RECENT BOOKS advantages of these two methods of studying structure are mentioned wherever corresponding experiments have been carried out. The chapter on the scattering of X-rays by liquids is rather completely taken up from the paint of view of the present status of the theory and the information which i t gives about the moleAs is stated in the title and is further emphasized in the preface, cules in the liquid state. The information which experiments in the wark is intended as a general introduction to the whole sub- this field give regarding the arrangement of the atoms in the ject of "the properties of matter in terms of electronic constitu- molecules of organic compounds is discussed. A chapter is detion." The present volume consists of a "General Introduction" voted t o the application af diffraction experiments t o the deter(Part I) and a discussion of physical properties as related t o mination of the structures of various amorphous solids, of which molecular constitution (Part 11). The topics dealt with in Part glass is an outstanding example. Such problems as the deterI include the following: the periodic classification of the elements mination of the alignment of the fibers in various forms of organic and theories of atomic structure, electron configurations of atoms fibers such as silk, wool, and cellulose are also considered. A and quantum numhers, line spectra, the transitional and rare chapter is devoted t o investigations of surface films, c. g.. those earth elements, and valency. I n Part I1 the topics discussed due t o corrosion and adsorption, in which case the electron difare as follows: melting and hailing points, atomic and molecular fraction is found to be most useful. Other problems t o which volumes, atomic and ionic radii, electrical conductivity, magnetic electron and X-ray diffraction experiments may be profitably susceptibility, atomic magnetic moments, cohesional properties. applied are painted out. and the third law of thermodynamics. One sees from this outline that many subjects have been While the discussion of each topic is necessarily brief, it touches treated and this has necessitated briefer discussions of some adequately upon the most important aspects and gives a great of the topics than might have been desired. Necessarily a deal of detailed information. The value of the presentation is rather small amount of space has been given to the matter of exincreased by the extensive bibliography which accompanies each perimental technic. Anyone interested, however, in going more chapter and in which the title of each paper is given, as well as the deeply into any phase of the snhject is furnished with a good reference. Furthermore, reviews or summaries are mentioned bibliography a t the end of each chapter. The book is well illusin preference to papers dealing with specific details. trated, having about seventy reproductions of X-ray and elecUndoubtedly, the work should serve as an excellent summary tron diffraction photographs. An appendix contains tables of of recent advances in different fields of atomic physics and chem- atomic structure factors, atomic and ionic radii, and values of istry. sin x / x to four places for x equals 0 t o 100. The only criticism that the reviewer would offer is t o the effect For the chemist who is interested in the application of X-ray that the author has not been sufficiently critical in presenting and electron diffraction methods t o problems of structure, the different theories and points of view. However, this is t o be hook furnishes a good summary of the experimental and theoretiregarded as a minor criticism. There are few misprints and the cal work which has heen done and i t also gives an idea of the posprinting and binding are very satisfactory. sibilities and the limitations which this method offers. S. D U S H ~ A N E. 0. WOLLAN LIBOR~ORIBS RBSBIXCB W A B ~ N ~ OUNIYBBSITY N THE ELECTRONICSTRUCTUREAND PROPERTIES OP MATTER. C. H. Dou&las Clerk,University of Leeds. Volume I. John Wiley & Sons. Inc.. New York City, 1934. xxv f 374 pp. 33 F i . 14 X 23.5 cm. $5.50.
GBNBRAL ELBCIRIC COMPANY S C H & N B ~ * DN.Y Y. .
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EWERIMENTS AND PROBLEMSFOR COLLEGECHEMISTRY. J. E. THE D I ~ U C T I O Noa X-RAYSAND ELECIRONSBY AMORPHOUS Belcher and 5. C. Colberr, assistant Professors of Chemistry. SoLrns, L~prnns,AND GASES. J. T. RandnU, M.Sc., a memUniversity of Oklahoma. Second edition. D. Appletonber of the staff of the Research Laboratories of the General Century Company, New York City, 1934. x 195 pp. 18 Electric Company, Ltd., Wembley. England. John Wiley & line drawings. 28 X 21 cm., hound in heavy waterproof Sons. Inc.. New York City, 1934. xii 290 pp. 197 Figs. paper. $1.50. 14 X 22 cm. $5.75. This is a laboratory manual of thirty-six units of experimental This volume brings together results of the experimental and work, plus fourteen units of enercises in chemical arithmetic. theoretical work which has been done on the application of X- two tables, an apparatus list, and a comprehensive chart showing ray and electron diffraction methods to the study of the physical exactly the amounts of various chemicals needed for the experiand chemical properties of matter of nou-crystalline or only semi- mental work. The manual is designed for use with the Smithcrystalline form. In spite of the newness of many aspects of this Kendall texts, but may easily be used with almost any of the field a surprisingly large amount of work has been done, and the standard college teats in general chemistry. present volume supplies a much needed summary of the subject. I n the write-up of each experiment a de6nite form is followed. The following are some of the topics which are included. The References t o Smith's "College Chemistry" and toSmith's"1nsubject is introduced by a brief chapter on X-ray crystal analysis. troductory College Chemistry" are followed by a clear statement T h e distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids leads of the objects of the Rmerimental work and a list of all apparatus to a discussion of the relation between the width of the powder and chemicals needed. After a general discussion of the prindiagram lines and the sizes of the microscopic crystals of which cioles uoon which the merimental wark is based. directions are many apparently amorphous solids are made up. The thwreti- given for a series of experiments relating to the particular unit. cal and experimental investigations on the scattering of X-rays Wherever needed, a diagmm showing the sct-up of apparatus is by monatomic gasea as a means of determining atomic structure given. factors and the distribution of the electrons within the atoms is Throughout the discussions an attempt is made t o induce the brieiiy discussed. From this subject the discussion naturally student t o think in terms of the chemical principles involved. leads t o the scattering of X-rays by polyatomic gases with its A number of questions are asked and a t each point an attempt is application t o the determination of the spacing and the distribu- made to induce the student t o deliberate and apply previous tion of the atoms within the molecule. The corresponding knowledge, refer t o the textbook, and consider other information, theory for the scattering of the electrons by gases is worked out in an attempt t o understand fully the principles involved. Acand the experimental results for this case are compared with companying the directions for each unit of experimental work those obtained with X-rays. The relative advantages and dis- are duplicate sheets with blanks on which the student may enter
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