The Mobility of Histidine Side Chains Analyzed with 15N NMR

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B: Biophysics; Physical Chemistry of Biological Systems and Biomolecules 15

The Mobility of Histidine Side Chains Analyzed with N NMR Relaxation and Cross-Correlation Data: Insight into Zinc-Finger – DNA Interactions Catherine A. Kemme, Ross H. Luu, Chuanying Chen, Channing C. Pletka, B. Montgomery Pettitt, and Junji Iwahara J. Phys. Chem. B, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03132 • Publication Date (Web): 09 Apr 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on April 11, 2019

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The Journal of Physical Chemistry

For submission to: Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters Manuscript type: Letter

The Mobility of Histidine Side Chains Analyzed with 15N NMR Relaxation and Cross-Correlation Data: Insight into Zinc-Finger – DNA Interactions

Catherine A. Kemme, Ross H. Luu, Chuanying Chen, Channing C. Pletka, B. Montgomery Pettitt, and Junji Iwahara*

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1068, USA

*

To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]

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ABSTRACT

Due to chemical exchange, the mobility of histidine (His) side chains of proteins is typically difficult to analyze by NMR spectroscopy. Using an NMR approach that is uninfluenced by chemical exchange, we investigated internal motions of the His imidazole NH groups that directly interact with DNA phosphates in the Egr-1 zinc-finger – DNA complex. In this approach, the transverse and longitudinal cross-correlation rates for

15N

chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and

interference were analyzed together with

15N

15N-1H

dipole-dipole relaxation

longitudinal relaxation rates and heteronuclear

Overhauser effect data at two magnetic field strengths. We found that the zinc-coordinating His side chains directly interacting with DNA phosphates are strongly restricted in mobility. This makes a contrast to the arginine and lysine side chains that retain high mobility despite their interactions with DNA phosphates in the same complex. The entropic effects of side-chain mobility on molecular association are discussed.

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Molecular recognition by proteins involves polar and charged side chains that form intermolecular hydrogen bonds and/or ion pairs with target molecules.1 While these hydrogen bonds and ion pairs produce an enthalpic advantage, they may also cause a entropic disadvantage through restriction of internal motions of the side chains. Recently, we found that some lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg) side chains interacting with DNA phosphates are highly mobile due to dynamic equilibria between the contact ion-pair (CIP) state and the solvent-separated ion-pair (SIP) state.2-6 This high mobility of intermolecular ion pairs should reduce entropic loss upon molecular association. In contrast, Arg side chains that interact with DNA bases were found to become rigid upon binding.3-4 These results clearly show a diversity in the entropic cost for individual side chains in molecular association events. To gain further information on basic side chains, our current NMR study focuses on the mobility of interfacial histidine (His) side chains of the Egr-1 (Zif268) zinc-finger – DNA complex. 15N

relaxation analysis of His side chains is practically difficult due to chemical exchange involving

rapid hydrogen exchange with water7 as well as dynamic transitions between distinct protonation states.8 In favorable cases, however, hydrogen bonding may hinder the hydrogen exchange of some His side chains, allowing NMR detection of their labile 1H nuclei. This is indeed the case for His25 and His53 of the Egr-1 zinc fingers in the specific complex with target DNA (Figure 1A).9 In heteronuclear 1H-15N correlation spectra, signals from the imidazole Nδ1H groups of these His side chains are observed at approximately 15N 178 ppm and 1H 14.2 ppm at 25˚C (Figure 1B). The crystal structure10 show that His25 and His53 coordinate zinc ions at the Nε2 atoms and form hydrogen bonds with DNA phosphates at the Nδ1 atoms (Figure 1A). Our previous NMR study showed that the 15Nδ1 and 1Hδ1 nuclei of these His side chains exhibit sizable hydrogen-bond scalar couplings to DNA

31P

nuclei.9 In the current study, we investigate the mobility of these interfacial His side chains in terms of the generalized order parameters (S2). ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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Figure 1. The His25 and His53 side chains at the molecular interface of the complex of the Egr1 zincfingers with its target DNA. (A) Positioning of His25 and His53 in a crystal structure (PDB 1AAY). These His side chains directly interact with zinc (shown in purple) and DNA phosphate (red and orange). (B) Signals from the His25 and His53 imidazole Nδ1H groups observed in a 1H-15N HSQC spectrum recorded for the Egr-1–DNA complex at 25˚C. (C) An F1-1Hcoupled HSQC spectrum recorded for the same sample. An F1 slice at the position indicated by an arrow is also shown.

