ES&T CONTENTS V o l u m e 28, N u m b e r 3, M a r c h 1 9 9 4
PRÉCIS
EUROPEAN NEWS 111 A
HCFCs May Slow Ozone Layer Recovery
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Metals and Aquatic Contamination Workshop. Metal speciation and regulatory approaches for managing p e n d i n g problems w e r e the focus of a s y m p o s i u m held in conjunction w i t h the International S y m p o s i u m on Environmental Analytical Chemistry.
FEATURES 118A
Atmospheric Pressure Ionization LC/MS. Robert Voyksner outlines the advantages of this n e w technique and compares it to other LC/MS interfaces. 128A Deformities in Birds of the Great Lakes Region. John Giesy et al. grapple w i t h identifying the causes of c o n t i n u e d embryo lethality a n d birth defects in fish-eating water birds of the Great Lakes.
VIEW 148A
Revising the Particulate Ambient Air Quality Standard. With n e w studies indicating that current air quality standards for particulate matter m a y be too high to protect h u m a n health, the d a u n t i n g t a s k of r e e v a l u a t i n g t h e s t a n d a r d s h o u l d begin again, according to Sheldon Friedlander a n d Morton L i p p m a n n .
MEASUREMENT FOCUS 151A
Performance-Based vs. Prescriptive Measurement Approaches. James Poppiti assesses the debate w i t h i n the e n v i r o n m e n t a l testing comm u n i t y over t h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s of t w o a p proaches to environmental measurements.
DEPARTMENTS 136A
The Mercury Cycle and Fish in the Adirondack Lakes. A s EPA looks a h e a d to r e v i s e d emission controls on mercury, researchers are probing the complex cycling of mercury in the environment. Charles Driscoll et al. report on their efforts to evaluate the m e c h a n i s m s regulating the concentration of mercury in fish.
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155A Meetings Editorial 158A Products Letters 161A Classified Currents · C l i n t o n ' s C o m m i t t e e on the E n v i r o n m e n t and Natural Resources Books 164A Consulting Services
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Effects of fire severity on nitrate mobilization in watersheds subject to chronic atmospheric deposition. Philip J. Riggan,* Robert N. Lockwood, Paula M. Jacks, Charles G. Colver, Frank Weirich, Leonard F. DeBano, a n d James A. Brass Severe fires cause seven times more nitrate loss in streamwater than do fires of moderate intensity in w a t e r s h e d s subject to air p o l l u t i o n from metropolitan Los Angeles. Evaluation of in situ columns for characterizing organic contaminant sorption during transport. Amy P. Gamerdinger,* Ken C. J. Van Rees, P. Suresh C. Rao, a n d Ron E. Jessup A mathematical model for quantitative evaluation of in situ column data is presented a n d app l i e d to d e s c r i b e benzene—toluene—p-xylene transport at two field sites. Determination of total selenium and dissolved selenium species in natural waters by fluorometry. Dacheng Wang,* Georg Alfthan, and Antti Aro Total s e l e n i u m , selenite, selenate, a n d selen i u m associated w i t h h u m i c substances in natural waters at nanogram per liter levels are determ i n e d from a sample v o l u m e of 50—200 mL. Spectrophotometry method for nitroglycerine analysis in air. Nazim Z. Muradov A spectrophotometric m e t h o d for nitroglycerine microdetermination in air is based on alkaline hydrolysis of collected nitroglycerine followed by colorimetric analysis of nitrite ions. Chemical oxidation of chlorinated organics by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sand. Joseph X. Ravikumar a n d Mirât D. Gurol* Hydrogen peroxide is investigated as a potential chemical oxidant for in-situ treatment of soil contaminants. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener distributions in winter flounder as related to gender, spawning site, and congener metabolism. Adria A. Elskus,* John J. Stegeman, Jay W. Gooch, Dianne E. Black, and Richard J. Pruell PCB congener concentration a n d distribution in flounder from three different sites correspond to PCB profiles at spawning grounds and indicate selective congener metabolism by flounder.
