Part I1 (210 pages) deals with special applications of individual surfactants, including rust inhibition, sludge dispersion in oils, germicidal applications, and textile finishing. This section also reviews the methods used for analysis of surfactants. Part 111 (153 pages) reviews work on the physical and colloidal chemistry of surfaee-active agents. I t surveys literature on adsorption, micelle properties, saluhilizetian, foaming, wetting, emulsification, and detergency. This portion of the baok might well have been expanded s t the expense of Parts I1 and IV. However it furnishes an excellent start for surveys of the literature in the important areas covered. Part IV (196 pages) discusses the use of surfactants in industries such as laundering, metal cleaning, textile processing, A. C. Z E ~ L E M O Y E R drugs, cosmetics, flotation, fertiliaers, inLehigh University secticides, leather, and paints. Bethlehem, Pamyluania Since this book is actually a supplement which bring8 the original volume up to date, the user may often have to refer baok to Volume 1. It is to be hoped that the next edition will appear as a single integrated work. Meanwhile this volume Surface Active Agents and Detergentsand its predecessor constitute a veluilble Volume 2 and unique reference work for both college and industrial libraries. Anthony M . Schwartz, Harris Research Laboratories, Washington, D. C.; J a m s IRVING REICH W. Perry, Western Reserve University; Lever Brothers Reseawh Cenler Julian Berch, Harris Research LaborEdgewater, New Jersey atories. Interscience Publishers, Ine., New Yark, 1958. xv 839 pp. 16 X 23.5 cm. $17.50.
to instead of the more pertinent ones; examples are the work of Schwah on defect oxide supported metals, and of Schulman and Pethica on biologically important films. Indeed, for study of a. specified ares. of surface chemistry, examination leads one to a feeling that too little meat is served with too much dessert. The section on Repulsion of Electric Double Layers is new hut there is no evidence therein for the state of matters regarding the Verwey-Overheek versus Dejsguin controversy. Nor is the controversy on the attraction forces between colloidal particles brought up rtt all. I t must be emphasized, however, that, in its way, this hook is exoeedingly useful. This reviewer is pleased to have it available on his bookshelf.
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During the last 15 years, surfactants have found very important applications in almost every branch of technology. Concurrently there has been an enormous inorease in research relating to these itgenta, leading to important advances in surface and colloid chemistry. The present hook, together with the earlier volume, is the most comprehensive and useful work covering this broad field. Volume 1 covered literature up to the beginning of 1947; Volume 2 covers the period 19471956. As in Volume 1, the literature has been reviewed very thoroughly indeed. The author index lists approximately 6000 names. Frequently the style is curt, resembling that of an "annual review." Brief summaries of many publications are presented without adequate critical evaluation. However, some important topics are discussed in s. more connected and critioal manner. This is pertioulsrly true of the evcellent chapter on the physicochernicsl basis of detergency. Part I (146 pages) describes the organic structures and syntheses of the various detergents and surfactants. This section is small as compared to the corresponding part of Volume 1. During the last decade, a greater proportion of effort has gone into studying the physicoehemicsl properties snd the applications of surfactants, rather than into synthesizing many new ones. The authors might well have devoted more s y c e to the increasingly important nonionic and ampholytic agents. Nevertheless, this section, along with the corresponding part of Volume 1, is the best account of the orgmio chemistry of the surfactants which exists. The patent literature is referred to extensively.
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Journal of Chemical Education
How to Problems
Solve
General
Chemistry
C. H . Sorum, Professor of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin. 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 184 pp. 15 X 23 N. J., 1958. viii cm. Paperbound. $2.25.
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This second edition of a self-teaching review of first-year college chemietry principles is a distinct improvement over the first edition published in 1952. This edition runs to 184 pages and 550 problems as contrasted with 157 pages and 500 problems in the first edition. The extra space is utilized not only for additional prohlems, hut also in expanded discussions whieh precede each group of problems, many of whieh are now explained in greater detail. As before, several alternative methods itre shown. Answers are provided in three ways: (1) detailed solutions (161 problems), (2) numerical ansuws, now placed at the back of the hook (174 problems), and (3) answers not in the book, but available from the author or publisher (215 problems). Most of the problems are the same as in the first edition, but in some eases the data have been changed. In this edition, the author has taken pains to see that the data and answers are consistent with respect to significant figures. Material not in the first edition includes Fehrenheit-Centigrade conversion problems, pound-atomic weights, ton-atomie weights, pound atoms, ton atoms, the
general gas law equation, the hydrolysis constant, and a chapter on stoichiometry of mixtures. Deletions include pOH, equivalent volume, and a chapter on the concept of chemicsl factors, the use of which the author previously regarded as the ideal method of solving problems. Rearrangement of chapters brings the material on stoichiometry together. Minor modernizing changes include the use of formula weight instead of molecular weight when referring to ionic compounds, and the replacement of P20s by PdOlo. The useful data provided in the appendix of the first edition are also found in the second. The wide scope and attractive format will probably result in the adoption uroblem of this volume as a suodementarv .. hook in many general chemist6 bourses. Its coverage is virtually identical with "Sohaum's Outline of Theory and Problems for Students of College Chemistry." GEORGE B. KAUFBXAN Fresno State College Fresno, California
Textbook of Organic Chemistry Carl R. Noller, Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University. 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1958. x 654 . DD. . 16.5 X 24 cm.
