The Economic Status of the Members of the American Chemical Society (Continued1) Approved
Report
of the Committee
on Economic
Status
George Calingaert, Walter A . Schmidt, Walter G . W h i t m a n , Frank C . Whitmore, L. W . Bass2, Chairman
Prepared
for the Committee
Characteristics of the Special Analyses of M o n t h l y Salary Rates of the Membership
by Andrew
ι CHBM.
ENQ.
NEWS,
20,
1563
V O L U M E
2 0,
NO.
D. C.
engineering, other field of science or en are shown without regard t o years of profes gineering, and a n y other field the pro sional experience for the years 1929, 1934, portions of r e t u r n s used were exactly and 1941. The deciding factors in choos similar to those noted above for the field ing these particular y e a r s w o r e : 1929 of chemistry. was a year ot high level of earnings; earn N o t ail of these special anatysos of ings in 1934 were generally t h e lowest; m o n t h l y salary rates are shown CHART 6-MONTHLY SALARY RATES IN 1941 OF according; to FOUR CLASSES OF REPORTING MEMBERS years of profes ACCORDING TO YEAR OF ENTERING PROFESSION sional experience. ALL MEMBERS FEMALE REGULAR For such as are MALE JUNIOR -°-o-oMALE REGULAR shown on this DOLLARS DOLLARS basis only the ,οοο . 1,000 y e a r 1941 h a s been chosen for purposes of analys i s . Of t h e s e , t h o s e presented for selected _ 5O0 500 H occupatio nal statuses, sources - --^z-** 400 οf employment, ^ ^1 4 O 0 a n d f i e l d s of specialization are _ 3O0 300 distinctly unique in t h a t they m a k e ^ oavailable for the ,7 S*~ first t i m e c o n 200 H2O0 trasts in earnings with advancing ~l·years of experi 150 50 ence of a n impor t a n t group of p r o f e s s i o n a l mem bers. All other 1IOO 100 " special a n a l y s e s 5 10 15 2 0 25 3 0 3 5 4 0 45 YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION
"CpxcEPT for Section 3, the findings of t h e several preceding analyses have been derived from the information furnished by t h e membership as a whole. In t h e ensuing sections it is important to note that, in all but Section 9, the d a t a analyzed are those reported by male regular n u m bers of t h e SOCIETY only. I n all instances, however, the relationships established a r e concerned only with the median monthly salary rates of the several groups of m e m bers. Furthermore, in keeping with t h e similar analyses of monthly salary rates for the membership as a whole these median earnings were computed only if 10 or more members reported. A general measure of t h e densities of the several samples on which t h e ensuing analyses are based can b e obtained b y contrasting the numbers of usable returns utilized in these special analyses with those reported by male regular members shown in T a b l e 3. T h a t table shows t h a t 16,104 male regular members furnished usable information. Of this number 15,653 or 97 per cent furnished d a t a on their monthly salary rates. I n t h e field of chemistry 11,536 male regular members responded with usable information, b u t no less than 11,167 or 97 per cent fur nished information t h a t w a s used in t h e special analyses of their monthly salary rates. Among t h e five educational levels in t h e major field of chemistry, proportions used ranged from 66, or 89 per cent of the gross returns of the 14 who reported lA^LE 27.-COUPARteON they h a d had n o college t r a i n 19fCAR ing, t o as high as 5,596, or 9 7 ΤΟ CT per cent who reported they h a d CNTFPIN3 PROTCeelCN 1 9 YCAR6 obtained doctors' degrees i n chemistry. I n each of t h e CNTERINC *>R0FC66I0N three other fields of chemical C&.AC6 o r u t u e c p
December 10, 1942). * Communications regarding t h i s report should be addrossed to L. W . Bass, Director, New England Indus trial Research Foundation, Statler Building Boston» Mass.
