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CHAPMAN Forged Gate
L I S T Steel Varlves
960
T h i s i s a n o p e n a n d s h u t c a s e of t o p p e r f o r m a n c e and lowest maintenance. T o begin with, the wedge faces on C h a p m a n List 960 are super hard. I n fact, they're h a r d e n e d to 800 Brinell b y C h a p m a n ' s exclusive Ά1alcomizing 'process. T h e y c a n ' t seize. T h e y c a n ' t gall. T h e s e a t rings are h a r d e n e d stainless steel. T h e y last longer and, when necessary, they're very easy to replace. T h e r e are no full-pressure repacking diffi culties. Bolted follower on the outside screw rising s t e m design has no threads t h a t are ex posed. Is it a n y w o n d e r there are m o r e Chapman List 960 valves on more jobs than a n y other small forged steel g a t e valve? T h e y s t a n d up p e r f e c t l y u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s r a n g i n g f r o m 3SO psi 0 a t 1 0 0 0 ° F t o 2000 psi a t 1 0 0 F . Y o u use C h a p m a n List 990 v a l v e s for h i g h e r pressures. Sizes f o r L i s t 9 6 0 a r e f r o m VA " t o 2 " . Y o u c a n h a v e rising s t e m with y o k e or rising s t e m with inside s c r e w . A n d t h e B o n n e t j o i n t is e i t h e r g a s k e t e d or ground metal-to-metal, depending upon your needs. T o t a k e a good look a t the w a y s to cut y o u r v a l v e costs, t a k e a g o o d look a t o u r C a t a l o g ΙΟ. W r i t e , t o d a y , for y o u r copy.
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CHAPMAN
V A L V E I N D I A N
M A N U F A C T U R I N G
O R C H A R D ,
C O .
MASS
.For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n , c i r c l e number 41 A on Readers' Service Card, page 139 A VOL.
Increased Interest Lïcjnïn C h e m i s t r y
in
T h e s t a t u s o f l i g n i n c h e m i s t r y is r e m i n i s c e n t of t h a t of c o a l t a r a h a l f century ago. iviillions of t o n s of material are available, but knowle d g e o f i t s c h e m i s t r y is i n i t s i n f a n c y , a n d m u c h of it h a s b e e n d i s p o s e d of as w a s t e , b u r n e d t o s u p p l y p o w e r to mills, or used in crude fashion. Pulp and wood chemists h a v e r e a l i z e d for y e a r s t h a t l i g n i n , w h i c h c o m p r i s e s 15 t o 3 0 % of t h e weight of w o o d u s e d for paperm a k i n g , has g r e a t potential v a l u e as a s t a r t i n g p o i n t for t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of c h e m i c a l s . H o w e v e r , its s t r u c t u r e is v e r y c o m p l e x , a n d o n l y i n r e c e n t years have organic and physical chemists m a d e m u c h progress in u n r a v e l i n g its m y s t e r i e s . Tine need to m i n i m i z e s t r e a m pollution has b r o u g h t pressure to disp o s e of l i g n i n s u l f o n a t e w a s t e s o t h e r w i s e t h a n b y d i s c h a r g i n g t h e effluent into o u r rivers. T h e lignin c a n be recovered from the liquor by fairly s i m p l e processes. T h e liquor is c o n c e n t r a t e d t o a b o u t "ZO^o t o t a l solids, a n d t h e lignin p r e c i p i t a t e d b y acid. A n e c o n o m i c a l t e c h n i q u e is t h e lise of c a r b o n d i o x i d e f r o m t h e s t a c k g a s e s of p o w e r p l a n t b o i l e r s . T h e g a s , c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t \%>°/0 c a r b o n d i o x i d e , is c o o l e d a n d passed
it s e r v e s as a s t a b i l i z i n g a g e n t w i t h some emulsifying properties. In conjunction with phenol-formaldeh y d e r e s i n s , it finds u s e a s a b i n d e r in cores for m e t a l c a s t i n g . Lignin h a s b e e n utilized as a b i n d e r a n d p i g m e n t d i s p e r s a n t in p r i n t i n g inks, yielding products that have a quick set a n d a r e n o n t a c k y . In making i n n e r soles a n d s i m u l a t e d l e a t h e r s , l i g n i n a i d s t h e r e t e n t i o n of r u b b e r latices b y p a p e r or fiberboard, while reducing the formation of gross l u m p s of c o a g u l a t e d l a t e x . Experimental work has been d o n e on r u b b e r stocks c o n t a i n i n g 30 to 50 parts of l i g n i n p e r 10O p a r t s of G R « - S . In stress-strain properties, tear strength, resilience, a n d other physical characteristics, the lignin-containing stocks are said to c o m p a r e favorably with carbon black formulations. L i g n i n h a s b e e n f o u n d effective as a n organic e x p a n d e r in the negative p l a t e s of s t o r a g e b a t t e r i e s , p a r t i c u larly increasing the cold capacity. O t h e r uses i n c l u d e adhesives, oilwell drilling c o m p o u n d s , a n d tanning agents. S o m e progress has been m a d e in the direction of p r o d u c i n g from l i g n i n p u r e r c h e m i c a l d e r i v a t i v e s of higher unit value. V a n i l l i n is p r o d u c e d b y a l k a l i n e hydrolysis of lignin sulfonate liquors, but the waste
49,
NO.
1
·
JANUARY
1957
4- I
A
A p p a r a t u s u s e d b y Institute o f P a p e r Chemistry to study flow through mats o f cellulosic f i b e r s , b y r e l a t i n g filtration resistance to specific surface and volume a n d to flexibility o f the fibers. A t right, filtration t u b e ; in center, metering e q u i p m e n t controls; a t left, automatic pressure drop recording chart
ties, a n d r e a c t i o n s of l i g n i n . Cons i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h , a c t i v i t y is m a n i fested b y t h e a n n u a l L i g n i n R o u n d T a b l e s of t h e I n s t i t u t e of Paper C h e m i s t r y , in w h i c h scientists from all o v e r t h e w o r l d p a r t i c i p a t e , a n d b y r e p o r t s a t o t h e r scientific m e e t ings, s u c h as t h e r e c e n t A C S session at Atlantic City. T h e r e H. E r d t m a n and E. Adler, Swedish chemists,
