Technical word processors for scientific writers - ACS Publications

A/C INrERFACE

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A cyrelle K. oerwn Richard A. Love American Chemical Society

Until recently, authors of scientific manuscripts could not use microcomputer software to prepare and integrate printed text, mathematical equations, chemical structure drawings, and other graphics such as charta, graphs, and spectra into a single document. Most word-processing software offered only the ability to print standard text characters with a few enhancements: superand subscripts, boldfacing, and underlining. During the past three years, however, the proliferation of microcomputer hardware and software haa allowed scientists to produce draft and publication-quality documents containing many enhanced manuscript elements. The increasingnumber of microcomputer programs and rapidly changing technology can make choosing software a confusing and difficult process. To help scientists understand what is available and to assess their needs, this A/C INTERFACE provides an overview of features offered by many software companies for technical manuscript preparation.

sdlwareneeds Preparation of scientific manuscripts for publication places a much wider range of demands on computer software than does simple word processing. In addition to normal manuscript control functions, such as correct pagination, hyphenation, and header and footer formatting, scientific document 0003-2700187lA359- 10311$01SO10 0 1987 American wmicai Society

preparation requires special characters such as Greek or other nowEnglishlanguage alphabets, diacritical marks, and mathematical symbols. These characters are unavailable on standard 128-character keyboard sets used with simple word-processing systems. Scientific manuscripts often include complex mathematical expressions that have multilevel sub- and superscript characters and unique symbols such as summation or integral signs. Chemistry manuscripts often require an accurate depiction of a Chemical structure’s stereochemistry and the ability to import graphics from other software packages into the document. There are many approaches to solving these document preparation problems. The simplest solution would be to use a standard word-processing program to output a variety of fonts on a dot matrix or laser printer; a more complex approach would he to completely integrate text, math, and graphics. An intermediate approach might be to combine a specialized program that provides a single capability, such as drawing structures or creating mathematical expressions, with a standard word processor.

seehgitonthercreen Software producers have found two ways to solve the problem of integrating text, math, chemical structure drawings, and graphics. The first approach is more popular, from both the producer’s and the user’s perspective. It is called “WYSIWYG” (What You See Is What You Get, pronounced “wissywig”), which means that whatever you create on the com-

puter’s monitor is what you will get on your printout. WYSIWYG programs are complete word processors with extra features added. A WYSIWYG system displays the special characters on the screen and printout by directly accessing “alternate keyboard” character sets. In effect,the WYSIWYGprogram assigns a new font character (such as a Greek letter, math symbol, or even a bond fragment) to each regular character key, which can then be accessed by the user. The second approach is to use a mark-up language (ML).An ML system uses in-line codes that are interpreted by a program called a formatter that either instructs the printer to print the special characters or instructa the computer’s graphics card to display them on the screen. The ML formatter is an extra program used in addition to a standard word processor. In principle, any word-processing package that can create an ASCII fde can create the working file containing the text and ML codes. Two well-known examples of ML languages are TEX and troff. Both systems use a mnemonic set of words and symbols to create complex mathematical expressions that can then be printed. Each program automatically formats the expression or equation when it is printed (Figure 1). In contrast, the Egg, a WYSIWYG system that can create mathematical expressions,displays an equation on the screen as the user This A/C INTERFACE is taken in part fmm B paper presented during the Symposium on Small Computer Systems Software for Chemists at the l9Znd ACS NationalMeting in April 1987.

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59. NO. 17, SEPTEMBER 1. 1987

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Flgure 3. In Chiwriter. an alternate keyboa cessed by typing the F7 or F8 function key followed by the appropriate letter or numbr key, ~

Flgure 2. Equation created on the computer w e e n using the Egg and then printed. The list below me equation contains the keysbakes used lo enter it. (Ihe Egg on HP LaSerJet Pius, math J cartridgel

creates it (Figure 2). With the Egg, the user formats the equation by positioning the cursor where he or she wants a symbol to appear in relation to the rest of the equation and then accesses the alternate keyboard character by depressing the ALT key together with the appropriate keyboard letter. Creating chemical mctures There are three ways to prepare chemical structures for printing. Two of these-the WYSIWYG systems and specialized graphics programs-display the structure on screen first. ML systems use a set of codes to direct the printer to print the structure. Many WYSIWYG systems can create chemical structures. With these packages, users create structures approximately the same way they would create a mathematical expression. For a chemical structure, the special characters accessed by the alternate keyhoard are bond fragments. Figure 3 shows how the chemical structure of adamantane is created with this ap1032A

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(a1 An expanded view 01 the individual bond fragments and their oxrespond ing keyboard characters for drawing adamantane. (b) Final output S W U C I U ~ ~ for adamantme.

proach using Chiwriter. Here, the user positions the cursor and types the combination of keys needed to get the bond fragment to appear on the monitor. TechSet is one of the few ML systems that can construct chemical structure drawings. The bond directions are limited to the 12 directions of a clock face, hut with this approach the user can create structures like the cholesterol derivative shown in Figure 4. Undoubtedly the easiest way to produce chemical structures is to use a graphics program that has a good user interface for drawing. Programs that closely mimic the drawing process are the easiest to learn and use. Packages like ChemDraw, ChemText, ChemIntosh, PSIDOM, and WIMP use this approach, and they have made drawing chemical structures easy. These systems use pull-down menus, icons, and a mouse attachment to create chemical structures rapidly. The structure in Figure 5 took about 3-4 min to create using ChemDraw. The graphics capabilities of these systems allow the user

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59. NO. 17, SEPTEMBER 1. 1987

to obtain accurate stereochemical representations, schemes, and reaction diagrams. The graphics created by these programs can then he incorporated into the text of a document.