In general, His side chains undergo chemical exchange between distinct protonation states,8 which can increase apparent NMR transverse relaxation rates.11-12 Presumably due to such an effect in the fast exchange regime, data quality in most NMR experiments for the His25 and His53 imidazole Nδ1H groups was worse at the 1H frequency of 800 MHz than that at 600 MHz. The presence of chemical exchange makes it difficult to determine the order parameters for the His side-chain Nδ1H groups through conventional 15N relaxation methods even though hydrogen exchange is slow enough to detect 1H signals from these groups. To overcome this problem, we took advantage of sizable interference between

15N

chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and

15N-1H

dipole-dipole (DD) relaxation

mechanisms (i.e., CSA-DD cross-correlation) for the His imidazole Nδ1H groups. The significant magnitude of 15Nδ1 CSA-DD cross-correlation for these side-chain groups is even qualitatively obvious from the F1-1H-coupled HSQC spectrum (Figure 1B), in which individual components of doublets due to a one-bond

15N-1H

scalar coupling (|1JNH| = 98 Hz) significantly differ in

15N

line shape.13-14 By

analyzing CSA-DD cross-correlation rates quantitatively, information on mobility can be obtained


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without adverse influences of chemical exchange.15 This feature is practically useful for analyzing the mobility of His side chains. To investigate the dynamic properties of the His imidazole Nδ1H groups, we measured the CSA-DD cross-correlation rates for

15N

transverse and longitudinal magnetizations at 1H frequencies

of 800 and 600 MHz. The pulse sequences for these measurements, which were originally developed for backbone NH groups by Bax, Tjandra, Palmer, and their co-workers,16-17 were optimized for His imidazole Nδ1H group to account for differences in 1JNH coupling,

15N

chemical shifts, and spin

systems. In these measurements, the intensities of signals (Icross) arising from CSA-DD cross correlation were compared to those of corresponding control signals that underwent auto-relaxation (Iauto). The ratio of these intensities Icross/Iauto is given by tanh(ητ), where η is the cross-correlation rate and τ is the total length of the period for cross-correlation.16-17 Figures 2A and 2B show data obtained in the transverse and longitudinal cross-correlation experiments for the His imidazole Nδ1H groups. The transverse cross-correlation rates ηxy and the longitudinal cross-correlation rates ηz measured for the His imidazole Nδ1H groups are shown in Table I. The ηxy rates measured for the His imidazole Nδ1H groups were as large as 12-16 s-1. These results alone implicate that these His Nδ1H groups are not highly mobile. To determine the order parameters S2 for the His side-chain Nδ1H groups, we conducted fitting calculations using the CSA-DD correlation rates ηxy and ηz together with rates (R1) and heteronuclear 1H-

15N

15N

longitudinal relaxation

nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) data (Figure 2 and Table I).

Importantly, since ηxy rates are used instead of R2 rates, this method for determination of the order parameters is not impacted by chemical or conformational exchange with minor states (e.g., a deprotonated state) of the His imidazole Nδ1H groups. For each His side chain, the fitting calculations utilized 8 data of 4 distinct relaxation parameters (i.e., ηxy, ηz, R1, and NOE) at 2 different magnetic field strengths together with the rotational diffusion parameters determined from backbone

15N

relaxation data for the same system3. Based on a neutron diffraction study,18 the distance between the ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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His side-chain 15Nδ1 and 1H δ1 nuclei was assumed to be 1.07 Å. The reduced spectral density function for an axially symmetric diffusion model (Eq. 6 in Tjaindra et al.19) was used to calculate the crosscorrelation rates and other relaxation parameters, as described in Supporting Information. The fitting calculations optimized 4 fitting parameters: the order parameter S2, the internal motion correlation time τi, the

15N

CSA Δσ, and the angle θ between the NH bond vector and the main principal axis of

CSA tensor. Since the

15N

15N

CSA parameters were unknown for zinc-coordinating His side chains, the

parameters Δσ and θ were treated as fitting parameters in these calculations. Figure

2.

