. This triol was then (33) Cociorva, O. M.; Lowary, T. L. Carbohydr. Res. 2004, 339, 853-865. (34) Schmidt, R. R.; Kinzy, W. AdV. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 1994, 50, 21-123. (35) Callam, C. S.; Lowary, T. L. J. Chem. Educ. 2001, 78, 73-74.
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Scheme 1 a
a Reagents and conditions: (a) HO(CH ) N , NIS, AgOTf, 0 °C, 92%; (b) HF-pyridine, THF, 0 °C f rt, 83%; (c) NIS, AgOTf, THF-H O, 0 °C, 85%; 2 8 3 2 (d) CCl3CN, DBU, CH2Cl2, 0 °C f rt; (e) TMSOTf, -30 to -5 °C, 76% over two steps; (f) 11, NIS, AgOTf, 0 °C, 84%; (g) HF-pyridine, THF, 0 °C f rt, 95%; (h) 15, NIS, AgOTf, 0 °C, 86%; (i) HF-pyridine, THF, 0 °C f rt, 96%.
Scheme 2 a
a Reagents and conditions: (a) p-methoxyphenol, NIS, AgOTf, CH Cl , 0 f 10 °C, 90%; (b) NaOCH , CH OH-CH Cl , rt, 87%; (c) (t-Bu) Si(OTf) , 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2,6-lutidine, CH2Cl2-DMF, 0 °C; (d) BzCl, pyridine, 0 °C f rt; (e) HF-pyridine, THF, 0 °C f rt, 76% over three steps; (f) 9, NIS, AgOTf, CH2Cl2, 0 °C, 74%; (g) HF-pyridine, THF, 0 °C f rt, 89%; (h) 15, NIS, AgOTf, CH2Cl2, 0 °C, 89%; (i) CAN, THF-H2O, 0 °C, 80%.
converted to silyl acetal 22 upon reaction with di-tert-butylsilyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) and 2,6-lutidine in a mixture of DMF and dichloromethane. An 87% yield of 22 was obtained. Benzoylation of 22 under conventional conditions provided the fully protected glycoside 23, which was then partially depro-
tected upon treatment with HF-pyridine to give the key intermediate diol 24 in 76% yield over three steps from 21. Glycosylation of 24 with an excess of thioglycoside 9 (see Scheme 1) afforded a 74% yield of the branched trisaccharide 25, which was in turn deprotected (HF-pyridine), giving diol J. AM. CHEM. SOC.
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26 in 89% yield. Elongation of this trisaccharide to the heptasaccharide was achieved by reaction of 26 with an excess of disaccharide thioglycoside 15 (Scheme 1) promoted by NISAgOTf. This reaction proceeded in 89% yield to give the expected fully protected heptasaccharide 27, the 13C NMR spectrum of which showed seven R-Araf anomeric carbons between 105.3 and 106.1 ppm. The final step in the preparation of 6 was the removal of the PMP group, which was achieved in 80% yield upon reaction with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in aqueous THF. Synthesis of Trisaccharide 7. The trisaccharide moiety at the nonreducing end of 3 was to be introduced via hemiacetal 7, which was straightforwardly obtained as illustrated in Scheme 3. NIS-AgOTf-promoted glycosylation of diol 24 (Scheme 2) with an excess of thioglycoside 19 gave PMP trisaccharide 28 in 92% yield. Subsequent treatment with CAN in aqueous THF led to the formation of 7 as a 1:1 mixture of anomers in 85% yield. Synthesis of Pentasaccharide 8. For the synthesis of the Araf22 target 4, the protected pentasaccharide 8 was needed for the motif at the nonreducing end of the molecule. A key issue in the preparation of this fragment was the installation of the two β-Araf moieties, which are stereochemically analogous to β-mannopyranosides.36 A number of methods for the stereoselective formation of β-Araf linkages have been developed over the past several years by our group37 and others.38 For the preparation of 8, we decided to employ the elegant method recently reported first by Boons and co-workers39 and later by the Ito40 and Crich41 groups, which relies on a conformationally rigidified thioglycoside donor. The synthesis of 8 is shown in Scheme 4 