REPORT
F O R ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
TAPPI Unifies Paper Industry Goals and Methods A n extensive p r o g r a m of development of testing methods, pub lication of papers, and sponsorship of research by the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry is made possible by wide cooperation among groups and individuals in the industry. Results are reflected in large membership, world-wide recogni tion of standards, and improved efficiencies in the industry
H
IGH above the streets of midtown Manhattan, in New York City's Commerce Building at 155 East 44th Street, are the offices of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, world wide professional society of this in dustry's technical personnel. With 8905 individual members, 271 com pany members, and 266 allied in dustry companies, TAPPI is the largest organization of its kind in the world. Its publications are nu merous and varied, including the TAPPI Standard Methods, the an nual "Bibliographies of Papermaking," and the association journal, Ταρ-pi. There are currently 61
The author, James W . Field, has been technical assistant on the staff of the national headquarters of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry for the past two years. H e is currently responsible for the association's local sections, education and manpower programs, and directs TAPPI's public relations. M r . Field was formerly associated with the W e s t Virginia Pulp and Paper C o . a t its Tyrone, Pa., mill and with The M i d v a l e C o . , Philadelphia, a steel producer. H e is a g r a d u a t e of T e m p l e University with a bachelor's d e g r e e in chemistry.
standing technical committees or ganized into eight functional divi sions, and 23 local sections and dis tricts serving members on an area level. TAPPI cooperates with many other societies, such as the American Chemical Society and the American Society for Testing Ma terials in technical work and spon sors an extensive research program, conducted largely at pulp and pa per schools in the United States. History
TAPPI was born Feb. 19, 1915, as the Technical Section of the Amer ican Paper and Pulp Association. Frank L. Moore, APPA president, stated at that APPA annual meet ing on Feb. 18, "I am glad to see the interest that is shown in the estab lishment of a technical division in connection with our association work. An exchange of ideas among practical mill operators through this division should be invaluable." The next day H. E. Fletcher of the Fletcher Paper Co., Alpena, Mich., was elected chairman, and the group began its activities. Paper Trade Journal commented in an editorial later in 1915, "By bringing together these forces which relate to the technical side of the industry, the Technical Section of the American Paper and Pulp Association has taken an important step toward putting the industry on a par with any in Europe, and will do much to ward improving conditions in our mills, reducing the cost of opera tion, and improving the quality of the product. All these things will make for the betterment of the pa per industry as a whole. . . . The open meeting of the Technical Sec
tion, held in New York recently, might thus be termed the beginning of a new era in the American indus try. . . . " In 1916 the name of the organi zation was changed to The Techni cal Association of the Pulp and Pa per Industry and was on its way to becoming, in the words of W. G. AlacNaughton, second president, "a high class engineering and technical organization." The keynote of TAPPI's development of test pro cedures was struck in that first year by APPA president Moore, who said, "I believe this section should handle . . . the question of the standardization of tests on pulps." Otto Kress of the Forest Products Laboratory advocated the stand ardization of chemical tests and mill control, and Martin L. Griffin ad vocated means to provide some ac curate method of buying wood. First Standards
It was not until 1924, however, that the association issued its first edition of "Paper Testing Meth ods." The same year "Standard Methods for Testing Materials" ap peared in paper covers. A second cloth-bound edition of "Paper Test ing Methods" was issued in 1927, and in 1933 the first edition of the TAPPI Standards appeared. This has been enlarged and revised an nually to bring about its present size, containing 226 methods in a volume 2 inches thick. In the meantime, other TAPPI publications were being initiated. Technical Association Papers, the proceedings of the association's technical meetings, first appeared in 1918. The TAPPI Committee on Vocational Education helped form VOL. 3 1 , N O . 8 , AUGUST
1959
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21
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REPORT FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
T A P P I p u b l i c a t i o n s — m o n o g r a p h s , standards, methods, a n d m a t t e r — c a n make up a l a r g e section of any industrial l i b r a r y