15N

relaxation

and

cross-correlation

measurements of for the imidazole Nδ1H groups of His25 (blue) and His53 (red) at the 1H frequency of 600 MHz. (A, B) Data for measurements of the

15N

CSA /

15N-1H

DD

cross-correlation rates ηxy (Panel A) and ηz (Panel B). Solid lines show the best-fit curves obtained with Icross/Iauto = tanh(ητ).15 (C) Data for measurements of the

15N

longitudinal relaxation rates R1. (D) F1 slices of the spectra recorded with (black) and without (magenta) 1H saturation in the heteronuclear [1H-]15N NOE experiment.

The determined values of the parameters S2, τi, Δσ, and θ are listed in Table I. Uncertainties estimated by the Monte Carlo method show that the order parameter S2 is best defined among the 4 fitting parameters. When the Nδ1H bond length was changed from 1.07 Å to 1.05 Å or 1.09 Å, each fitting calculation from the current dataset gave only a ~1% difference from the original value of the order parameter S2. We found the

15N

δ1

CSA Δσ to be ~-210 ppm for the zinc-coordinating His side

chains. This is slightly (10-15%) larger than the value determined for a non-metal coordinating histidine Nδ1H group by a solid-state NMR.20 However, the difference in 15N δ1 CSA between the His


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imidazole moieties with and without a Nε2-Zn bond is not surprising because the solid-state NMR study also showed a significant difference in 15Nδ1 CSA between imidazole moieties with and without a Nε2-H bond.20 Table 1. Order parameters and other fitting parameters determined from the 15N relaxation data for His side-chain Nδ1H groups. His25 His53 a) Relaxation data at 800 MHz 15N R [s-1] 0.76 ± 0.04 (0.79) 0.74 ± 0.05 (0.77) 1 1 15 [ H-] N NOE 0.79 ± 0.06 (0.81) 0.85 ± 0.06 (0.85) ηxy [s-1] 15.8 ± 1.2 (16.5) 15.6 ± 1.1 (16.2) ηz [s-1] 0.50 ± 0.10 (0.50) 0.45 ± 0.09 (0.48) a) Relaxation data at 600 MHz 15N R [s-1] 1.03 ± 0.02 (0.97) 1.05 ± 0.03 (1.00) 1 [1H-]15N NOE 0.76 ± 0.04 (0.73) 0.82 ± 0.04 (0.82) -1 ηxy [s ] 12.6 ± 0.5 (12.5) 12.1 ± 0.6 (12.3) ηz [s-1] 0.62 ± 0.07 (0.60) 0.73 ± 0.04 (0.62) b) Fitting parameters S2 0.91 ± 0.04 0.98 ± 0.07 τi [ns] 1.0 ± 0.3 0.3 ± 0.4 Δσ [ppm] -207 ± 22 -213 ± 22 θ [˚] 29 ± 4 29 ± 2 a) Values in parentheses are those from the fitting calculations. η , the CSA–DD cross-correlation rate; xy ηz, CSA–DD cross-correlation rate. b) S2, the generalized order parameter; τ , the correlation time for internal motion; Δσ, the effective 15N i CSA; θ, the angle between the 15N CSA main principal axis and the Nδ1H bond. The molecular rotational correlation time r = 13.9 ns and the rotational anisotropy (D||/D) of 1.59 from the previous study3 were used for the fitting calculations. The Monte Carlo method21 was used to estimate uncertainties.