and starts with thioglycoside 29, which was prepared as previously described.42 Protection of the alcohol functionality in 29 as the levulinate ester (levulinic acid, DCC, DMAP in dichloromethane) afforded 30 in 90% yield. An excess of this fully protected thioglycoside was then coupled with the PMP glycoside diol 24 (Scheme 2) under our standard thioglycoside coupling conditions (NISAgOTf) to yield trisaccharide 31 in 76% yield. As expected, all three glycosidic linkages had the R-stereochemistry, as determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy (three anomeric carbon signals at 106.2, 106.0, and 105.2 ppm). The resonances arising from the anomeric hydrogens of the residues bearing the silyl (36) (a) Gridley, J. J.; Osborn, H. M. I. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2000, 1471-1491. (b) Crich, D. Chemistry of Glycosyl Triflates: Synthesis of β-Mannopyranosides. In Glycochemistry: Principles, Synthesis and Applications; Wang, P. G., Bertozzi, C. R., Eds.; Marcel-Dekker: New York, 2001; pp 53-75. (37) (a) D’Souza, F. W.; Lowary, T. L. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 1493-1495. (b) Yin, H.; D’Souza, F. W.; Lowary, T. L. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 892903. (b) Gadikota, R. R.; Callam, C. S.; Wagner, T.; Del Fraino, B.; Lowary, T. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4155-4165. (c) Callam, C. S.; Gadikota, R. R.; Krein, D. M.; Lowary, T. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1311213119. (d) Darwish, O.; Callam, C. S.; Hadad. C. M.; Lowary, T. L. J. Carbohydr. Chem. 2003, 22, 963-981. (38) (a) Mereyala, H. B.; Hotha, S.; Gurjar, M. K. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1998, 685-686. (b) De´sire´, J.; Prandi, J. Carbohydr. Res. 1999, 317, 110-118. (b) Bamhaoud, T.; Sanchez, S.; Prandi, J. Chem. Commun. 2000, 659-660. (c) Sanchez, S.; Bamhaoud, T.; Prandi, J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 7447-7452. (d) Lee, Y. J.; Lee, K.; Jung, E. H.; Jeon, H. B.; Kim, K. S. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 3263-3266. (e) Ishiwata, A.; Akao, H.; Ito, Y.; Sunagawa, M.; Kusunose, N.; Kashiwazaki, Y. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 3049-3061. (39) Zhu, X.; Kawatkar, S.; Rao, Y.; Boons, G.-J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 11948-11957. (40) Ishiwata, A.; Akao, H.; Ito, Y. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 5525-5528. (41) Crich, D.; Pedersen, C. M.; Bowers, A. A.; Wink, D. J. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 1553-1565. (42) Nacario, R. C.; Lowary, T. L.; McDonald, R. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E 2007, 63, o498-o500. 9890 J. AM. CHEM. SOC.
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Scheme 3 a
a Reagents and conditions: (a) NIS, AgOTf, CH Cl , 0 °C, 92%; (b) 2 2 CAN, THF-H2O, 0 °C, 85%.
acetal were also clearly resolved in the 1H NMR spectrum appearing at 5.54 and 4.97 ppm as small doublets (J ) 2.2 and 2.0 Hz, respectively). These J values are slightly larger than those normally observed for R-arabinofuranosides. We ascribe this difference to the cyclic protecting group, which rigidifies the conformation of the five-membered ring, relative to those that are not fused to cyclic structures. The two levulinate esters were then cleaved with hydrazine acetate to afford, in 95% yield, diol 32, the substrate for the key β-arabinofuranosylation reaction. Reaction of 32 with an excess of donor thioglycoside 3341,42 and NIS-AgOTf proceeded smoothly to give pentasaccharide 34, together with a small amount (
