T H E J O U R N A L OF IATD U S T R I A L AAiD EA-GIJVEERISG CHEMISTRY.
I12
This shows that when a precipitate is once formed in a solution, the latter is spoiled for spraying purposes. From the results in Table 2 it appears that a limesulphur solution of sp. gr. 1.30 may safely be diluted with 60 times its own volume of water without precipitating free sulphur, but that larger volumes will cause precipitation, the length of time before the beginning of which ranges from a few minutes to several hours. It seems probable that different solutions will give variations from the figures given here, as lime-sulphur has a great tendency to vary in behavior under parallel conditions, but the general results will be found in accord. As applied to actual work, the conclusion is that if a solution will be entirely sprayed out within two hours, after dilution it is safe to add as much as 1 2 5 gallons of water to I gallon of 1.30 solution, but if it may have to stand for several hours not over 60 to 7 0 gallons may be added without precipitating out free sulphur and spoiling the solution. L. T. BOWSER. 105 GROVEST., L Y N N , MASS.
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A NEW ABSORPTION APPARATUS.
This apparatus was designed primarily as weighing tubes replacing the U-tube in the determination of carbon dioxide by the soda-lime method. I t may also be used to advantage in replacing the U-tube where the latter contains a solid absorbent used as a trap for gases. The apparatus consists of three glass tubes 1 j mm. in diameter and IOO mm. long. The tubes are lettered A, B, C, in the drawing: The right end of tube A
Feb. 1911
other by short pieces of glass rods fused onto their sides. To charge the apparatus, the stoppers are removed and a small plug of glass wool or cotton is placed in the opposite ends of the tubes. Tubes A, B, and two-thirds of tube C are filled with soda lime. The remainder of C is filled with anhydrous calcium chloride. The gas enters a t the right end of tube A and circulates towards the left end of C until absorbed. The calcium chloride and the soda lime should be crushed to pass a six-mesh sieve and caught on a twenty-mesh. The apparatus charged with lumps of this size weighs about 7j grams and will afford about eight determinations of CO,, using gr. of a carbonate containing 40 per cent. CO,, before recharging. The advantages of this apparatus over the Utube used for a similar purpose are: I, This apparatus affords one-third more absorbing space than a U-tube of the same dimensions, thus affording a greater number of determinations before recharging. 2 . The apparatus can be laid on the balance pan, whereas the U-tube must be suspended to the beam.
3. The apparatus will accommodate a larger amount and a greater variety of absorbing materials when used as a trap for gases than the U-tube. The apparatus was made by Messrs. Eimer & Amend; cost $ 2 . 5 0 , f. 0.b. New York. JAMES S. MCHARGUE. CHEM.
LAB.O F KY. GEOL. SURVEY, LEXIKGTON, KY.
TENSILE STRENGTH O F HAIR CLOTH.
Following the recent edict of the Chinese emperor abolishing the wearing of queues, the European markets have been overstocked with human hair. The price of this article has fallen almost one-half, while the import has been doubled.
is drawn out into a tube of j mm. in diameter and 15 mm. long. The left end of tube A is fitted with an open, hollow, ground glass stopper drawn out into a tube of 5 mm. diameter and bent a t a right angle. The left end of tube B is fitted with a similar stopper and the two stoppers are connected by a piece of rubber tubing. The right end of tube B is drawn out into a tube of 5 mm. in diameter and with a U-bend is fused onto the drawn-out end of tube C. The left end of tube C is fitted with an open, hollow, ground glass, stopper drawn out into a tube 5 mm. in diameter and I j mm. long. The tubes are attached to each
The usual use of human hair has been in making wigs, switches, etc. The increased production demanded an outlet for the surplus. According to a recent report made by U. S. Consul Ingram, Bradford, England, British weavers are furnishing the outlet by utilizing the material in weaving. Hair is used both alone and in combination with other fibers. Ingram says: “The hair ( I O to 1 2 in. long) is first disinfected, then spun into yarn and woven into cloth. The finished fabric comes in 20-inch or 30inch widths and up to go-yard lengths. No dye is used, the color being the natural tint of the hair. The fabric is intended for interlining for men’s wear and possesses the advantages of being absolutely unbreakable, ztutshrinkable and wcreasable.” Several samples of these fabrics, the product of an enterprising Bradford weaver, have been examined for strength:
No. ia No.
ib.
KO. 2.
No. 3a.
No. 36.
No. 4.
Weight per square yard, 8 oz. Warp, wool, 40 lhs. tensile, per inch. Filler, goats' hair, 28 Ibs. tensile, per inch. Weight per square yard, y oz. Warp, wool, 57 Ibs. tensile, per inch. Filler, goats' hair, 42 Ihs. tensile, per inch. Weight per square yard, 10 oz. Warp, cotton, 8 9 Ibs. tensile (one inch wide). Filler, goats' hair, 6 9 Ibs. tensile (one inch wide). Weight per square yard, 9 oz. Warp, wool, 49 Ihs. tensile (one inch). Filler, human hair, 47 lbs. tensile (one inch). Weight per square yard, 6 oz. W a p , wool, 44 lhs. tensile (one inch). Filler, human hair, 30 lbs. tensile (one inch). Weight per square yard, 15 oz. Warp, human hair, 67 Ihs. tensile (one inch j . Filler, human hair, 84 Ihs. tensile (one inch). &AS.
P.
FOX.
KOENIG POTASH BULB.' There are five advanages which this bulb has over the other bulbs thus far in use: First.-Accuracy in cleaning a t each weighing. All parts are easily accessible. Second.-Accuracy in quick absorption. The bubbles bursting rapidly will not drive, liquid over into
Dc.scriptio.i~,.-The gas enlcrs a t tube markeii "gas enters," passes into A , then into tube B , through i t and oat a t bottom into bulb (., squeeziiig through contrxrtion up into I3 again, up into E , then passing into tubc F (which is fused open on outside of tube B a n d open on outsidc of bulb C ) , dnwn through F and out into thc bottle G,G,G, passing through solution, then up and out through tube 1-1 into the calcium chloride tubc which it leaves a t opming marked "gas exit." The instrument holds nearly twice as much KO13 solution as the Mohr bulb, therefore will act for twice as many combustions without refilling. It weighs not over twenty grams. To fill the instrument a pi& of rubbor tube is attarhed a t il and KO11 solution sucked in at tube markcd ' , g a s enters.'' To empty, the liquid is forced out a t tube marked "gas enters'' by blowing at tube H. W. I\.K o E K I G .
_ _ ~ _ FILTERING RACK.
As any sugar-house chemist knows, thc lirst few drops of a filtering solution shall be rejected. Letting these, generally turbid drops, first fall into the jars, often makes i t very difficult to obtain a perfectly clear solution. With my rack I thought t o simplify
FiY 3.
the operations by preventing these turbid drops from getting into t,he jars. Photo S o . I shows the front of the rack, a stand lor the fiitcring jars and a hoard for the funnels. Photo No. 2 shows the hack. Directly under the funnel board is seen an inclined gutter of a grade of about 2 per cent.; under the lowcr end of this is placed a receptacle.
the calcium chloride tube and as the gas is washed five times instead of three i t allows of more rapid circulation. Third.-Amount of condensation surface is much less in this bulb. Fourth-Center of gravity on balance pan at each weighing can be found quickly and correctly. Fifth.-Saving of time can he seen from the above and better on trial. The simplicity of the exposed parts make i t less easily broken.
