ES&T CONTENTS V o l u m e 28, N u m b e r 4, April 1994
EUROPEAN NEWS 179A And the Detergent "Eco-label" Goes to. . .
FEATURES 180A The Use of Ozonation to Degrade Organic Contaminants in Wastewaters. Susan Masten and Simon Davies examine the strengths and weaknesses of ozonation and related advanced oxidation processes in treating effluents from p u l p a n d paper mills, m u n i c i p a l wastewaters, a n d wastewaters contaminated with pesticides. 186A Aquatic Risk Assessment of Polymers. John Hamilton et al. describe a risk assessment process that ensures that aquatic test systems adequately represent polymer toxicity during environmental testing of new products.
VIEWS 193A Barriers to Technology Adoption. Innovative environmental technologies often meet significant roadblocks on their way to general acceptance. John Moore, Jr., reviews obstacles currently facing the a d o p t i o n of field analytical instrumentation for characterization studies. 196A Needed: A National Renewable Energy Strategy. A concerted p u s h by U.S. policy makers is the only way that renewable energy sources will become a bigger player in the nation's energy market, argues Keith Kozloff.
DEPARTMENTS 169A 171A 176A 198A 201A
Editorial 203A Classified Currents 204A Consulting Services · Clinton's 1995 Environmental Budget Books Products
UPCOMING Atmospheric condensed phases FT-IR atmospheric monitoring ESTHAG 28(4) 165A-204A / 541-756 ISSN 0013 936X
Cover: and p. 180A, photos courtesy Ultrox Credits: p. 193A, Comstock Stock Photography
Environmental Science & Technology ©Copyright 1994 by the American Chemical Society
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Effect of microbial polymers on the sorption and transport of phenanthrene in a low-carbon sand. Dirk M. Dohse and Leonard W. Lion* Bacterial extracellular polymers are analyzed for their effect on the sorption, transport, and mineralization of phenanthrene in porous me dia. Comparative rates of photolysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in organic solvents and in aqueous solutions. Mei H. Dung* and Patrick W. O'Keefe Photodegradation rates of PCDFs are higher in distilled water than in organic solvents, a n d there is additional photosensitization of PCDF decomposition in natural wastes. Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydro carbons and elemental carbon. 1. Sampling, measurement methods, and source character ization. Chandra Venkataraman, James M. Ly ons, and Sheldon K. Friedlander* Particulate PAHs and elemental carbon are measured in size-segregated aerosol samples of 0.5—4 μπι diameter, collected from traffic tun nels, to characterize vehicular emissions. Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydro carbons and elemental carbon. 2. Ambient mea surements and effects of atmospheric processes. Chandra Venkataraman and Sheldon K. Friedlander* Particulate PAHs and elemental carbon size distributions are measured in ambient aerosol samples to study the dynamics of these com pounds in the atmosphere. Reaction of a lignin model dimer sequentially with chlorine and sodium hydroxide. Bruce McKague* and Douglas W. Reeve Reaction of a residual lignin model dimer suc cessively with chlorine and sodium hydroxide gives products that are consistent with known structural information about high mass material. Speciation and fate of arsenic in three lakes of the Aberjona Watershed. Anna C. Aurillo, Rob ert P. Mason,* and Harold F. Hemond The speciation and distribution of arsenic in the Aberjona Watershed is controlled by redox
Please send research manuscripts to Manuscript Reviewing, feature manuscripts to Managing Editor. For editorial policy, author's guide, and peer review policy, see the January 1994 issue, page 41A, or write Yvonne D. Curry, Manuscript Reviewing Office, ES&T. A sample copyright transfer form, which may be copied, appears on the inside back cover of the February 1994 issue. Environmental Science S- Technology, ES8-T (ISSN 0013-936X), is published monthly except semimonthly in September by the American Chemical Society at 1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036. Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Environmental Science &• Technology, Membership & Subscription Services, P.O. Box 3337, Columbus, OH 43210. Canadian GST Reg. No. R127571347. SUBSCRIPTION PRICES 1994: Members, $44 per year; nonmembers (for personal use), $90 per year; institutions, $497 per year. Foreign postage, $22 additional
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conditions and in the surface waters by reduc tion and methylation, which is biologically me diated. Luminescence studies of metal ion-binding sites on Datura innoxia biomaterial. Huei-Yang David Ke, Wendy L. Anderson, Robyn M. Moncrief, Gary D. Rayson,* and Paul J. Jackson Eu 3 + luminescence is used to investigate the metal ion-binding interactions between a series of metal ions and Datura innoxia cell walls. Multispectral identification of chlorine dioxide disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Su san D. Richardson,* Alfred D. Thruston, Jr., Tim othy W. Collette, Kathleen Schenck Patterson, Benjamin W. Lykins, Jr., George Majetich, and Yong Zhang Using a combination of mass spectral and in frared spectroscopic techniques, over 40 organic disinfection byproducts are identified at a chlo rine dioxide pilot plant. Preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides in the unsaturated zone. Margaret S. Mills* and E. Michael Thurman The preferential dealkylation reactions of s-triazine herbicides are investigated from ex perimental field plot studies. Degradative pathways for aqueous chlorination of orcinol. Natalia Yu. Tretyakova,* Albert T. Lebedev, and Valéry S. Petrosyan The mechanisms for the degradation of humic substances with aqueous chlorine, using orcinol and other model compounds, are suggested to explain the formation of known chlorination byproducts.