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I n this second edition, as was done in the Erst, the author presents a thorough coverage of the preparations, reactions, and uses of organic compounds. The hook has many outstanding features. One is the presentation of reaction mechanisms such as aromatic substitution and the oxidation of aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes. The effect of intermolecular forces on the physical properties of organic compounds is included. Attention is given to the industrial uses of organic chemicds. The contents of the hook, in order of presentation, include 219 pages on aliphatic compounds; 91 on proteins, derivatives of carbonic and thiocarhonic acids, stereoisomerism and oerhohydrates; 139 on aromatic compounds; 30 on heterooyclics; 47 on color, dyes, dienes, and synthetic rubbers, chlorinated and fluarinated hydrocarbons; 46 on polyfunctionals; 20 on alicylic and terpenes; and 15 on ~r~anometallics.A set of review questions and a set of problems are included at the end of each chapter. A periodic table of the elements and an atomic weights table are found in the rear of the book. Pertinent information concerning prominent organic chemists ie given in footnote form. Although the second edition was not completely rewritten, some of the material from the first edition was eliminated while other material we8 reorpanieed. A considerable amount of new information has been added. Whereas the first edition contained a specific chapter on mechanisms of organic reactions, mechanisms m e generally well integrated with the appropriate faotud information in the (Cmtinued 0 7 ~page A881
BOOK REVIEWS second edition. Additional mechanisms, such as the oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes, the formation of diazonium salts, and the decomposition reactions of diaeonium salts, have been included. The presentation of the structural formulas and the uses of important organic compounds have been brought up to date as evidenced by the addition of suoh compounds as Blankophor R, laurent acid, rotenone, oxvtocin. vitamin B,,.. resowine. , . . Mvlar. . . and orinbs~. \I:tny new topic*, stwh : , Q x nwthod forwc~rt,~~rtiug llw m w I i t u I i o n of Ilr,t.:tr prolt.in.;, ~ h clw!titlr? r 01 lmn,rr and aluminum organometnllica, earbodiimides,
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aeine dyes, epichlorohydrins,and urethane rubbers, have been added. Some of the material has been revised, such as the discussions of the mechanism of the dehydration of an alcohol, the action of soaps and detergents, physical aspects of vulcanimtion, and the structure of starch and inulin. This extensive treatment of organic chemistry is well written. Hovrever, those individuals who desire to emphasize the relationship of bonding with the chemical properties of molecules might find the text inadequate. On the other hand, teachers currently utilising the first edition ss a text will tind this revision to be quite satisfactory. All will find the bookworthy of consideration.
In sddition to the use of the hook as a text, students will become aware of its d u e as a reference. Unfortunately, the theoretical aspects are presented in smaller print and some students might minimize the imoortance of this material as an aid far obtaining s. better understanding of the reactions of organic compounds.
H. A. N E I D I ~ Lebana Valley College Annville, Pansylvania Petroleum Reflnery Engineering
W . L. Nelson, Professor of Petroleum Refining, University of Tulsa. 4th ed. McGmw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1958. xiii 960 pp. Many figs. and tables. 16.5 X 23.5 om. $15.
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"When first published (in 1936) a main purpose of this book was the introduction of the principles of chemical engineering to the petroleum nfining industry. The situation is now reversed. The chemical industry now looks to petroleum refiners for leadership in the development of many phases of chemical engineering, especially those related to the largescale processing of fluids and to the application d catalysts!' The increasing size of "Petroleum Refinery Engineering" reflects the expansion and inereasine eomolexitv of the oetro-
data appear here, particularly the analyses and properties of foreign and domestic crude oils and petroleum products. The chapter titles are almost the same in the third and fourth editions, except for the omission of the previous Chapter I explaining the relationship of chemical engineering and petroleum engineering. The first 12 chapters deal with processing of petroleum: composition of petroleum, refinery products and test methods, evaluation of oil stocks, physical properties of oetroleum oil. introduction to nroces-
solvent treating or extraction processes, dewaxing. Following a group of chapters on unit operations are four more chapters on processing: thermal cracking and deoomposition processes, rebuilding hydrocarbons, catalytic cracking and reforming, natural and refinery gases. The unit operations most important in the refinery are: fluid mechanics, combustion, vaporization and condensation, fractionation and towers, heat transfer and exchangers, tubestill heater^, The final two chapters discuss the economics of design and give a typical design calculation. Appendixes give data,on ~etroleumproducts and crude oils. Although this is a textbook, problems are not included in the book. Illustrated problems are worked a t appropriate places. Many references are given to source material. Many of the tables and charts reoresent data that the author
(Continued n page A491
A38
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Journal o f Chemical Education