Fraser, Jr., Washington,
ALL UCWBFR· HALE REGULAR FCMALE BCOULAP MALE JUNIOR 1
PRIOR TO 1 9 0 0
2
Γε·εη
THAN
10
MEMBERS
24» DECEMBER
ΟΓ MEDIAN MONTHLY SALARY RATC6 IN 1941 Or rOUR CLAE6C6 ΟΓ UCU6ERS REPORTING, BY YEAR OT ENTERIMG PROrECSICN 2-4 41 40 35 32 20 15 OS 00 37 28 38 10 39 TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO O ) 27 36 34 31 23 19 1 4 .-OS.. 4 5 7 ΛΑ 1 10 18 2 3 22 27 32 37 4 2 4 TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO 17 ?1 41 _ 6 9 13 36 26 31 UEOIAN MONTHLY SALARY BATE $445 8405 $ 2 3 8 $275 $323 $361 $398 $4-23 ( 4 3 9 $189 $213 1140 $156 $ 1 6 4 $174 330 412 451 194 215 240 279 367 426 4*7 1Θ1 160 173 400 195 272 148 196 163 166 225 275 (2) 186 (2) (2) 273 (2) (2) 330 174 247 193 214 270 164 140 220 154 162 (2) . (2) (2)
*
REPORTED
2 5,
1942
1635
and 1941 was tht* most recent year for which information was requested in the survey. Section 9 . Monthly Salary Rates of Four Classes of Members
CHART 7-MONTHLY SALARY RATES IN 1941 OF MALE REGULAR MEMBERS REPORTING IN THREE MAJOR FIELDS ACCORDING TO YEAR OF ENTERING PROFESSION CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OTHER FIELD OF SCIENCE OR ENGINEERING DOLLARS DOLLARS 1,00O ,υυυ
.
Since male regular members are the pre dominating class of the membership it is \ not surprising that at all experience spans their reported monthly salary rates in 1941 \ ^ generally exceeded those reported by the membership as a whole (Table 27 and i Chart 6). With advancing years of pro y' /— -... fessional experience median earnings for 50O — I H 500 the membership as a whole in 1941 steadily *~-H X,·' I j • advanced from $140 a month for those just 40O 400 ι ! ! ·'' beginning their professional careers and ' jf^ 1 ! \ reached a maximum of S445 a month at from 37 to 41 years after entering the 30O A H 300 S*r profession. Within these same limits of experience, however, median earnings of male regular members advanced from f£~J $160 to S451 a month. Between all re 2 0 0 ~~*\ ' / A200 H porting members and all reporting male regular members the sharpest differences i in median monthly salary rates occurred 150 150 at the experience spans of one half year, 1 1 I and ont year. At these respective points 1 •1 the differentials in earnings in favor of the 100 100 __[ latter were $20 and S39 a month. At all 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 succeeding experience spans the differen YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION tials continued to favor the male regular members and ranged from S2.00 to $7.00 a month. or A L L MALr aCOULAP MCMBCPS REPORTING I N rHRCC MAJOR riCWOe. BT VCAR Or CNTCRINQ PBCTC86»CN Between male regular and female 41 YCAB 1540 39 38 37 35 32 26 24 20 10 15 OS oo regular members there were, how or το TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO U) ever, significant differences in CNTCOIN6 PROr£«SI0N 1 9 36 34 2 7 23 14 19 09 31 04 YCAR6 1 •4 2 3 14 7 5 10 27 18 22 3 7 3 ? 42* i median monthly earnings in 1941 Arte* TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO which w «COlA UOMTHLY ( 2 } $198 «166 1175 $ 1 8 9 1214 MS239 • 3 2 2 PATE «275SALARY 1354 $407 $423 $439 $363 1395 earnings capacity of female regular C M C M I 6 T R Y •CNCVICAL C N Q I N C C R I N C (2) 222 200 246 357 298 450 54θ 410 523 500 189 440 2 members reached maximum 5 years OTHCP r i f L O or e c · OR C N C . ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 179 1 9 0 2 1 2 2 1 6 326 510 278 408 558 406 620 (2) ( ) (2) earlier, at from 32 to 36, years than that of from 37 to 41 years previously 1 PPICR TC 1900 7 rc«CR THAN ί ο Με*βε*ε RCPQfcTro noted to be the case for male regular members. At their maximum point of earnings, median monthlysalary rates reported by female regular tween the reported earnings of male regu This situation may account also for the members were $330, or $117 a month less lar and male junior members there were marked differences in earnings noted be than the median earnings of $447 a month also significant differences. In 1941 male tween male regular and female regular reported by male regular members with junior m e m o e s who had just begun their members. The extent of these differences corresponding years of experience. For professional work were earning S140 a certainly does indicate, however, that the experience spans of from 2 2 to 36 and month, whereas male regular members a problem exists which warrants de of from 27 to 31 years the corresponding were earning $20 a month more, or S160 a tailed consideration to determine whether earnings differentials, still in favor of male month Four years later the median or not an improvement could be effected regular members were, respectively, $140 monthly earnings of these two classes of in the economic status of the female regu and SI 53 a month. At all six earlier Dv»m|-*rst also in 1941, were, respectively, lar members in terms of earnings capacity. experience spans among which compari &J74 and S194 a month; again a differen sons of earnings could be made, similar tial of $20 a month in favor of male regular Section 1 0 . M o n t h l y Salary Rates of favorable differentials existed. These members. At from 18 to 21 years after M a l e