Integrating text with graphics Integration of text with graphics from other files or software packages is an important capability provided by state-of-the-art software developers. Programs that can integrate text with graphics presently take one of two approaches: They either incorporate the graphic image into the text file and display it as part of a WYSIWYG system or they only print the graphic image with the text. ChemText is among the programs that takes the first approach. It incorporates the graphics and word-processing programs into a single, integrated package so that the user can switch rapidly between the graphics and text screens and view graphic images mixed with text as they will appear when print ed. ChemText can also import graphics

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files from other software products, provided that the files are in one of several compatible formats (Figure 6). It is routine for programs that run on the Macintosh, such as ChemDraw and ChemIntosh, to integrate graphics with text. The Macintosh operating system and file structure facilitate the comhination of text and graphics produced by different programs both on screen and when printed. Some WYSIWYG programs (e.g., T3)and ML programs (e.& troffj use the second method to bring graphics produced by other programs into the printed document by using d o u t s in the working text document. Molecular Presentation Graphics includes a printing program that will incorporate its generated structures into the ASCII document created by any word processor when it is printed. Although the Lotus Manuscript program uses an ML approach for formatting equations, its method of integrating graphics with text is an interesting hybrid of WYSIWYG and ML. The user specifies where in the document the graphic image will be placed, and a preview feature allows the document to he viewed quickly on screen to verify that this placement is satisfactory. Manuscript also can call in or import graphics files created by other Lotus products, such as Lotus 1-2-3 or Freelance Plus, or by other graphics software packages. Lotus Manuscript and other systems that use this importing approach include the names of the graphics tiles in the working text file. The file names are surrounded by tildes (-), back slashes (\), or some other escape symbol that tells the program to look for and print these files. Of cowse, the graphics files must be stored in a format that is accepted hy the ML or WYSIWYG programs. Figure 7 shows the integration of a titration curve (obtained by Lotus Measure from an instrument reading) into the text of a report.

Whichsystemisbetter? There are advantages and disadvantages to both WYSIWYG and ML systems. Often, deciding which one to pick comes down to user preference. With either system there is a tradeoff hetween ease of use and hardware capabilities. WYSIWYG. As a general rnle, a WYSIWYG system requires the user to remember which alternate keyboard contains a special character for display on the screen or printout. Many users regard WYSIWYG as easy to learn, but this perception is suhject to individual tastes. A major advantage of WYSIWYG systems is that they give immediate visual feedback that helps in noticing and fixing errors, and for 1034A

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igwe 6. ChemTexl can impolt files created by other programs. Thk NMR apecnm can be Integrated into the w w n g trtxt me. (Chemlen, Apple l.awwrlta)

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59, NO. 17, SEPTEMBER 1, 1987

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some individuals, helps in the creative process. A major disadvantage of WYSIWYG systems is that they can be more difficult to implement because of special hardware requirements such as a highresolution screen monitor and computer graphics card. Because the user must make all of the decisions on positioning complex text, WYSIWYG systems can be tedious to use when constructing complex math equations and chemical structures. A t least one software package has overcome this last disadvantage. Tech/ Word is a WYSIWYG word-processing package that has special abilities for producing equations (Figure 8). Tech/ Word conceives of a mathematical equation as a structure and automatically formats the math expression according to which structure is chosen. For example, a two-level structure can be used to define a fraction, which automatically formats the numerator, denominator, and fraction line. Tech/ Word therefore formats equations as ML systems do, but it gives the user the same immediate feedback as other WYSIWYG systems do. ML.An ML system also has advantages and disadvantages. Generally, an ML system requires the user to remember a sequence of ASCII keystrokes that instructs a formatter to display the special characters or fonts on the screen or to print them. A major advantage of the ML approach is that it is usually easier to implement than WYSIWYG systems because of hardware and software considerations. Any word processor or editor that can write out an ASCII file (most word-processing systems can do this) can be used with an ML system. There are no screen display problems because the print formatting instructions are passed to the printer. However, this difference between ML and WYSIWYG is rapidly changing. Most ML packages are beginning to offer a screen driver that gives users who have the necessary hardware a chance to preview what they have created on the screen before printing. Another advantage of the ML approach is that the primary or raw ML files are transportable between different computers. TEX, for example, is available for both the IBM and Macintosh computers, which have different operating systems. But because the raw TEX files are in ASCII, the standard keyboard character set, they can easily be transported from one machine environment to another. A final advantage of the ML approach is that manuscript control (being able to describe how the page looks in the final printed form) is usually better than in WYSIWYG systems. This is true because many ML packages have