Please send research m a n u s c r i p t s to Manuscript Reviewing, feature manuscripts to Managing Editor. For editorial policy, author's guide, and peer review policy, see tire January 1994 issue, page 41A, or write Yvonne D. Curry, Manuscript Reviewing Office, ES&T. A sample copyright transfer form, which may be copied, appears on the inside back cover of the February 1994 issue. Environmental Science & Technology, ES&T (ISSN 0013-936X), is published monthly except semimonthly in September by the American Chemical Society at 1155 16th Street, N.W.. Washington, DC 20036. Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Environmental Science & Technology, Membership & Subscription Services, P.O. Box 3337, Columbus, OH 43210. Canadian GST Reg. No. R127571347. SUBSCRIPTION PRICES 1994: Members, $44 per year; nonmembers (for personal use), $90 per year; institutions, $497 per year. Foreign postage, $22 additional
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Effects of NO-,", Cl", F", S0 4 2 ", and C0 3 2 " on Pb 2+ i m m o b i l i z a t i o n by h y d r o x y a p a t i t e . Qi Ying Ma,* Terry J. Logan, Samuel J. Traina, and James A. Ryan This study was conducted to determine the effects of N 0 3 - , CL, F", S 0 4 2 " , a n d C 0 3 2 ~ on Pb 2 + immobilization by hydroyxapatite, to examine the r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s , a n d to investigate the m e c h a n i s m s of those reactions. Stability of 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride in buffered aqueous solutions. Bruce A. Kimball* and Elizabeth A. Mishalanie High-performance-liquid c h r o m a t o g r a p h y is u s e d to d e t e r m i n e the stability of 3-chloro-ptoluidine hydrochloride in buffered aqueous solutions at 25 °C for 31 days. Thermochemical nitrate destruction. John L. Cox,* Richard T. Hallen, a n d Michael A. Lilga T h e r m o c h e m i c a l d e s t r u c t i o n of n i t r a t e in acidic a n d basic solution is achieved by proper choice of reducing reagent. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in pine needles in Europe: Fingerprint for the past and recent use. Davide Calamari,* Paolo Tremolada, Antonio Di Guardo, a n d Marco Vighi C h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in vegetation are m e a s u r e d in several E u r o p e a n countries, revealing the relative composition of the contaminants as characteristic for each area ("fingerprint") and showing that the history of usage and the socioeconomic conditions appear as the most important factor determining distribution patterns. Fixed-bed photocatalysts for solar decontamination of water. Yin Zhang, John C. Crittenden,* David W. Hand, and David L. Perram Photocatalysts supported on silica-based materials show fast degradation kinetics and high light efficiency, outperform o p t i m i z e d slurry catalysts u n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , a n d are able to completely mineralize trichloroethylene. • Interaction of municipal solid waste ash with water. Carl S. Kirby* a n d J. Donald Rimstidt Major element chemistry of aqueous solutions in contact w i t h m u n i c i p a l solid waste incinerator ash is examined for controls on solution composition.