Regular Members in Three entering the profession the differential had ranged from $33 a month at from 14 to 17 Major Fields increased to $97 a month. At this ex years' experience to $91 a month a t from perience span male regular members re Despite the incompleteness of the data 10 to 13 years after the tw ο classes of mem ported median monthly earnings of $367 a up to 3 years after entering the profession bers had entered the profession. month in contrast to $270 a month for (Table 28), it is evident from the earnings The median monthly earnings of male male junior members. curves shown in Chart 7 that for members junior members in 1941 even exceeded with from 4 to 9 years' professional ex The differentials that existed in 1941 those of female regular members for the perience in 1941 the median monthly earn between monthly earnings of male regular experience spans of 4 years after entering ings of male regular members in the field of and male junior members are not surpris the profession to from 18 to 21 years after chemistry were only slightly greater and ing. They may merely reflect differences entering the profession by amounts that only slightly less than those of similar that exist in professional activities. ranged from $26 to $55 a month. Be-
|
1
1
! i
?*euc £8 .-COMPAS* ICON or wtoi** MONTHLY SALAHY RATCS IN 1941
1636
CHEMICAL
A N D
ENGINEERING
NEWS
classes of members in other fields of science Among these three educational levels the two major fields of chemistry and or engineering, and chemical engineering, the spread in median monthly earnings chemical engineering (Table 29 and Chart respectively. was clearly defined after 9 years of profes 8). Discounting the few obvious dis sional experience. Beyond this experi Over this 6-year period, reported median crepancies in reporting the year in which ence span and up to that of maximum earnings of male regular members in the they obtained their doctors' degrees in earning capacity, median earnings of both field of chemistry advanced with profes chemistry rather than the year in which bachelors and doctors in chemistry con sional experience from $189 to $239 a they had obtained their bachelors' degrees, sistently exceeded those of masters in this month. Thereafter they still continued these data clearly indicate that at virtually field by approximately $35 a month. to advance and reached a maximum of all experience spans in 1941 members with $423 a month for members, who, in 1941, masters' degrees in chemistry earned less The uniformity of this earnings differ had had from 32 to 36 years' professional in that year than did those with bachelors' ential results from the fact that, as can experience. At all points in the latter and doctors' degrees. Over the 1941 ex readily be seen from Chart 8, median experience span, however, the earnings of perience span of approximately 30 years, monthly earnings of bachelors and doctors members in the field of chemistry were median earnings of male regular members in chemistry were practically the same at lower than those reported b y male regular with masters' degrees in chemistry steadily all of the experience spans extending from members in the other two major fields. increased with years of professional ex 15 to 31 years after these male regular perience from $163 a month to $373 a members had entered the profession. While median monthly earnings of month. By contrast, over the same ex male regular members in the field of In contrast to the preceding, among perience span, median earnings of similar chemical engineering steadily increased male regular members trained in the groups of members with bachelors' and over this same experience span in 1941 field of chemical engineering median doctors' degrees in chemistry increased, from $298 to $523 a month, the increase monthly salary rates in 1941 paralleled the respectively, from $163 to $409 a month, over the same period for male regular level of education reported. That is to and from $253 to $418 a month. members in other fields of science or engi say, bachelors' earnings generally were neering was from $278 t o $620 a month. Between these t w o fields, T A B L X 29·—con*» AR ι β ON or U C O I A N MONTHLY 6 A L A R Y R A T t S I N 1 9 4 1 o r ALL MALC BCQULAR MCMBCR6 R C P 0 R T 1 N Q I N Τ β Ο MAJOR however, the general tendency was Π F L O S , Θ Υ CDUCATIONAL L C V C L A N D YCAR OP C N T C R I N 0 P R O P C 6 6 I O N for earnings in chemical engineering 41 YCAR 1940 37 39 30 35 32 24 20 10 28 15 00 05 0Γ TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO to be lower beyond the 2 5 years' (1> C N T T R I K Q poorrssiON 1934 36 31 14 27 04 23 19 09 experience span. 1 4 Yc»**e 7 14 3 2 5 10 27 18 22 32
*
ArTcn
Section 1 1 . M o n t h l y Salary Rates of M a l e Regular M e m bers in Relation to Educa tional Level
CMTCRING
In this section the only median monthly earnings data compared are those of male regular members who reported that they had bachelors', masters', and doctors' degrees in
CPCUICAL
DOLLARS 1,0001
IUJOP
37
PR0rCS8ICN
PICLO
«NO CDUCATIONAL
TO
TO
TO
TO
TO
6
9
13
17
21
LCVCL
ΜΓ0ΙΑΝ
MONTHLY
6ALAPY
TO
TO
TO
TO
31
36
41
$418
«465
«493
26
424
RATE
CMCMteTRY DOCTOR IIA6T1R
( O R CQCIIV.)