been derived from typesetting systems whose primary purpose was manuscript control. However, this distinction is blurring as WYSIWYG producers introduce better manuscript control functions. The growing interest in in-house desktop publishing is creating more user awareness and demand for these capabilities. The major drawback of ML systems is that there is no visual feedback for detecting errors, although the development of screen drivers is rapidly changing this situation. For example, Exact is a package that dynamically integrates the concepts of WYSIWYG and ML, forming a hybrid of the two. I t is specifically designed for formatting mathematical expressions. Exact splits the monitor screen in half. The equation, which appears in the upper half, appears as it will when printed, wbereas the user-entered codes appear on the bottom half as they are typed (Figure 9). EXP takes this concept one step further by integrating the ML-described equations directly into the text. Most of the software packages that are discussed below have taken the WYSIWYG approach and use the alternate keyboard method to display special characters on the screen and printout. However, many ML packages are doing essentially the same thing by supplying screen drivers that convert the coded ML text for display on a graphics screen. Each product in the following sections was challenged with a set of benchmarks (Figure 10)to determine if it could generate mathematical equations and chemical structure diagrams. Note that we did not review the many available dot matrix and laser printers, but many of the printers supported by each software product are listed in Table I. (For scientists who want to produce publication-quality material, a few of the programs support phototypesetters.) Table I also includes information of interest to prospective equipment users.

ChemDraw ChemDraw is a structure drawing package that uses the Apple Macintosh interface of pull-down menus, icons, and a mouse. This applications program can create bonds of various types (e.g., wedged, hashed, dashed, wavy, or single, double, and triple). Instead of general rectangle and polygon templates, ChemDraw has stored templates for saturated and unsaturated rings of sizes three through eight. With the mouse attacbment, the user can create virtually any desired molecular structure. Scaling of structures is achieved by setting a preference menu for bond lengths and widths. Special icons for creating arrows and arcs allow the user to draw reaction schemes. The output from,ChemDraw is easily inte-

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Figure 10. Benchmarks. Five benchmarks were used to challenge the 25 reviewed software packages far their ability to format complex math equations and chemical structures. ANALYTKAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59, NO. 17, SEPTEMBER 1, 1987

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grated into any word-processing package that runs on the Macintosh, such as Microsoft Word. All Macintosh fonts on the user’s system are available for inclusion as atom labels and captions in the documents.

ChemPanion and Chemlntosh ChemPanion and ChemIntosh are Apple Macintosh desk accessory programs that provide a graphic interface for drawing chemical structures and schemes. (A desk accessory can be started and run at the same time as a Macintosh applications program, such as a word processor.) Saturated and unsaturated rings with three to eight atoms are created by using icons for the regular polygons. There are also icons for benzene, the chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane, and unsymmetrical cyclopentane rings. The programs can create a variety of bonds, including wedged, bold, hashed wedge, hashed, wavy dashed, single and multiple, as well as schematic arrows for reaction, equilibrium, resonance, and electron transfer. Both ChemPanion and ChemIntosh can customize bond widths, lengths, or angles, and they also have an UNDO function to allow the user to recover from mistakes. ChemIntosh, which provides the same features as ChemPanion, also can create and edit blocks of text and import graphics created by other programs (e.g., MacDraw, MacDraft, or SuperPaint, all by the Macintosh clipboard utility). ChemIntosh also allows the user to lay out and scale the single-page working document and then print it, as well as save or open other working documents. ChemText The most notable aspect of this comprehensive program is its graphics capabilities, which can be readily integrated with text. The text is prepared using the editor, which includes standard word-processing features such as block commands, search and replace, word-wrap, and other interactive, onscreen editing capabilities that wordprocessing users have come to expect. The program does not generate tables of contents or indexes, however. Greek and math characters are easily accessed through menus to alternate keyboards and can be adjusted for final placement graphically using the mouse. Text typed in one character set can be changed globally to another character set or font style through a block command. The strengths of this program are its two graphics programs: the Sketchpad and the Molecule Editor. Both are fast and generate attractive graphics on screen and in the Postscript laser printer output. Graphics can be created during an edit session by moving into one

of the graphics programs and then can be brought directly into the text document and displayed. Molecular Design has cleverly kept a file format for its graphics that is compatible with its other PC-based and mainframe products, so that molecular structures generated in ChemText can be exported to ChemBase and ChemLab and vice versa.

Chiwriter ChiWriter is a WYSIWYG word processor that works entirely in the graphics mode. File storage, however, is in ASCII, so file portability between machines is straightforward. It is good for short, journal-length articles. ChiWriter was designed and written by Cay Horstmann, a mathematician. Chiwriter comes with many font types, which are accessed by the function keys, for displaying special characters and symbols and for creating simple molecular structures. The user can enter mathematical equations or molecular formulas in half-line mode to create the equation or formula as a single entity. The user also can switch to an asynchronous mode in which the individual parts of the equation or molecular structure can be moved separately to make final adjustments. Chiwriter has a Font Designer program that allows the user to edit two fonts at once and even allows the user to juxtapose them, if desired, to form a larger character beyond the boundaries of a single one. The Egg The Egg was written by physicist George Hockney as a WYSIWYG word processor for writing physics journal articles containing math expressions. The program has character fonts for creating chemical structures and a library of common chemical compounds in addition to standard word-processing features. The Egg comes standard with a number of special fonts including Greek, script, small, APL, Gensci, Stick, and German. Appropriate use of these alternate keyboards allows the user to build up complex mathematical formulas. When entering mathematical equations or molecular formulas, the user can define multiple rows, with up to 17 vertically spaced levels per row, to design a single mathematical expression. Users may design their own characters using the MakeFont program that generates characters in an 8 X 11matrix (for screen characters) or higher resolution for Toshiba printer fonts. The user accesses alternate keyboards containing the stored font arrays by pressing the ESC key followed by the number of the font (one through eight). User-defined key sequences can be stored in the function keys, which facilitates keying in repeated sequences. The Egg can import Word-