The order parameters (S2) determined for the His25 and His53 imidazole Nδ1H groups indicate that their internal motions are strongly restricted in the Egr-1–DNA complex. The S2 values for these His imidazole Nδ1H groups are larger than typical order parameters (S2 ~ 0.85) for backbone NH groups in secondary structures of proteins. The motion restriction of these His imidazole groups are probably due to simultaneous interactions with zinc and DNA phosphate (Figure 1A). It should be noted that some Arg and Lys side chains are highly mobile even when they interact with DNA



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phosphates forming intermolecular ion pairs in protein-DNA complexes.2-6,22-23 Figure 3 compares the order parameters of the His imidazole side chains (this work) to those of the Arg and Lys side chains (our previous work)3 that interact with DNA phosphates in the same Egr-1 zinc-finger–DNA complex. For example, the Lys79 NH3+ group exhibited an order parameter for its symmetry axis (S2axis) of 0.26, although scalar 15N-31P coupling across the intermolecular hydrogen bond to DNA phosphate indicates a direct interaction between the Lys side chain and DNA phosphate.22 Such differences in mobility are qualitatively consistent with the crystallographic B-factors of the His25 Nδ1 (23 Å2), His53 Nδ1 (17 Å2), and Lys79 N (33 Å2) atoms in the 1.6-Å resolution X-ray structure of the same complex (PDB 1AAY). By retaining high mobility, the Arg and Lys side chains may reduce the entropic cost for binding.

Figure 3. Order parameters S2 for the side-chain moieties that form a direct hydrogen bond to a DNA phosphate in at least one of the crystal structures of the wild-type Egr-1 zinc-finger – unmodified DNA complexes. (A) Order parameters for His imidazole Nδ1H bonds from the current study. (B) Order parameters of the Arg NεH and Lys NH3+ groups from our previous NMR study.3

Although the His25 and His53 side chains are rigid in the complex, this rigidity would not cause entropic loss upon the protein’s binding to DNA if these side chains were rigid in the free state as well. Unfortunately, examination of this possibility by the same NMR approach was not possible due to rapid hydrogen exchange in the free state. As an alternative approach, we analyzed 0.6-μs molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories from our previous studies3,22 for the Egr-1 zinc-finger protein and its complex with 12-bp target DNA. As shown in Supporting Information, the MD-derived autocorrelation functions for the imidazole Nδ1H bond vectors for His25 and His53 in the free and DNAACS Paragon Plus Environment

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bound states MD simulations showed that these His side chains are rigid in both states. The MDderived S2 parameters in the DNA-bound state were 0.87 and 0.88 for the His25 and His53 side chains, respectively, whereas those in the free state were 0.87 and 0.82 for His25 and His53, respectively. Thus, it seems that these zinc-coordinating His side chains can enjoy an enthalpic gain from the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds without the expense of an entropic loss arising from a decrease in mobility. In medicinal chemistry, it is well known that conformational rigidification of drugs can lead to affinity enhancement due to entropic effects.24-25 Likewise, for a high-affinity binding to DNA, zinc fingers may take advantage of the rigidity of the zinc-coordinating His side chains in the free state. In conclusion, our investigations using NMR relaxation and cross-correlation data have provided information on the internal motions of the zinc-coordinating His side chains of the Egr-1 zinc fingers at the interface with DNA. Although His side chains typically undergo chemical exchange between different protonation sites, such exchange processes do not influence our analysis because it does not utilize transverse relaxation data. The results from our experiments unequivocally indicate that the internal motions of these zinc-coordinating His side chains are highly restricted. This makes clear contrast to some Arg and Lys side chains that interact with DNA phosphates but retain relatively high mobility in the same protein-DNA complex.

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION All NMR experiments were performed for a 0.4 mM solution of the Egr-1 zinc-finger (15N) – DNA complex at 25˚C using Bruker Avance III spectrometers equipped with cryogenic probes at 1H frequencies of 800 and 600 MHz. As previously described,3 a 370-μl solution of 0.4 mM complex in a buffer of 20 mM d4-succinate•KOH (pH 5.8), 20 mM KCl, and 0.1 mM ZnCl2 was sealed in a Norell 5-mm NMR co-axial tube in which an inner stem tube containing D2O was inserted. The separation of D2O avoids any adverse effects due to the exchange between Nδ1H and Nδ1D, for which ACS Paragon Plus Environment

15N


chemical shifts are different. The 1H and

15N

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resonances of the His side chains were previously

assigned.9 The fitting calculations to determine the order parameters and CSA parameters were conducted using a Mathematica script. Other experimental and computational details are described in the Supporting Information.