8ACMCCOB
«233
•253
1247
$237
$256
$291
$327
«358
(2)
153
169
177
190
223
246
2β4
321
370
373
322
348
(2) «260
(2)
(2)
163
170
175
203
219
265
319
360
406
409
448
429
(2)
275
309
402
465
1223
$407
tNOlKCtniNO
DOCTOR MASTtR
(2) (2)
(Oft CQUtV.)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
254
433
545
520
(2)
(2)
12)
(?)
178
190
196
222
249
302
384
423
545
515
583
(?)
179
186
203
216
239
288
339
388
439
551
460
(2) 520
(2) (2)
J2J.
SACHCLC* 1
PRIOR
TO 1900
2
FCetR
THAN
1 0 MCMBCRS
RCPORTCO
CHART 8-MONTHLY SALARY RATES IN 1941 OF MALE REGULAR MEMBERS REPORTING IN TWO MAJOR FIELDS BY EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AND YEAR OF ENTERING PROFESSION CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOCTOR DOCTOR MASTER (OR EQUIVALENT) MASTER (OR EQUIVALENT) BACHELOR BACHELOR
[•
DOLLARS 1,000
\ \
h
500 h
rJ^'
Y
λ
-Uoo \ A 300
' i,.l„,L,,J..l.J-JL
Ι ι ιι
A 200
f~ 5 10 15 2 0 2 5 3 0 35 4 0 YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION V O L U M E
2 0, N O . 2 4 » D E C E M B E R
45
2 5, 1 9 4 2
5 10 15 2 0 2 5 3 0 35 4 0 YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION
150
100 45
1637
CHART 9-MONTHLY SALARY RATES IN 1941 OF MALE REGULAR MEMBERS REPORTING IN SELECTED OCCUPATIONAL STATUSES ACCORDING TO YEAR OF ENTERING PROFESSION ADMINISTRATION TECHNICAL RESEARCH INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS AND TESTING _0_o-c_ TEACHING COLLEGE OR UNIVERSITY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH IN BASIC SCIENCE ——— PRODUCTION ADMINISTRATION NON-TECH. • . . . TECHNICAL SERVICE
DOLLARS LOOOl
\
/
V
A
500l·hI j
4001 L A
/
- j
Λ
\ J \"1
y
L
1
**'
300 Κ
200
DOLLARS LOOO
j 1 J Η
100
i ! 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION
T A B U * 3 0 * — C O M P A R I S O N o r U C O I A N MONTHLY S A L A R Y B A T C 6
I N 1 9 * 1 or A L L VALC BCGULAR wcwecftfi R E P O R T I N 6
100
scLtrcrto
OCCUPATIONAL CTATUSCS, 8V YEAR OF CNTCR INC ΡΡΟΤΕββΙΟ* lower than masters' and these in 24 32 28 41 37 39 YCAft 1935 10 20 40 38 00 15 05 turn generally were lower than TO TO TO TO TO TO TO or TC TO TO (1) doctors'. This situation'existed up CNTCRINC PRcresetON 1934 36 14 04 31 27 09 19 23 4 7 10 14 1 5 3 27 42* 18 2 νεΑΡ.6 37 22 32 to the experience level of 20 years. i TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO Over this period median earnings CWTCRVMCArfCR psorr.ee t ON 9 6 41 13 17 21 31 26 36 of male regular members with OCCUPA Τ1 OH A L STATUS «COIitlS MONTHLY 6ALARY RATE «233 «256 « 2 9 2 « 3 4 1 1200 «1B7 $223 «175 «411 «424 «432 «366 (2) «416 bachelors' degrees in this field rose RCSCARCH, INDUS TRIAL (?) 234 207 269 202 328 400 TECHNICAL ( 2 ) 570 516 453 (2) «500 55e 543 (2) steadily from $179 to S388 a month, AOHIMISTHATICM, 192 190 209 232 160 372 208 266 TEACHING, C01_L. OR UNIV· (2) 329 322 260 37β (2) (2) and those of masters rose from S178 ANALYSIS & ΤεβΤίΝβ 167 193 17Θ 163 162 254 258 213 271 268 235 323 (2) (2> {2^ 217 193 259 191 163 374 293 433 310 318 413 (2) (2) to $423 a month. And beginning RESEARCH IN BASIC SCIENCE ( 2 ) (2) 186 216 196 245 176 400 306 (2) DEVELOPMENT 390 345 346 520 U ) ( 2 ) (2) with male regular members with PRODUCT ICN 241 200 205 189 306 370 (2) 345 450 423 385 (2) 393 (2) (2) from 5 to 6 years' experience AO*INl«TftATtCM, NON—TCCH« ( 2 ) 345 844 637 (2) 545 512 (2) 833 963 (2) (2J 240 2 6 0 (2) median earnings of doctors in TECHNICAL SERVICE i?) 1*} ( 2 ) 1ΘΟ 214 217 249 2 7 9 373 375 3 6 6 453 l 2 l ( 2 ) ( 2 ) c h e m i c a l engineering increased 1 PRIOR TO 1 9 0 0 steadily from $254 to reach S465 2 FC»ER THAis 10 MCMfifftS REPORTEO a month for those who had had 20 years' professional experience in 1941. The over-all range in earnings of field of chemistry were $200, $240, $360, these two educational levels the maximum approximately S35 among these three edu and $409 a month. median earnings actually reported for cational levels over this same period was 1941 were, respectively, $545 and §583 a the same as that previously noted for month. Section 1 2 . M e d i a n M o n t h l y Salary male regular members in the field of If, now, the earnings of male regular Rates of M a l e Regular Members b y chemistry. Beyond the 20 years' experi members in these two major fields be con Occupational Status ence span the earnings reported by male trasted, the important fact that does regular members with bachelors' degrees Although the questionnaire included 26 emerge v> that in 1941 the rate of