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Star, Multimate, Spellcheck, and Word or Word Perfect, if the latter two are in ASCII format. Exact is a type-formatting program designed by a mathematician to make easy formatting and printing mathematical equations. The program uses its own ML for this purpose. Exact is loaded into RAM as a memory-resident program that operates in the background with virtually any word-processing program. The unique feature of Exact is an interactive split-screen editor mode that allows the user to view equations as the mark-up code is entered. This feature is especially useful for word-processing personnel who can follow what the codes will generate upon printing as they enter it, and make sure that it matches the equation they are typing. The program gives the best output with the H P LaserJet Plus for which it has drivers for the J and K cartridges. It uses the math and Greek characters on these cartridges for most characters and generates other characters in the graphics mode of the printer. It also has a font editor that allows users to create their own specialized characters. EXP EXP is a word-processing package that combines WYSIWYG word processing with the ML concept, if the user wishes, to produce high-quality manuscripts that contain math. EXP currently does not do chemical structures. For manuscript control functions, EXP can do multicolumn formatting, use windows to access part of a document or parts of other files, import ASCII files from other word processors into the EXP format, and provide up to nine levels of back-up to keep a history of changes. EXP allows the user to define integer variables that can be used for numbering chapters, sections, paragraphs, equations, caption headings, or any cited reference previously mentioned. Format commands provide for manuscript control functions such as headers, footers, multiple columns, and footnotes. Microspacing of the text characters dynamically reformats the text on the screen. EXP has 16 fonts available, with 96 characters in each font. The special math symbols can be entered by typing the symbol’s name, by switching into the font containing the symbol and entering the appropriate character from the keyboard, or by invoking a keyboard macro defined to produce the symbol. The first method is the most convenient to use, because the symbol names can be entered along with the desired formatting commands for an equation. This procedure is really a simplified ML for coding equations. 1042A

The third method allows equations to be written out with a two-letter keyboard macro defined by the user. Up to 255 keystrokes can be defined by a single keyboard macro instruction. The second method gives the user the option of using EXP like most other WYSIWYG systems in which the special characters are accessed as keyboard font characters. When formatting equations, EXP uses the concept of a box, which may be defined to surround the whole or parts of the equation text. Box commands allow the user to position and scale boxes relative to each other to take simple expressions and combine them into more complicated formulas. EXP will automatically assume some of the formatting responsibilities, much as in Tech/Word. For example, in creating nested square roots EXP automatically surrounds the inner roots with the larger outer root symbols. Fancy Font Fancy Font is a text-formatting program that uses its own ML. This program is useful for producing cameraready documents using a dot matrix or laser printer. In addition to a wide choice of reasonably priced fonts such as Greek, math, Roman, and sans serif, Softcraft markets a number of specialized fonts including Cyrillic, Indic, Proto-Indoeuropean, Hebrew, the International Phonetic Alphabet, and Hershey, which is used for generating Chinese, Japanese, Persian, and Hebrew characters. It even has a font for musical scores. Fancy Font has a powerful font editor, using a mouse interface, that allows users to alter existing characters or create new characters for special mathematical applications. User-generated characters can then be stored as a font of up to 256 characters in either HP or Softcraft format. As an ML, Fancy Font is probably easier to learn than TEX, although it is not as powerful. Fancy Font can be used to create chemical structure drawings, but it is difficult to do because there is not a systematic method for producing them. However, Fancy Font does allow the user to import scanned images, and thus molecular drawings can be included as graphic images within a document. forMath Another text-formatting program is forMath. The author designed the program for himself and his colleagues to prepare mathematical documents more easily. It is a full-featured textformatter; that is, it can generate tables of contents, indexes, footnotes, and references, and through mark-up code, it will print out graphics such as chemical structures. The ML is similar to troff. The best quality output appears to be


on the HP LaserJet Plus. With forMath, a screen driver allows the user to preview an entire document on screen before printing. I t can also call in bitmapped graphics images created by other programs and merge them into the document when it is printed.

Lotus Manuscript Manuscript is a document processor that has all of the usual word-processing features. Documents are prepared in sections and subsections in a structure that is similar to an outlining program. This structure is designed to help users draft documents and move quickly within them. The outlining capability is a key to the program’s ability to create tables of contents and a variety of reference structures. Manuscript uses an ML similar to troff‘s eqn to create equations that are formatted at print- or preview-time. Graphics images from a variety of Lotus programs can be incorporated into the document. Scanned images from Datacopy or Microtek scanners also are importable. These are placed in frames within the text file and can only be viewed in the preview mode. By keeping graphics in the preview mode only, Manuscript can use the faster text mode for standard word processing. One can preview an entire document or take time out within an edit session to preview one or a few pages of the document to get an idea of how the graphics fit in. As with other Lotus products, the program has many layers of menus to guide the inexperienced user through it. Most menu functions also have shortened keystroke combinations for commonly used tasks. This program appears to be designed for users who have other Lotus products that they want to be able to integrate-especially to import graphics (such as structures and line drawings) from Freelance Plus, graphics (such as bar graphs) and spreadsheets from Lotus 1-2-3 and Symphony, and instrument measurements from Measure (imported via Lotus 1-2-3). MacEqn MacEqn is an Apple Macintosh Desk Accessory program for writing mathematical equations. This program allows the user to create mathematical constructs such as integrals, summations, products, superscripts, and subscripts and to include them in any other wordprocessing files on the Macintosh. An editing interface defines equations as structures, a feature that greatly increases the speed for constructing equations. An equation can be created while the word processor is active and transferred into the working document using the clipboard or stored and transferred later to another document. Equations are drawn using Macintosh

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call routines and are stored in the standard (PICT) format rather than as bitmapped images. Consequently, equations can be printed to the maximum degree of resolution for the printing device.