Supporting Information: The following file is available free of charge: Experimental details (PDF)

Notes The authors declare no competing financial interests.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by Grants R01-GM107590 (to J.I.), R35-GM130326 (to J.I.), and R01-GM066813 (to B.M.P.) from the National Institutes of Health (to J.I.). B.M.P. and C.C. gratefully acknowledge the Robert A. Welch Foundation (H-0037).


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REFERENCES 1. Fersht, A. R. Structure and Mechanism in protein Science: A Guide to Enzyme Catalysis and Protein Folding1998, 128-131. 2. Anderson, K. M.; Esadze, A.; Manoharan, M.; Brüschweiler, R.; Gorenstein, D. G.; Iwahara, J. Direct Observation of the Ion-Pair Dynamics at a Protein-DNA Interface by NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2013, 135, 3613-3619. 3. Esadze, A.; Chen, C.; Zandarashvili, L.; Roy, S.; Pettitt, B. M.; Iwahara, J. Changes in conformational dynamics of basic side chains upon protein-DNA association. Nucleic Acids Res 2016, 44, 6961-6970. 4. Nguyen, D.; Hoffpauir, Z. A.; Iwahara, J. Internal Motions of Basic Side Chains of the Antennapedia Homeodomain in the Free and DNA-Bound States. Biochemistry 2017, 56, 5866-5869. 5. Nguyen, D.; Zandarashvili, L.; White, M. A.; Iwahara, J. Stereospecific Effects of Oxygen-toSulfur Substitution in DNA Phosphate on Ion Pair Dynamics and Protein-DNA Affinity. Chembiochem 2016, 17, 1636-1642. 6. Zandarashvili, L.; Nguyen, D.; Anderson, K. M.; White, M. A.; Gorenstein, D. G.; Iwahara, J. Entropic Enhancement of Protein-DNA Affinity by Oxygen-to-Sulfur Substitution in DNA Phosphate. Biophys J 2015, 109, 1026-1037. 7. Wüthrich, K. NMR of proteins and nucleic acids. Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1986. 8. Pelton, J. G.; Torchia, D. A.; Meadow, N. D.; Roseman, S. Tautomeric states of the active-site histidines of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated IIIGlc, a signal-transducing protein from Escherichia coli, using two-dimensional heteronuclear NMR techniques. Protein Sci 1993, 2, 543-558. 9. Chattopadhyay, A.; Esadze, A.; Roy, S.; Iwahara, J. NMR Scalar Couplings across Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds between Zinc-Finger Histidine Side Chains and DNA Phosphate Groups. J Phys Chem B 2016, 120, 10679-10685. 10. Elrod-Erickson, M.; Rould, M. A.; Nekludova, L.; Pabo, C. O. Zif268 protein-DNA complex refined at 1.6 A: a model system for understanding zinc finger-DNA interactions. Structure 1996, 4, 1171-1180. 11. Hansen, A. L.; Kay, L. E. Measurement of histidine pKa values and tautomer populations in invisible protein states. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014, 111, E1705-1712. 12. Hass, M. A.; Yilmaz, A.; Christensen, H. E.; Led, J. J. Histidine side-chain dynamics and protonation monitored by 13C CPMG NMR relaxation dispersion. J Biomol NMR 2009, 44, 225-233. 13. Kumar, A.; Grace, R. C. R.; Madhu, P. K. Cross-correlations in NMR. Prog NMR Spect 2000, 37, 191-319. 14. Pervushin, K.; Riek, R.; Wider, G.; Wuthrich, K. Attenuated T2 relaxation by mutual cancellation of dipole-dipole coupling and chemical shift anisotropy indicates an avenue to NMR structures of very large biological macromolecules in solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997, 94, 12366-12371. 15. Kroenke, C. D.; Loria, J. P.; Lee, L. K.; Rance, M.; Palmer, A. G. Longitudinal and transverse H-1-N-15 dipolar N-15 chemical shift anisotropy relaxation interference: Unambiguous determination of rotational diffusion tensors and chemical exchange effects in biological macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 1998, 120, 7905-7915. 16. Kroenke, C. D.; Loria, J. P.; Lee, L. K.; Rance, M.; Palmer, A. G. Longitudinal and Transverse 1H−15N Dipolar/15N Chemical Shift Anisotropy Relaxation Interference: Unambiguous Determination of Rotational Diffusion Tensors and Chemical Exchange Effects in Biological Macromolecules. J Am Chem Soc 1998, 120, 7905-7915. 17. Tjandra, N.; Szabo, A.; Bax, A. Protein backbone dynamics and N-15 chemical shift anisotropy from quantitative measurement of relaxation interference effects. J Am Chem Soc 1996, 118, 69866991. ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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18. Fuess, H.; Hohlwein, D.; Mason, S. A. Neutron-Diffraction Study of L-Histidine Hydrochloride Monohydrate. Acta Crystallogr B 1977, 33, 654-659. 19. Tjandra, N.; Feller, S. E.; Pastor, R. W.; Bax, A. Rotational diffusion anisotropy of human ubiquitin from N-15 NMR relaxation. J Am Chem Soc 1995, 117, 12562-12566. 20. Li, S.; Hong, M. Protonation, tautomerization, and rotameric structure of histidine: a comprehensive study by magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2011, 133, 15341544. 21. Bevington, P. R.; Robinson, D. K. Data reduction and error analysis for the physical sciences. 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, USA, 2003. 22. Chen, C. Y.; Esadze, A.; Zandarashvili, L.; Nguyen, D.; Pettitt, B. M.; Iwahara, J. Dynamic Equilibria of Short-Range Electrostatic Interactions at Molecular Interfaces of Protein-DNA Complexes. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2015, 6, 2733-2737. 23. Zandarashvili, L.; Iwahara, J. Temperature dependence of internal motions of protein sidechain NH3+ groups: insight into energy barriers for transient breakage of hydrogen bonds. Biochemistry 2015, 54, 538-545. 24. Chaires, J. B. Calorimetry and thermodynamics in drug design. Annual review of biophysics 2008, 37, 135-151. 25. Nunez, S.; Venhorst, J.; Kruse, C. G. Target-drug interactions: first principles and their application to drug discovery. Drug discovery today 2012, 17, 10-22.