increase in chemical engineering continued to ad occupational statuses, sufficient data to in earnings a t all three educational levels vance steadily and reached a maximum of warrant comparisons of the median was relatively greater for members in the $551 a month for those who had had from monthly salary rates of male regular mem field of chemical engineering. This is 27 to 31 years' professional experience in bers on a year of entering profession basis evidenced by comparing the median earn 1941. In the case of male regular mem are reported for only nine statuses ings at selected experience levels of mem bers classified in the other two educa (Table 30). As shown in Chart 9, the bers with bachelors' degrees in either field. tional levels, the break in the continuous earnings reported in 1941 for these several Tbus after approximately 5, 10, 20, and advance in median monthly earnings re occupational statuses maintained a fairly 30 years' experience while bachelors in ported was most probably the result of constant relationship with advancing chemical engineering reported earnings of lack of data because after the 25 years' years of professional experience. As is S216, S260, $388, and §551, respectively, experience span doctors' earnings again also evident from the chart, the highest a month for similar levels of experience began to increase and likewise for masters' salary rates for the nine occupational the corresponding median earnings re after the 30 years' experience level. For statuses were paid in nontechnical adported by male regular members in the
1638
CHEMICAL
A N D
E N G I N E E R I N G
NEWS
ministration, while the lowest rates were paid in analysis and testing. Over the experience levels ranging from 5 to 6 and from 27 to 31 years after entering the pro fession, earnings of male regular members in nontechnical administration advanced from §240 to $S44 a month, while those of male regular members engaged in analysis and testing advanced from only SI78 to $254 a month. The differentials in earn ings during 1941 between these two occu pational statuses, over the same experi ence levels, therefore ranged from $62 to $590 a month. Among the remaining seven occupa tional statuses, on the other hand, the corresponding earnings differentials ranged from only $42 to $241 a month. The upper and lower limits of the spreads in earnings in this range covered those of male regular members engaged in technical administration, on the one hand, and col lege or university teaching on the other. From 5 to 31 years after entering the pro fession, earnings in technical adminis tration advanced from $234 to S570 a month, whereas in college or university teaching thej- advanced from $192 to $329 a month. Development work represented the middle level i n earnings capacity among the remaining five occupational statuses. In 1941, male regular members with from 5 to 31 years' professional experience so reporting were able to earn from $216 to $400 a month. These median monthly earnings were only slightly less at each experience level than those reported by male regular members engaged in indus trial research and technical service, and only slightly greater than those reported by similar groups of members engaged in production and in research in basic science. Considered without regard to years of professional experience, comparisons can be made of median monthly earnings of male regular members among as many as 20, 20, and 2 3 occupational statuses, re spectively, for the years 1929, 1934, and 1941 (Table 31). In each of these three years, the ranking order of the earnings remained fairly Constant i n 1941 the lowest level of median earn· ings of $183 a month was reported by male regular members engaged in non professional work, while the highest level of $599 a month covered those engaged in nontechnical administration- The noted lowest level of earnings was only $22 a month less than the earnings of $205 a month reported for analysis and testing, and these in turn were practically the same as those reported for maintenance ($210 a month). It may be recalled here that, on a year of entering profession basis, analysis and testing occupied the lowest level of earnings in the nine selected occu pational statuses previously discussed and technical administration was next in order to nontechnical administration. I t is evi dent, however, from the data in Table 31 that the $404 a month earnings capacity
VOLUME
2 0, N O .