Mass-11 A complex word-processing system designed for the corporate environment where IBM PCs and PC-compatibles, DEC Rainbows, and Vax systems are in use, Mass-11 comes in several versions. The lowest priced version allows the most basic word processing; the more expensive products include the ability to view and create mathematical equations and multilingual characters and to bring in print images from graphics packages. Mass-11 also provides a graphics editor, database manager, communications, and menuing software that can be used with the word processor for a completely integrated system. In an October 1986 document prepared for its user group, Microsystems Engineering, the publisher of Mass-11, stated its goal to create a fully integrated office automation system (Vax and PC environment) that would include maximum use of laser printer capabilities, integrated text and graphics, and page make-up capabilities. Molecular Presentation Graphics This graphics program, designed to create chemical structures, is really a template program that allows any user to easily create standard chemical structures and reaction schemes. The templates are accessed through menus that include figures such as benzene rings, polygons with up to nine sides, and many bond types: single, double, triple, forward, wedge, dashed, and so on. For drawing chains or bonds from rings, the program places the bonds a t the correct angles automatically. Lines, arcs, and arrows also can be placed freehand so that virtually any kind of reaction scheme desired can be produced. It allows ASCII text to be integrated with the graphics at print-time. The newest version of the program allows text to be wrapped around graphic images, and graphics can be printed in the highest resolution possible on the H P LaserJet (300 dpi). Another new version of the program for Unix machines creates a “pic” file that troff can use to print graphics merged with its typeset output. PSIDOM PSIDOM uses a mouse and drop-down menus to create and edit structure diagrams that are stored as connection tables similar in concept to those generated by certain on-line chemical structure database systems (e.g., CAS Online and DARC Questel). PSIDOM is a suite of programs for creating, fil1044A

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ing, and searching chemical structure diagrams. The main program, PsiGen, creates, edits, and displays chemical structures using drop-down menus and a mouse. The user may use either templates or freehand drawing for building structures and can enter editing commands by menu “buttons” or keyboard characters. Feldmann notation (e.g., 66U6D5 for a steroid skeleton) also can be used to rapidly input large ring systems. Other PSIDOM programs are optional. PsiText integrates structures created by PsiGen with text files created by the print files of common word processors (Wordstar, Displaywrite, and Microsoft’s Word) that contain markers showing where the diagrams are to be inserted and the identifiers for the structures in the PsiGen structure file. PsiBase creates a structure and substructure database for searching using the structure’s graphical representations-the connection tablesand a query language; results of a search can be reviewed by looking a t a list of structure identifiers or by browsing through the retrieved diagrams. PSIDOM also has five other optional modules that can plot structures on HP-GL-compatible plotters (Psiplot), create electronic index cards (PsiCard), view single diagrams from the PsiGen files (Psiview), convert PsiGen files into unpacked ASCII formats for telecommunication transmission (PsiConv), and concatenate file records (PsiCat).

Proofwriter Turbofonts Turbofonts is a memory resident program that can be used with almost any word processor to print and view special characters for scientific applications. The program is designed to work with the “host” word processor in the character (ASCII) mode so that Turbofonts can insert the special characters on demand into the text. The special characters are resident in alternate keyboards that are addressed by a user-defined toggle key. The program comes with 31 alternate keyboard sets including scientific, mathematics, statistics, Greek, Russian, Arabic, Sanskrit, Baltic, and Biblical. Only one of these character sets (128 characters) can be loaded into the working memory during a writing session. Users can customize their own keyboards by selecting characters from the other keyboards. The program also has a font editor that allows users to modify existing screen and printer characters or to create their own special characters for their particular applications. As with other WYSIWYG programs, Turbofonts can create complex mathematical formulas by building them up on the screen one line a t a time. The program uses some of the facilities of


the working word processor. For example, the placement of a superscript or subscript is addressed by the word processor, and the special character that is placed there is addressed by Turbofonts. Turbofonts has a chemical font keyboard that allows the user to build up simple chemical structures. Turbofonts cannot by itself create a graphics file, but it can merge graphical material with text using the word processor. The graphical material must be in a file ready to send to the printer.

Samna Word IV Samna Word IV is a WYSIWYG word processor that offers some technical writing capability. Special characters are limited to the IBM extended character set of the EGA card. Samna Word IV is mainly designed for the office environment that has limited requirements for technical word processing. Equations are defined in an “equation area” in a maximum of 20 half-line increments. The program has limited document control but does provide headers and footers, and an index and table-of-contents generator. Graphic images, such as graphs and figures, are generated in a separate program (Samna Decision Graphics) and called in as separate files into the printed document.