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M o d e l i n g a d s o r p t i o n of TCE by a c t i v a t e d carbon preloaded by background organic matter. Margaret C. Carter and Walter J. Weber, Jr.* Isotherm and rate parameters in adsorption models may have to be treated as time variable for GAC systems which undergo extensive preloading by background organic matter.
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Influence of postcombustion temperature profiles on the formation of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBzs, and PCBs in a pilot incinerator. Ingrid Fangmark,* Birgitta Stromberg, Niklas Berge, and Christoffer Rappe
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A lciboratory-scale fluidized-bed reactor fu eled by a synthetic waste is used to study the in fluence of the flue gas temperature profile after the combustor on the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Microbial reductive dechlorination of trichlorobiphenyls in anaerobic sediment slurries. William A. Williams Anaerobic microbial reductive dechlorination of six trichlorobiphenyls in three PCB-contaminated sediment slurries is characterized by the acclimation times before dechlorination and the dechlorination sequences. XPS and XANES studies of uranium reduction by Clostridium sp. Arokiasamy J. Francis,* Cleveland J. Dodge, Fulong Lu, Gary Halada, and Clive R. Clayton Anaerobic microbial reduction of U(VI) to U(III) and U(IV) by Clostridium sp. is confirmed using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Adsorption of organic vapors on polar mineral surfaces and on a bulk water surface: Develop ment of an empirical predictive model. Kai-Uwe Goss An empirical predictive model based on sev eral physicochemical parameters is developed from a statistical evaluation of adsorption data for organic vapors on polar surfaces. In situ formation of lead phosphates in soils as a method to immobilize lead. Michael V. Ruby,* Andy Davis, and Andrew Nicholson Minerals forming from lead and phosphate in soils are identified, and the implications for lead solubility and bioaccessibility are evaluated. High-volume air sampler for particle and gas sampling. 2. Use of backup filters to correct for the adsorption of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the front filter. Kenneth M. Hart and James F. Pankow* Two filter/sorbent samplers are used to mea sure atmospheric PAH levels to determine the degree to which the adsorption of gaseous PAHs to filters causes artifacts in the differentiation of the gaseous and particulate fractions. Lead migration in forest soils: Response to changing atmospheric inputs. Eric K. Miller* and Andrew J. Friedland A dynamic analysis of the atmosphere—soil Pb system is conducted to estimate the response time of Pb in forests soils of the northeastern United States. New reactor design for photocatalytic wastewa ter treatment with T i 0 2 immobilized on fuseds i l i c a glass fibers: P h o t o m i n e r a l i z a t i o n of 4-chlorophenol. K. Hofstadler, Rupert Bauer,* S. Novalic, and G. Heisler A new reactor is designed to provide a high ratio of illuminated immobilized T i 0 2 to illumi nated surface and the possibility of total reactor illumination in wastewater treatment systems. Uptake of phosphate by iron hydroxides during seepage in relation to development of ground water composition in coastal areas. Jasper Griffioen Using hydrogeochemical model codes and
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groundwater quality data, processes in two dif ferent geochemical environments are combined to predict potential eutrophication following seepage of anoxic groundwater. Q u a n t i f i c a t i o n of 3 - ( 2 - h y d r o x y p r o p y l ) - 5 methyl-2-oxazolidinone in groundwater and sludge by isotope dilution gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. William N. Howald* and David J. Porubek A method for the submicrogram and low sam ple volume quantification of this hydrophilic and nonvolatile analyte from aqueous matrices is described. In situ measurements of tetraphenylboron deg radation kinetics on clay mineral surfaces by IR. Douglas B. Hunter* and Paul M. Bertsch The facilitated degradation of tetraphenyl boron on a suite of clay minerals is measured quantitatively by attenuated total reflectance IR permitting the modeling of reaction rates. Transformation of carbon tetrachloride by py rite in aqueous solution. Michelle R. KriegmanKing and M. Reinhard* The reactivity of carbon tetrachloride with pyrite is investigated by measuring