of the technical administration status was less than that of $413 a month re ported b y male regular members classified as independent consultants. Earnings for technical administration in 1941 did, however, exceed those for male regular members engaged in patent work, report ing §385 a month. Between this group and sales, which was next in descending order of earnings in 1941, there was a $52 a month differential; and the median earn ings of $333 a month for sales were greater by only $26 a month than the median earnings of male regular members engaged in editing and writing. Among the 23 occupational statuses shown i n Table 31 for the year 1941, the middle level of earnings of $260 a month covered development work. The statuses with earnings greater than this amount, but less than those of $307 a month previously noted for editing and writing, taken in descending order, were design, produc tion, industrial research technical service, and "other professional >»ork". Among these five occupational statuses median monthly earnings of male regular members ranged from $264 to $289 a month. Im mediately below development, on the other hand, the range in median earnings among seven of the occupational statuses w a s from $240 a month for safety engi neering to $258 a month for college or university teaching. The intermediate earnings included in this range, taken in descending order of value, were those re ported by male regular members in the occupational statuses of construction and installation, "teaching, other", research in
ΓΛΒΧ,ε 31.-COUGAR ISON OT HEDUN MONTHLY SALARY RATES IN 1 9 2 9 , 1 9 3 4 AND 1Ç41 OT ALL MALE REGULAR MEMBERS REPORTING OCCUPATIONAL «TATUS YEAR OCCUPATIONAL
1929 STATUS
1934 1941 UEO1AN MONTHLY SALARY
RESEARCH,
INDUSTRIAL.
ADMINISTRATION, TECHNICAL,
TEACHING» COLL.. OR U N I * .
ANALYSIS AND TESTING RESEARCH IN BASIC SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT PRODUCT 1 ON A 0 M I N I 6 T R A T I 0 M , NON-TECH· SALX8 TECHNICAL,
SERVICE
COMSULTAT10N, TEACHJNC,
INDEPENDENT
ere.
SCH.
PATENT6 OES UN OTHER PPOFfESIONAL POSTGRADUATE:
S233 383 222 153 196 216 222 493 276 243 370 156 290 273 175
«271 404 258 205 248 260 278 549 333 266 413 248 385 289 264
li)
(1) (1) 290 200 (2) 195 158 110 (2)
183 307 244 185 252 250 210 240
STUDY
U ON—PROTESS 1 ONAL COI TING & WRITING LIBRARY & Ι Ν Γ · 6FRVICE RET ÎRC0 CONSTRUCTION & IN6TALL· TEACHING,
OTHER
UAINTCNANCE SATCTY
ENGINEERING
150 320 (2) (2) 270 200 105 i?) (2> (2)
UNEMPLOYED PEL. I f f , DIRECT 1 2
UNDER $100 TCWER THAN 1 0 MEMBERS REPORTED
2 4 » DECEMBER
2 5,
RATE
9263 423 238 181 232 256 288 574 355 263 460 191 310 290 ?25
1942
(D (2)
(1)
12) (2)
basic science, secondary school teaching, and library and information service. Despite the incomplete coverage of all statuses shown in Table 31, sufficient data were reported to provide a limited measure of the extent of the fluctuations in occupational status earnings over the period 1929 to 1941. From 1929 to 1934, median monthly earnings declined in every occupational status among which comparisons can be made. Relatively these declines ranged from as low as 6 per cent in the case of design, to as high as 46 per cent in the case of maintenance. Between 1934 and 1941, on the other hand, increases in earnings without exception were reported in relative amounts that ranged, again from 6 per cent in the case of design, to as high as 91 per cent, in the case of maintenance. Covering the entire 12-year period, median monthly earnings reported by male regular members for 1941 were in a fewinstances higher than those reported for 1929. This situation, it should be emphasized, does not vitiate the