T3is a word processor that works in the graphics mode to allow on-screen entering and viewing of Greek and mathematical characters. It was designed to be especially adept a t creating and printing mathematical equations. Therefore, it contains certain mathematical structures, such as matrices, to help the user format equations on screen. Each part of the equation (such as a super- and subscript directly in line with each other vertically) is treated as a unit in a column. This unit can be moved and edited as if it were a single character. The program can create chemical structures through the use of special fonts and some previously created macros that build the characters of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines into structures. This method is acceptable for creating simple chemical structures. The creators of T3 are aware of the occasional need for creating more complex drawings with graphics programs. Therefore, they have incorporated a feature that allows graphics to be brought in from other programs with selected file formats. Although the graphics are not viewed on screen, their placement is shown and text can be wrapped around them. TechSet TechSet is a scientific and technical typesetting system specifically designed for the H P LaserJet Plus print-

er with the B, F font cartridges or SoftCraft downloadable laser fonts. TechSet uses its own ML. TechSet supports headers, footers, multicolumn printing, and other document-handling capabilities, including top- and bottom-page margins, line-spacing, text-filling and justification, page-numbering, and hyphenation. TechSet’s major strength is its ability to combine vedor and raster graphics plotting with an interface language to print complex mathematical equations and chemical formulas on the H P LaserJet Plus. For math equations, the ML syntax is fairly straightforward and is similar to T&. The syntax for creating chemical formulas is similar to a graphics programming language used to drive a plotter. Once a structure has been defined, it can be stored as a macro that can be concatenated with other macros to draw structures. TechSet supports user-defined characters that are simply constructed by inputting a bit-mapped image of the character as a series of zeros and ones. The user has access to 65 columns by (unlimited) lines, which for the H P laser printer a t 300 dpi is approximately 0.2 inches wide. TechSet has utility programs that provide screen previewing, kerning, automated bibliography preparation, indexing, X-Y graphing, and other support functions. TedrMlwd Techword is a WYSIWYG word processor that is good for short documents that do not have extensive document formatting requirements. Techword was primarily designed for procesaing mathematical equations by providing the user with an editing interface to create math. The program treats equations 88 text superimposed on a structure with a predefined format. Thii process greatly increases the speed of constructing equations. For example, in creating complex fractions, the user defies the fraction as a working structure, and the fraction line (or rule) automatically expands to accommodate the boundaries of the numerator and denominator. More complex fractions or other structures can easily be built from this. As with other WYSIWYG word processors, the special font keyboards (such as Greek and math characters) are accessed by using the ALT key. The special screen and printer character fonts supplied by Tecli/Word can be modified by the Tech/Font program, which allows the user to superimpme characters to create new fonts. Editing of the Characters are in an 8 X (8 or 14) pixel array for screen fonts and (8-24) X (12-18) array for printer fonts, depending on hardware configuration. Techword comes with a rudimentary set of chemistry fonts with which the user can create simple molecular structures.

Techwriter This WYSIWYG word processor comes with a keyboard template to help the user keep track of the sequence of functions needed to access the many characters available in its various alternate keyboards. Like other word processors of this type, Techwriter requires a graphics card to view on screen the program’s Greek, math, and chemistry character sets. Standard text is entered in a text mode. equations are entered in an equation mode that allows half-line spacing on screen and better positioning for multilevel equations, and chemical structures are entered in a chemistry mode. Within the equation and chemistry modes, framed areas (blocks) can be defined and moved as a unit to facilitate editing and positioning. An optional program called Techwriter Font Maker is available for the user to develop individual character sets. The program allows automatic numbering of equations and supports headers and footers, automatic index generation, and list merging. A number of predefined macro key sequences facilitate entering oversized math characters (which are really composed of several smaller individual characters). TEX TEX is an ML that was developed by mathematician Donald Knuth at Stanford to produce high-quality typeset manuscripts containing complex mathematical expressions. The American Mathematical Society produces some of its journals with TEX and accepts machine-readable manuscripts as TEX files. TEX supports many high-quality dot matrix and laser printers and true typesetters. From an input file the T f i program produces a Device Independent file that can then be sent to a printer for hard copy or previewed on the terminal screen. TEXgives the user powerful control over the appearance of the output page. But to do this, a user must learn the many capabilities of TEX,which could take a great deal of time. The controlled ML is syntactical. For some users, this feature aids in memorization a t the expense of requiring long command terms. Metafont, also developed by Knuth, is a graphics programming language that creates TEXcharacters and fonts by algorithm instead of bit-mapping them into a pixel array. This gives a special advantage to character fonts that are changed to larger or smaller point sizes, because true proportionality is maintained for a font family. Tplus Tplus is a troff driver for the MS-DOS and Unix environments. Troff is a typesetting program, originally created

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at Bell Labs along with Unix. Many Unix operating systems include troff, but not necessarily the drivers needed to print troff-processed files on laser printers or phototypesetters. Tplus provides a troff driver for several laser and dot matrix printers and for phototypesetters. In addition, Tplus works under MS-DOS as well as Unix. Tplus can be used for true typesetting and can incorporate a variety of graphics from bit-mapped files. Troff uses an ML called eqn to create complex mathematical equations, and it has many of the capabilities of TEX. AT&T Bell Laboratories has developed a troff preprocessor called chem, which uses a text-based language similar to troff‘s pic module, for creating chemical structure diagrams (Bentley, J. L.; Jelinsky, L. w.; Kernighan, B. w. Computers & Chemistry, in press).