in 1918 the Joint Executive Com mittee of the Vocational Education Committees of the Pulp and P a p e r Industry. This was a group of TJ. S. and Canadian industry men who in 1921 published the standard indus t r y work entitled " P u l p and P a p e r Manufacture." The current fourvolume edition of this work, p u b lished 1950-53 by the McGraw-Hill Book Co., remains the most exten sive text on the subject today. P a p e r m a k i n g bibliographies were prepared by the T A P P I Bibliog raphy Committee, starting in 1915, and have appeared annually ever since. In 1939 the first T A P P I D a t a Sheets, largely concerned with pulp and paper mill engineering, were issued, and there are now 202 in print. T A P P I Special Reports on manufacturing problems were first issued in 1923 and have a p peared every year to date, with a total of 426 issued. I n 1942, the first of 20 T A P P I monographs on papermaking a p peared. I t was entitled "Industrial W a t e r for Pulp, P a p e r and P a p e r board Manufacturing." These are prepared by the technical commit tees as the need is felt. I n J a n u a r y 1949, the first issue of the association magazine, Tappi, appeared. Previously, papers pre sented at T A P P I meetings were published as Technical Association Papers and in a special section of Paper Trade Journal. T h a t first year Tappi published 1540 pages and in 1958 published 3398. The text-advertising ratio is two to one.
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TAPPI O r g a n i z a t i o n
In 1929, when association mem bership stood at 1033, the first local group was chartered—the Pacific Coast Section. Today, there are 23 groups located in and around the leading papermaking sections of the United States and Italy. A E u r o pean T A P P I Study Group is also in existence, this being an interna tional effort on the part of E u r o pean members meeting once a year for the exchange of ideas. All these area organizations serve as a point of contact between T A P P I mem bers and nonmembers and are con cerned with technical problems pe culiar to an area. Some are inter ested particularly in pulping and papermaking, others in converting. They all have the nature of forums. From the beginning the real work of the Technical Association has been carried on by its standing committees. The development of this committee organization has been one of normal growth. Where an area of the industry could be served by a T A P P I committee, such was organized. Today, 61 commit tees are working in eight divisions concerned with engineering, pulp manufacture, paper and board manufacture, testing, coating and graphic arts, converting, corrugated containers, and research and devel opment. T h e Testing Division is composed of 17 committees and, with the Standards and Routine Control Methods Committees, is responsible for T A P P I test proce dures.
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T A P P I has financed over 100 r e search projects a t college and commercial laboratories. These a r e in the fields of both basic a n d applied research, and have ranged from studies into the basic structure and chemistry of cellulose t o t h e selection of materials for process piping. Since its inception, t h e association has held its annual meeting and convention during t h e week of Washington's B i r t h d a y in N e w York. For m a n y years a fall meeting was held in various parts of t h e country, b u t in 1946 some T A P P I committees began t o sponsor meetings in specialized fields. T h e first of these was t h e F u n d a m e n t a l R e search Conference in Detroit in September 1946. This year there are nine such conferences. TAPPI|Objectives
The objectives of t h e association are defined in its constitution:
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
a. To further the application of the sciences in the pulp and paper industry. b. To promote investigation, research, and interchange of ideas among its members in the field of pulp and paper manufacture and use. c. To promote education in the science and practice of pulp and paper manufacture. d. To arrange for the collection and dissemination of information relating to the pulp and paper industry and for the presentation, discussion, and publication of papers and other contributions. e. To provide technical facts, data, and standards, fundamental to pulp and paper manufacture and use. /. To promote the professional, social, and economic welfare of its members. P u r s u a n t t o objective (e) t h e T A P P I Standards, Routine Control Methods, a n d D a t a Sheets have been published. Each h a s a committee responsible for developing and improving them. Standards Committee
T h e Standards Committee, of which J a m e s d'A. Clark is present chairman, was established in 1933 to establish regulations governing T A P P I standards, edit and pass upon standards, a n d coordinate standardization actvities within the association a n d with other organizations. I n t h e early days its standards were published in Paper Trade Journal in t h e original form