general conclusion to the effect that earnings for the membership as a whole in 1941 had not returned to the earnings levels reported for 1926 or 1929. It merely reflects the effects of selective bias in favor of any analysis that would be made for any aspect of the data reported by male regular members only. Section 1 3. M e d i a n M o n t h l y Salary Rates of M a l e Regular Members b y Source of Employment According to the data presented in Table 32 and in Chart 10, the spread in earnings reported for 1941 by male regular members in the employ of the federal, municipal, and state governments averaged only $26 a month up to the experience level of approximately 15 years after entering the profession. The evidence is that, from 3 to 15 years after entering the profession, median earnings of male regular members engaged by state governments advanced from $145 to $263 a month, while earnings of male regular members employed by the Federal Government advanced from $181 to $290 a month. Midway between these extremes was found the earnings curve for male regular members in the employ of municipal governments. Beyond the 15 years' experience span, earnings reported for these three sources of public employment continued to advance at approximately the same rates. At the experience level of from 27 to 31 years, members employed by the Federal Government reported they were earning $373 a month, as against $355 and $332, respectively, for members of similar experience level in the employ of municipal and state governments. Among the four nonpublic sources of employment, the spread in earnings was considerably greater than that occurring among the three sources of public employ-
1639
3 2 . - C O M P A R I S O N OF UEOIAN MQNTHLV 6ALARY
TA»LX
SOURCES VCAR
or
or
39
3Θ
37
το
CNTCPIKC PQOFC6SION YCAR6 AFTCR CNTCRINC PROFESSION Souact
40
41
19-
RATES IN 1941 o r ALL MALE PEOUUAR MCWBERS REPORTING 6CLCCTE0 cr EU^LOMfNT, 8V VCAR OF ENTERING PROFE68I0N
1f-
±
1
2
4
3
cuPLowrNT
35
32
28
24
20
15
10
TO
TO
TO 27
TO
TO
TO
TO
34
TO 31
TO
36
23
19
14
09
04
5
7
10
14
18
22
27
32
37
TO
To
TO
TO
TO
TC
TO
TC·
TC
6 13 17 21 9 t t C O l n ί MONTHLY SALARY RATE
26
31
36
41
335 283
«316 303 307
$332 373 355
$340 387 363
412 292
470 322
4S2
428 395
365 430
545 410 385
05
00 (Λ) 42 +
PUBLIC:
STATf COVCPNUCNT rrccPAU GOVERNMENT MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT NON—PUBLIC : PPIVATl FIPV 13) EDUCATIONAL. (4 ) CONSWLVIfcO (5 ) RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2) (2)
12) (2)
(2)
S21fl
η 77
(2)
(2) (2)
12)
(2) (2)
(2) (2)
|181
$145 181
*165 -•70
(2)
(2)
185 163 165
198 170
227
(2) ^7©
202
(2)
W
218 273
20O 203
100
178
1206 218 205
1225 251 243
tô63 .290
255 207 237 232
306 233 293 289
366 262 324
$302
273
313
328 460 480
$345 411
12) (2)
385
(2)
5 6 4 $620 432 (2) 370 (2)
-ilL. Λ?)
(2)
PfflCfl To 1900
than those of the sources of non public employment. A slight qualification is necessary, how ever, when consideration is given to the median monthly earn ings computed without regard to years of professional experience (Table 33). As is shown in Table 33, it is possible for the period 1929 to 1941 to make comparisons of earnings among 11 of the 14 sources of employment on which data were requested. Examination of the changes in earnings which occurred over the period 1929 to 1934 indicates that earnings of male regular members de clined in all sources of employment
3 INCLUDC6 PRIVATE FIRM, COMPANY, CORPORATION OR ORGANIZATION CMGACC0 I •/ ACTIVITIES OTHER THAN THOSE LISTED
2
FEVER
T H A N 10
SEPARATELY
4
INCLUDES
5
LABORATORY,
IN
MEMBERS R E P O R T E D
THE Q U E S T I O N N A I R E
EDUCATIONAL
DOLLARS 1,000!