the transfor mation rates and products under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Dechlorination of chlorinated benzenes by an anaerobic microbial consortium that selectively mediates the thermodynamic most favorable re actions. Jacobus Ε. Μ. Beurskens,* Connie G. C. Dekker, Henny van den Heuvel, Martien Swart, Johan de Wolf, and Jan Dolfing An enrichment from Rhine River sediment exhibits selectivity in chlorobenzene dechlori nation that correlates with the Gibbs free energy release under standard conditions. • Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in emer gent mayflies from the upper Mississippi River. Mark T. Steingraeber,* Ted R. Schwartz, James G. Wiener, and Jon A. Lebo Analyses of PCB congeners in emergent may flies (Hexagenia bilineata) identified metropoli tan areas as major sources of PCBs for the upper Mississippi River. Atmospheric chemistry of unsaturated carbonyls: Butenedial, 4-oxo-2-pentenal, 3-hexene-2,5dione, maleic anhydride, 3if-furan-2-one, and 5-methyl-3H-furan-2-one. Arwid Bierbach, Ian Barnes,* Karl H. Becker, and Evelyn Wiesen Some aspects of the atmospheric chemistry of unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds associated with the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocar bons are described. Chromium speciation and distribution in the Great Lakes. Stan Beaubien, Jerome Nriagu,* Dave Blowes, and Greg Lawson The chemical forms of chromium in waters of the Great Lakes are determined, and it is shown that Cr(VI), a known carcinogen, predominates. Electrokinetically enhanced sedimentation of colloidal contaminants. Julie E. Sauer and E. James Davis* Electrophoretic clarification of aqueous slur ries is carried out in laboratory experiments to explore electrokinetically enhanced sedimenta tion of colloidal coal in coal-washing ponds. Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 28, No. 4, 1994
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746 The first International Conference on
Advanced Oxidation Technologies for Water and Air Remediation June 25-30,1994 London Convention Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene by a chlorobenzoate-enriched biofilm reactor. Babu Z. Fathepure* and James M. Tiedje This work evaluates the potential and technical feasibility of remediating chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons using a fixed-film reactor developed by an enrichment that contained Desulfomonile tiedjei DCB-1.
RESEARCH COMMUNICATION 753
Technical Program The conference covers the science, engineering and the environmental applications for pollution control and site remediation of the following technologies:
Quantification of the microcystin hepatotoxins in water at environmentally relevant concentrations with the protein phosphatase bioassay. T i m o t h y W. L a m b e r t , * M a r i o n P. B o l a n d , Charles F. B. Holmes, and Steve E. Hrudey The protein phosphatase bioassay is applied to the quantitative monitoring of the potent microcystin liver toxins in drinking water at concentrations as low as 0.1 pg/L (microcystin-LR).
• UV/Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
• Ti0 2 Photocatalysis 756
• Electron Beam & Gamma Irradiation • Non-thermal Plasmas
Interfacial films in coal tar nonaqueous-phase l i q u i d - w a t e r s y s t e m s . R i c h a r d G. L u t h y , * Anuradha Ramaswami, Subhasis Ghoshal, and Wolf Merkel
• Thermal Catalytic Oxidation
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
• Supercritical Water Oxidation
• This article contains supplementary material in microform. See ordering instructions at end of paper.
• Electrohydraulic Cavitation & Sonolysis Over 120 of the world's leading experts in AOTs from academia, industry and government laboratories have been chosen to speak at the conference. Three panel discussions and three poster sessions have also been arranged. Exhibition Developers and users of advanced oxidation technologies who want to exhibit their products must contact us soon to confirm space. Hotel Accommodations • Radisson Hotel ($87 single or double) 1-800-333-3333; 519439-1661 ; Fax: 519-439-9672 • Delta Hotel ($90 single or double) 519-679-6111 ; Fax: 519-6793957 Conference Correspondence For information please contact: Dr. Hussain Al-Ekabi Hitech Advanced Photo-Oxidation, Inc. 71 Brandy Lane Rd., London, Ontario N6G 4S2 Canada, Tel: (519) 472-9219 Fax:(519)472-9226. REFER TO KEY NO. 4 168 A
Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 28, No. 4, 1994
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