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as submitted by the various committees. This naturally resulted in considerable lack of uniformity. T h e Standards Committee established regulations clearly defining a uniform procedure for preparing and presenting T A P P I standards and suggested methods, and for identifying them for subsequent publication in looseleaf form for the convenience of members and others interested. T h e standards have four classifications: (1) standard testing methods, (2) suggested testing methods, (3) recommended practices, and (4) standard specifications. A suggested method differs from a standard in t h a t the originating committee recommends it as t h e best available a t t h e time, but does not consider it advisable to adopt it as a tentative standard. With the publication of the standards, T A P P I provided definitive test procedures for t h e industry. However, it was realized t h a t m a n y mills would wish to use less complex tests for m a n y routine purposes. Accordingly, inquiries were sent to pulp and paper mills and individuals for procedures which had been found to be valuable in mill or products control, b u t for which there was insufficient technical background to warrant consideration for standard or suggested method status. A large number were received, and 157 were issued in J a n u a r y , 1950, as T A P P I Routine Control Methods. Additions bring t h e total to date to 266. To assist engineers, superintendents, and other technical men in their work, the association issued a loose-leaf binder under t h e title of T A P P I D a t a Sheets to all members in 1940. This consisted of specific data on pulp and paper mill engineering and flow sheets. T o date, 202 D a t a Sheets have been issued. Testing Division
T A P P I is divided into eight functional divisions, each concerned with a particular area of the pulp and paper industry. I t is t h e Testing Division's concern to develop and improve test procedures for the industry. This includes both standards and routine control methods. To accomplish this, each of the division's 17 committees has
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25 A
REPORT complete or joint jurisdiction over a group of standards. Committees working alone or jointly are con stantly seeking to develop new standards and improve existing ones. Committees are organized within the division into five groups: Technical Services, Nonfibrous R a w Materials, Paper and Paperboard, Pulping, and Converted Products and Structural Materials. The Technical Service Group committees—Chemical Methods, Microscopy, Optical Properties, and Physical Methods—have joint gen eral jurisdiction over standards with the committees of the other groups. These other committees are organized in such areas as adhesives testing, pulp testing, paper testing, and container testing. Roland G o h l k e , Dow Chemical C o m p a n y engineer, using Bendix Mass Spectrometer to i d e n t i f y compounds e m e r g i n g f r o m a g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h .
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CHEMISTRY
Birth of α Standard
Let us examine how a typical T A P P I Standard would be devel oped, using "Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood P u l p , " Τ 222 m-54 as an example. This standard is under the joint jurisdiction of t h e Chem ical Methods Committee and the Pulp Testing Committee. T h e Τ indicates t h a t it is under jurisdic tion of the Testing Division, m t h a t it is a testing method, and δ4 the year of issue. I t s history, as with all T A P P I standards, is printed in the upper right-hand corner of the loose-leaf page as follows: Tentative standard March 1943 Corrected September 1949 Corrected August 1950 Corrected December 1952 Official standard March 1954 Under the present divisional or ganization, this is how the standard came into being. T h e Chemical Methods Committee, wishing to es tablish a method for determining the minimal values for the lignin content of chemical wood pulp, dis cussed this procedure at several meetings and had it evaluated bj· committee members. Members of the Pulp Testing Committe cooper ated and when substantial agree ment was reached within the two groups, a mail ballot was sent with a copy of the method to all mem bers of both groups. After an affirming vote was received from the membership, and indicated cor rections were made, the method was approved by the Testing Division
REPORT FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
GROWTH OF Wft
tinued to study the method and to improve it, issuing corrected (minor changes, mostly editorial clarifica tions) versions to the membership in September 1949, August 1950, and December 1952. I n 1953, the committees felt t h a t the tentative standard was ready to be advanced to the status of full standard and balloted the T A P P I membership. The Standards Committee was par ticularly interested in the comments t h a t some T A P P I members in cluded with their ballots. M a n y valuable suggestions for improve ments in methods are obtained from this source. The method was approved and adopted as an official standard on M a r c h 1, 1954. I t m a y be revised in the future, in which case a version of the proposed re vision λνϊΐΐ be published in the as sociation magazine, Tappi, and will be voted upon by the entire T A P P I membership within one year, for adoption.