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TOC Graphic 49x42mm (300 x 300 DPI)



Figure 1. The His25 and His53 side chains at the molecular interface of the complex of theEgr1 zinc-fingers with its target DNA. (A) Positioning of His25 and His53 in a crystal structure (PDB 1AAY). These His side chains directly interact with zinc (shown in purple) and DNA phosphate (red and orange). (B) Signals from the His25 and His53 imidazole Nδ1H groups observed in a 1H-15N HSQC spectrum recorded for the Egr-1– DNA complex at 25˚C. (C) An F1-1H-coupled HSQC spectrum recorded for the same sample. An F1 slice at the position indicated by an arrow is also shown.


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Figure 2. 15N relaxation and cross-correlation measurements of for the imidazole Nδ1H groups of His25 (blue) and His53 (red) at the 1H frequency of 600 MHz. (A, B) Data for measurements of the 15N CSA / 15N-1H DD cross-correlation rates ηxy (Panel A) and ηz (Panel B). Solid lines show the best-fit curves obtained with Icross/Iauto = tanh(ητ). (C) Data for measurements of the 15N longitudinal relaxation rates R1. (D) F1 slices of the spectra recorded with (black) and without (magenta) 1H saturation in the heteronuclear [1H-]15N NOE experiment.



Figure 3. Order parameters S2 for the side-chain moieties that form a direct hydrogen bond to a DNA phosphate in at least one of the crystal structures of the wild-type Egr-1 zinc-finger – unmodified DNA complexes. (A) Order parameters for His imidazole Nδ1H bonds from the current study. (B) Order parameters of the Arg NεH and Lys NH3+ groups from our previous NMR study. 83x43mm (300 x 300 DPI)


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The Mobility of Histidine Side Chains Analyzed with 15N NMR

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