rtttu
INSTITUTIONS
EXCLUSIVE
OF THOSE
UNDER
PUBLIC
CHART 10-MONTHLY SALARY RATES IN 1941 OF MALE REGULAR MEMBERS REPORTING IN SELECTED SOURCES OF EMPLOYMENT ACCORDING TO YEAR OF ENTERING PROFESSION EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION — STATE GOVERNMENT CONSULTING FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ^»-^-o-^>_ RESEARCH INSTITUTE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT PRIVATE FIRM
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION
ment. Moreover, male regular members employed by private firms reported median monthly earnings in 1941 very much greater than those of similar groups of members who reported they were at tached to educational institutions. For members in the latter source of employment with 4 years of professional experience, median earnings in 1941 were $170 a month, as against $198 for members with the same span of experience in the employ of private firms. After approximately 29 years of experience, how ever, male regular members employed by private firms were earning $482 a month, in contrast to only $328 a month for those in the employ of educational institutions. 1640
AUTHORITIES
OP o r r i c c
45
DOLLARS Ι,ΟΟΟ
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4 0 YEARS AFTER ENTERING PROFESSION
In other words, in 1941 there was a spread in monthly earnings that ranged from $28 to $154 between private firm employ ment and educational institution employ ment over a period that covered approxi mately two thirds of the whole experience span. On the other hand, the median monthly earnings reported over this same period by male regular members employed in research institutes and in consulting work did not differ materially from those of members employed in private firms. Comparisons of earnings among these seven selected sources of employment indi cate that in 1941, educational institutions excepted, the earnings capacities of the sources of public employment were lower CHEMICAL
45
I0O
except in the Federal Government. On the other hand, from 1934 to 1941, earn ings from this source of employment in creased by only 6 per cent, while all other sources over the same period increased from 16 to as high as 155 per cent. Analyzing the 1941 data, it is seen that the median earnings of $323 a month for male regular members in the employ of technical or trade associations exceeded those of $304 a month for members em ployed by private firms, which in turn ex ceeded the earnings of $281 a month for those in research institutes. Between consulting ($269 a month) and Federal Government ($263 a month), respec tively fourth and fifth in descending A N D
ENGINEERING
NEWS
order of earning capacity, the earnings differential was insignificant. Similarly, there was a small differential between the earnings of male regular members classified in "other nonpublic" pursuits ($260 a month), and those for members employed with municipal and state governments which ranged downward from $259 to $254 a month. Below that level, male regular members reporting employment in educational institutions and by "other public authorities" in 1941 were fble to earn $247 and $240 a month, respectively. Significantly enough, the lowest median earnings of $220 a month were reported by male regular members in the employ of county governments. Section 1 4 . Median Monthly Salary Rates of M a l e Resular Members by Field of Specialization
these 22 fields of specialization have been separated somewhat arbitrarily into four groups. The earnings curves for these groups are presented in Chart 11. In the first group, a clear line of demar cation is apparent between the earnings capacities of male regular members en gaged in either inorganic technology or in dustrial chemistry, and earnings capaci ties of similar groups of members in the three basic science fields of physical, organic, and general chemistry. In 1941, for example, male regular members en gaged in inorganic technology reported median earnings that steadily advanced from $185 a month for those with 4 years of professional experience, to $545 a month for members who had been professionally active for approximately 34 years. Over these same experi ence levels, the median earnings re ported for general industrial chemis try advanced from $195 to $473 a month. In contrast, however, earn ings of members in the field of physi cal chemistry increased from $188 to only $381 a month. At all ex perience spans, the earnings reported for this field of specialization were only slightly less than those of male regular members in organic chemis try, and only slightly greater than those of male regular members in general chemistry.
ignated as petroleum and its products. I n this field, median earnings advanced from $200 a month for members with 4 years' experience to $620 a month for those with approximately 34 years' ex perience Synthetic resins and organic chemical technology showed median earn ings slightly above those for petroleum and its products, while rubber and its products, and paints and varnishes showed median earnings slightly below. Allowing for inconsistencies in the re ported data, it is readily seen that the close relationships noted to exist among the earnings for the second group were paralleled by those in the remaining two
TABLC 33.—COMPARISON OF MEDIAN MONTHLY e*i.*RY RATES IN 1929, VEMBEPS YEAR
1934
AND 1 9 4 1
REPORTING
OF A L L
60URCE
0Γ
1929
MALE
REGULAR
EMPLOYMENT
1934
1941
Following the pattern of analysis de UEO I A N M O N T H L Y SOURCE 0 Γ EMPLOYMENT veloped in Sections 13 and 14, attention SALARY P A T t PUBLIC» is first directed to the fact that earnings STATE aoVERNUEMT «254 $216 *181 on a year of entering profession basis are f C O C R A L GOVERNMENT 240 249 263 M U N I C I P A L . GOVERNMENT 229 reported by male regular members for as 213 259 OTHER P U B L I C A U T H O R I T Y 205 240 152 many as 22 ot the 34 fields of specialization COUNTY G O V E R N M E N T 178 125 220 to which responses were requested (Table t . P . A , O N WORK R E L I E F (2) (1) ID NON-PUOLIC : 34). When arranged in descending order PRIVATE F I P M 274 240 304 ( 3 ) of earnings for 1941, inorganic chemical COUCATIONAL 199 247 157 (4) technology was found consistently to be CONSULTING ?50 211 269 (5) RESCAItCH INSTITUTE 271 233 281 the field of specialization with the highest l C C H . OR T P A D E A S S N . 310 27Q *
500
1
1
y r< 1>^
! 1
y
_
-4 3 0 0
—
H 200
y'.'200
\r 4 F if/
—
I 501—
\ •M
F .j
IOO PAPERS & FOREST PRODUCTS PHARMACEUTICALS FOODS a KINDRED PRODUCTS BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY PUBLIC HEALTH πηπ.
- h 50
;
I M
EXPLOSIVES