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
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Management Engineering Operating Testing Fibrous Materials Pulp Paper and Board Nonfibrous Materials Container Structural Materials
chairman and sent to the T A P P I Standards Committee. The Standards Committee then balloted its members and sent the method to other interested society secreta ries for comment. After an affirma tive vote was received b y the S t a n d a r d s Committee chairman, the standard was published in looseleaf form and sent to all association members in M a r c h 1943. T h e committees involved con
T h e T A P P I regulations govern ing standards require t h a t all stand ards and suggested methods shall be reviewed by the responsible group, or groups, at least every 10 years. If there are no changes to be made, an official approval is still required of the jurisdictional group. Routine Control Methods are ac cepted by t h a t committee from any source in the industry, when the procedure is certified to have been of significant value to the source. T h e y are published in a loose-leaf binder on yellow sheets to differen tiate them from the standards which are similar in format but printed on white sheets. Standard methods, routine con trol methods, and the data sheets are sent as issued to the entire membership of the association. T h e y m a y also be purchased from Association H e a d q u a r t e r s , 155 E a s t 44th St., New York 17, Ν . Υ.
REPORT FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS
WITH CINETUBE
TAPPI activities are pointed basically toward a single goal—better papers through better c o n t r o l . That goal is continually and progressively attained Relations with Other Organizations
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paper testing standards, the associ ation will be adding new ones in the T h e Technical Association co areas of container testing and operates with several other testing plastic evaluation in connection organizations in t h e development with the use of plastic coating films and revision of methods, notably and sizing agents. M a n y existing the American Society for Testing paper tests are being expanded t o Materials and the Packaging Insti include t h e paperboard field. T o tute. The W a x Testing Committee serve a strong and growing indus is a joint venture with A S T M a n d try, T A P P I must be ready t o pro the Packaging Materials Testing vide basic tools for testing. Some Committee with P I . will be adapted from existing pro T A P P I has official delegates serv cedures of other groups, some will ing on 10 A S T M committees includ be developed by T A P P I commit ing D - 2 3 , Cellulose a n d Cellu tees, and some will originate from lose Derivatives; D-19, Industrial TAPPI-sponsored research a t our AVater; and D - 2 5 , Casein. The as educational institutions. sociation has eight delegates on the Inter-Society Color Council, a n d Conclusion two on t h e Joint Committee on In a n y technical industry, such Methods of W a t e r Evaluation. as the pulp and paper industry, pre T A P P I is also represented in t h e cise methods of evaluation and National Association of Corrosion measurement must be a t hand for Engineers, the American Society of scientists a n d engineers t o use in Lubrication Engineers, a n d t h e research and development. T A P P I Food Protection Committee of t h e has provided these in the past and National Research Council. will continue t o provide them in the years to come. The association Legal Status of Standards growth has long paralleled t h a t of T A P P I Standards are specified the industry and is expected to do so in m a n y contracts as official referee in the years t o come. T h e success methods in cases of dispute b e of T A P P I in all aspects of pulp tween buyers a n d sellers of paper and paper manufacture is due t o and pulp. The United States'Gov the tireless efforts of those unselfish ernment presents many of its speci individuals and companies who give fications in terms of test results ac freely of their time a n d labor. cording t o T A P P I Standards. Through continuing cooperation of these people, T A P P I will be able Future to provide a wealth of technical in formation to the world-wide indus I n addition t o adding to a n a l try. ready extensive list of pulp and