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Volkswriter Scientific Volkswriter Scientific allows the user to see on screen the effect of microproportional spacing and microjustification as it will appear in the printed document. The program is a different package from Lifetree’s other wellknown word processors but, as with the others, the on-screen help menus are readily accessible via the F1 function key. As with other WYSIWYG word processors, Volkswriter Scientific can access a range of special symbols and characters to create text with math. They are accessed by preceding a keyboard character with a “\” or “ ‘ ” key. For example, all of the lower case Greek characters are addressed by preceding a lower case letter with the “\” key. The program does not have a font editor, so the user must be satisfied with the available special characters that come with the program. The program has a limited set of type styles that include medium, bold, bold italic, and underline. When mathematical equations or molecular formulas are entered, the screen is limited to five half-line levels (two superscripts and two subscripts) to create the equation or formula as a single entity. Special characters, such as a large integral sign or the brackets for a matrix, are built up in pieces. Corrections in spacing between characters are made by microspacing by Ifl4 of an “em” space. Rudimentary chemical structure drawings can be created using the limited set of special characters for drawing bonds. Drawings representing dimensionality are difficult or impossible to achieve because of the limited chemical fonts. However, the program does have a macro facility that allows the user to store created structures or formulas for later recall. WIMP WIMP is a chemical structure drawing

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package developed by Professor Howard Whitlock at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, for drawing structures and reaction schemes for research reports, manuscripts, and presentations. Aldrich Chemical Company is using the program to produce the Aldrichimica Acta and the Aldrich Catalog of Fine Chemicals, as well as other Aldrich publications. WIMP treats the screen as a window onto a sheet of paper that accommodates large reaction schemes. Structures are drawn using a mouse or the keyboard numeric keypad either freehand or by using geometric grids as a guide. The structures are stored as vector coordinates. In the editing mode, structures can be copied or called from disk, rotated, merged, or docked with other structures, and inverted, moved, and scaled. The program can create a variety of bond types, including single or multiple, hatched, thick, wedged, or jagged, and it can access a number of structure templates including 3-9 membered rings, cyclohexane conformations, and aromatic benzene, phenyl, and cyclopentadienyl. By using the ‘(rubberband” feature, structures can be redrawn into new configurations. Atom positions and captions can be printed with a variety of fonts and point sizes. WIMP is available in two versions: WIMP (for HPGL-compatible pen-plotter output) or LaserWIMP (for plotter or Apple Laserwriter printer output). LaserWIMP has three-page editor programs that perform proofreading and page composition tasks. WIMPlates, which contains a library of approximately 450 structure backbones and functional group fragments, and Lab Gallery, an assortment of laboratory glassware and apparatus templates, also are available for use with WIMP. Structure output from WIMP can be used as input into Aldus PageMaker, a page composition program.

WordMARC Distributed word processing is possible with WordMARC, because the version of the program that runs on host computers, such as the Vax with VMS or Unix operating systems, is functionally identical to those for the IBM PC or PC-compatible. With LinkMARC, a communications program, the user can transfer files among computers without losing any of the formatting or technical character data. WordMARC is a WYSIWYG word processor that requires a graphics card to view Greek, math, and chemistry characters. These characters are accessed via alternate keyboards using sequences of function keys on the computer. The program supports many European languages and includes automatic hyphenation for a number of languages besides English. It has a spelling checker; it can

generate tables of contents, indexes, and footnotes; and it has a powerful list-processing feature that can easily interface with other database management programs. It supports many daisy wheel, dot matrix, and laser printers, and the documentation offers instructions that allow great leeway in customizing the program. The user can create individual character sets to add to those provided by using a font-generating program. Future directions Advances in computer hardware and software are developing very rapidly. The ability to integrate text with highquality graphics, both on and off screen, will be the most significant feature to appear in new systems. The real issue from the user’s perspective is the compatibility of files created by different software programs and on different computer systems. Two approaches to addressing file compatibility problems are discussed below. First, the computer’s operating system may require a certain file structure. As mentioned earlier, graphics may be moved into any text file created on the Apple Macintosh computer. The computer’s operating system forces software designers into constraints that make files created by different programs compatible with each other.

IBM has announced that its new Personal System/2 series will introduce a similar environment for file compatibility under the Presentation Manager system. From the user’s standpoint, it would be ideal to mix graphics, math, and text created by any program on any system. Although this luxury is not likely to develop completely, a second solution to compatibility challenges is being sought by some software vendors even in the face of existing hardware and operating system constraints. For example, vendors of two of the products that we reviewed-Microsystems Engineering (MASS-11) and MARC Software (WordMARC)-have developed a set of programs that look identical to the user when run on IBM PCs and compatibles or Vax computers. Files can be transferred between the different systems and used with the software on either system. In the case of MASS11,these files include graphics and databases in addition to word processing. But software development is only part of the issue. The hardware key to the development of better, faster WYSIWYG systems is the evolution of microcomputer graphics cards and monitors. Recent increases in memory of graphics cards (the cards that put the images on the computer screen) allow in-memory storage of multiple

fonts and faster screen response to graphic commands so that displaying and editing graphics may soon be as fast and straightforward as entering text is now. Microcomputer terminals have already undergone tremendous changes in screen resolution, and the move toward higher resolution and faster response is continuing with the Macintosh and IBM PS/2 systems. These changes in graphics cards make the greatest impact on computer-aided design, but desktop publishing and technical word processing also are affected. The possibilities of ever greater document preparation power may add to the confusion for the scientist looking for software to produce technical manuscripts. Most microcomputer users give this advice: Determine your current needs and purchase a system that meets those needs. Yes, surely something will develop in a few months that will improve on your present system. But if you do not act now, you will be unable to take advantage of the productivity tools currently available with technical word-processing software. Suggested reading The Boston Computer Society has published comprehensive reviews of technical word-processing software currently available for the IBM PC environment ( I , 2).