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Sorption of chromate and other inorganic anions by organo-zeolite. Grace M. Haggerty a n d Robert S. Bowman* Zeolite, modified with the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium, has a high affinity for c h r o m a t e , selenate, a n d sulfate, along with the expected affinity for nonpolar organic compounds. Group contribution method for predicting probability and rate of aerobic biodégradation. Robert S. Boethling, Philip H. Howard,* William Meylan, William Stiteler, Julie B e a u m a n , a n d Nestor Tirado F o u r n e w m o d e l s , d e v e l o p e d for c h e m i c a l screening and priority setting, allow prediction of probability and rate of aerobic biodégradation from 36 chemical substructures plus molecular weight. Sorption of phenol by selected biopolymers: Isotherms, energetics, and polarity. Baoshan Xing, William B. McGill,* Marvin J. Dudas, Yadollah Maham, and Loren Hepler Phenol sorption by cellulose, chitin, collagen, two lignins, and activated carbon is reported; it is concluded that sorbate K oc varies w i t h polarity of the sorbent. Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution with high ionic strength by adsorbing colloid flotation. Cheng-Shiun Lin and Shang-Da Huang* C o p p e r i o n is r e m o v e d from a h i g h i o n i c strength aqueous solution by adsorbing colloid flotation with iron(III) hydroxide and a mixed surfactant. Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of formic acid using a porous T i 0 2 thin-film electrode. Dong Hyun Kim and Marc A. Anderson* Photocatalytic degradation reactions on T i 0 2 thin films are e n h a n c e d by applying a biasing potential in order to keep electron-hole pairs from recombining before reaction. Dehalogenation of chlorinated phenols during oxidative coupling. Jerzy Dec a n d Jean-Marc Bollag* A n e w m e c h a n i s m of chloride release during oxidative coupling of chlorinated p h e n o l s is described; the investigation also leads to a hypothesis for explaining the dehalogenation mechanism during oxidative coupling. Adsorption and biodégradation of pentachlorophenol by polyurethane-immobilized Flavobacterium. Z h o n g - C h e n g H u , Roger A. K o r u s , * William E. Levinson, and Ron L. Crawford Polyurethane foam containing Flavobacterium cells effectively removes pentachlorophenol (PCP) from contaminated water and reduces PCP toxicity. Determination of secondary alkane sulfonates in sewage wastewaters by solid-phase extraction and injection-port derivatization gas chro-
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m a t o g r a p h y / m a s s spectrometry. Jennifer A. Field,* Thomas M. Field, Thomas Poiger, and Walter Giger S e c o n d a r y a l k a n e sulfonate s u r f a c t a n t s in aqueous samples of sewage are determined using solid-phase extraction a n d a single-step procedure that combines elution and injection-port derivatization using GC/MS. Modeling ozone deposition onto indoor residential surfaces. Richard Reiss, P. Barry Ryan,* and Petros Koutrakis T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s an e x p e r i m e n t a l technique for measuring deposition vélocités using a laminar flow tube and presents measurement results for several c o m m o n indoor surfaces. Degradation of methyl bromide in anaerobic sediments. Ronald S. Oremland,* Laurence G. Miller, and Frances E. Strohmaier Exposed s e d i m e n t s w i t h a b u n d a n t free sulfide, such as coastal saltmarshes, may constitute a sink for atmospheric methyl bromide. Reactions of gas-phase phenanthrene under simulated atmospheric conditions. Eric S. C. Kwok, William P. Harger, Janet Arey, a n d Roger Atkinson* Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of p h e n a n t h r e n e w i t h OH radicals, N 0 3 radicals, and 0 3 are determined at 296 K, and mutagenicity bioassays and chemical analyses are carried out for selected reactions. Gas-phase atmospheric chemistry of dibenzo-pdioxin and dibenzofuran. Eric S. C. Kwok, Janet Arey,* a n d Roger Atkinson The room temperature rate constants for the g a s - p h a s e r e a c t i o n s of d i b e n z o - p - d i o x i n a n d dibenzofuran with the OH radical and 0 3 are experimentally determined.
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Radon release from water distribution system deposits. Richard L. Valentine* a n d Scott W. Stearns This paper discusses the exploratory investigation on the existence of radium-bearing deposits in water distribution systems and the formation of radon from them. Determining lead in sediments by X-ray fluorescence and the method of standard additions. L y n n Vogel Koplitz,* Jessica Urbanik, Susan Harris, and O w e n Mills By c o m b i n i n g X-ray f l u o r e s c e n c e a n a l y s i s w i t h the method of standard additions, an inexpensive, fast, safe, nondestructive way to determine the concentration of lead in sediments is developed.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. • This article contains supplementary material in microform. See ordering instructions at end of paper.
Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 28, No. 3, 1994
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