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Techwriter, the formula great looking documents. Techwriter‘“is a powerful technical word processor for PCs and compatibles that shows you on screen exactly what you’ll get on paper. Math, chemical, Greek, diacritical marks, oversize brackets. sub and Boston Computer Society reviewer said,

‘TechW t m is sofidly constructed so that when it looks right on the screen,it wiU pnilt COIrecthJ on pqm” Techwriter displays and prints nearly 300 scientific and technical characters. An oobonal font aeneratm

clear. And. function keys, menus, on-line help, comprehensive documentation, colorcoded keyboard owluy. and automatic fwlnotes, contents. and indexes make document preparation easy. There’s eYen an optional ~,2o,ooaruordSpermg

checker TerhWtiM $395.Font maker $50. Spelling &!+T $50.Vca and MWKard welm~.ldarmation or orden. call 16171 fES7ZM. or wik CMI SoRWarp. 13% Main S u e L Wallham. MA 02154 %nom no@ dot mbix letter qualie,and I- prinlem.

Reprints of these articles can be ordered through the American Mathematical Society or the Boston Computer Society. Reprints from the Boston Computer Society can be obtained from Carl A. Hein, Dunster House, Apt. #7,Swanson Rd., Boxborough, Mass. 01719. (1) “Technical Word Processors far the IBM PC and Compatibles, A Report by the Boston Computer Society.” Notices of the Arnerieon Mathematical Society 1986. 33(1), S31. ($8.00 from Boston Computer Society. Add $2.00 for foreign airmail; 5% sales tax for Massachusetts residents) (2) “IBM PC and Compatible Technical Word Processors Review Summary, A Report by the PC Technical Group of the IBM PC Users Group of the Boston Computer Society (Parts I, IIA, and IIB).” Goldstein, R.; Loomis, J.; Tetewsky, A. Notices of the American Mothernatieol Society 1987, 34, 15-32.262-81.462-91. ($12.00 from Bwton Computer Society. Add $3.00 for foreign airmail; 5% sales tax for Massachusetts residents) (3) “Microcomputer Software. 2. Scientific and Technical Word Processing on a Personal Computer: Has the Time Come?” Marshall, J. C. J . Chem. Inf. Cornput. Sei. 1986, z m , 81-92, (4) “Tools for Manipulating Symbols.” Lu, C. High Technology 1986.5740. (5) “The Business of Words Scientific.” Stone, M. D.; Stinson, C. PC Magazine 1986,185-88. (6) ”Scientific & Technical Word Processors.” Bosak. S. MierolSvstems Journal 1986,50-57. ( I ) “Illuminating Manuscript” and “Deep in the Heart of Texes.” Rosenhaum, D. J.; Sperberg, L. Publish! 1987,64-11.

c :rt [ron.cij d r J t o n ~ i i ” 3c ‘aster [Par ne are Tina na t 31c irsessen’alfor tPef:e’o‘nd ;table. renewable. nonpolluting energy jources. Coal is a good candidate for an enrrgy source t o see us through from the de:line of the oil economy to the advent of a Nidespreadcommercial technology based i n new energy sources. This new bwk takes a look at coal in an enjoyable. easybread manner. You’ll learn many aspects if this important energy source. including:

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Cyrelle K. Gerson manages the acquisition and development of new continuing education programs and the production and publication of audioand videotape courses for the ACS. She has designed and implemented a desktop publishing system for the preparation of technical manuals that include chemistry, graphics, and mathematical materials. She has a B.S. in chemistry from Tulane University and a B.S. in pharmacy and an M.S. in organic chemistry from the University of Wisconsin. Richard A. Love did his undergraduate work in chemistry at the Universit y of California, Los Angeles. He has a Ph.D. in chemistry from the Universit y of Southern California. He is a senior research associate with the Books &Journals Division of the ACS and is responsible for the design and implementation of on-line, full-text databases, machine-readable manuscripts from authors, applications software for microcomputers, and optical disk applications in publishing.


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Coal: The Energy Source ofthe Past

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 59, NO. 17. SEPTEMBER 1. 1987

it also covers the composition and properties of coal and the chemicals we get from :@a.i Also illustrated are the use of liquefaction and gasification processes t o obtain synthetic fuels from coal. This bwk is for anyone who wants to learn about the origin, properties, and uses of coal. It will be of special note to leqislators, environmental regulators, and economists. bv Harold H. Schobert i80 pages (1987)LC 87.1 1433 Clothbound: US &Canada $29.95.

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Technical word processors for scientific writers - ACS Publications

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