*
340
T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
made in the construction of special machinery for the production and treatment of paraffin, and the author makes mention of some of the important European manufacturers. THE WORLD’S PETROLEUM OUTPUT I N 1912 Petroleum Review notes that the world’s petroleum production continues to increase, t h e 1912output being as follows in barrels: United S t a t e s . , .................... 219,000,000 63,000,000 Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,000,000 Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,000,000 Dutch Indies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roumania. ........................ 12,500,000 Galicia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,000,000 British India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,500,000 Other countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000,000 Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349,000,000 Total in 191 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335,500,000
THE PROGRESS O F PAPERMAKING I N 1912 The report of Mr. A. D. Little t o the American Paper and Pulp Association on the “Progress of Papermaking in 1912” appeared in Paper, IO, No. 1 1 , 35. The number of scientific papers bearing upon the paper and pulp industry which appeared during the year was only 127, and of these comparatively few had t o do with important new developments or were otherwise notable. Especially significant was the recent conference of over fifty paper manufacturers, representatives of testing laboratories, and others interested in paper specifications, which was called on January 24, by Dr. Stratton, of the Bureau of Standards, for the purpose of establishing a better understanding between the manufacturers and the Government officials who have the purchase of paper under their charge. It seems evident, hlr. Little observes, t h a t the Government by the careful testing of deliveries furnished under its paper specifications has attained a two-fold result: First, a better and more uniform supply of paper; and, second, the protection of those manufacturers who have honestly endeavored t o meet the specifications from the unfair competition of less conscientious bidders. Some progress was made at the conference toward greater uniformity of methods, and it was decided t o hold similar meetings each year. Further researches by Raitt into the papermaking qualities of bamboo amply confirm the general opinion of fiber experts t o t h e effect t h a t bamboo is particularly well adapted t o the requirements of the industry and should become a n important source of paper stock. Raitt concludes t h a t the sulfate process is best adapted t o t h e reduction of bamboo, and t h a t 80 per cent. of the Indian bamboo stand is made up of species available for paper-making. H e estimates t h a t a mill, producing 10,000 tons of bamboo pulp per year would require for a continuous supply of raw material a bamboo area of ten t o twenty-two square miles. Remington and others again called attention to the merits of Adansonia fiber as ‘a stock for the manufacture of especially strong papers; the ultimate fibers resemble those of manila hemp. Von Possanner, after studying fibers from the German colonies, reports t h a t Ponzolzia hyfioleuca yields 5 8 per cent. of unbleached fiber which is long and supple, and resembles, in some respects, both linen and cotton. Beadle and Stevens obtained results on treating Heydchzunz coronarium which indicate t h a t this tropical plant has promising possibilities; the fiber is stated t o be equal in strength t o t h e best pure manila. The utilization of the pith and fiber of waste sugar cane, after extraction of the sugar, is being developed along altogether new lines by the United Fruit Company. Notable examples of the utilization of waste material are to be found in the new mills of the West Virginia Pulp and Paper
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Company a t Covington, Va., for the manufacture of board of excellent quality from rossing waste; and a t the mill of the Southern Wood Distillates and Fiber Company a t Bogalusa, La., for the manufacture of board from waste wood by a new process involving treatment of the cooked waste under heavy crushing rollers. The series of papers by Zacharias which appeared in sixteen numbers of Pafiier-fabrikant had, for their subject matter, t h e boiling and steaming processes for making brown mechanical wood pulp. These articles lead to the conclusion t h a t boards made from boiled wood pulp show a decided advantage over steamed wood pulp board in tensile strength, resistance to folding, liability to tear, etc., and exhibit a greater stretch. An important study into the causes of the yellow discoloration of paper has been made by Schoeller. Papers containing mechanical wood pulp discolor very readily with age, and papers containing straw and esparto are likewise subject to discoloration. Chemical wood pulp turns yellow to a less extent, while t h e paper made entirely from rags suffers slight discoloration. The coloring may be due to destruction of the ultramarine or other blue color used, or to actual yellowing of some component of paper. However, the most important cause of discoloration is the rosin size. A RECORD O F INDUSTRIAL GROWTH THE SEMI-CENTEXXIAL OF THE FARBWERKE VORM. MEISTER LUCIUS & B R ~ ~ N I N AT G HOCHST A/M, GERMANY
On January 4, 1913,the Farbwerke vorm. Xeister Lucius & Briining celebrated its semi-centennial, The history of this great firm is a record of the development of German chemical industry; the account which is given below is taken from Die Chemische Industrie, 36, 7 0 . In 1862,two chemists and two merchants organized a firm for the manufacture of t a r colors, and the plant was started the following year with five workmen, one clerk, and one chemist. One boiler of 3 H. P. supplied the power. Fuchsin, anilin blue, alkali blue, aldehyde green, methyl violet, methyl green, and malachite green were the first products. In 1869,the manufacture of alizarine was taken up. In 1878, new buildings were erected for the manufacture of azo-dyes, and two years later the firm was formed into a n Actien-Gesellschaft. In 1883, the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations was started with antipyrine; in 1892, Koch’s tuberculin and Behring’s diphtheria serum were prepared and marketed; and in 1898 t h e manufacture of synthetic indigo was begun. The number of types of dyes and colors manufactured twenty-five years are manuago amounted t o 1700-1800; to-day about 11,000 factured. Salvarsan is another product of the concern. I n 1888,the steam engines had a total horse-power of 1840; to-day 30,000H. P. are required. The increase in personnel is shown in the following table: Year 1888 1860 Workmen., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foremen.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Chemists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7 Engineers and other technical m e n . . . . . . . 9 Office force, excluding agencies.. . . . . . . . . . . 86
1912 7680 374 307 74 61 1
In 1912, 8.6 million marks were paid in wages, and 5.2 million marks in salaries and bonuses. There is a pension fund, and benefit foundations have also been established.
THE LECITHIN AND ALBUMIN INDUSTRY Lecithin became important industrially when Danilewsky discovered in 1895 that, when administered t o growing animals, i t was capable of stimulating their growth. It is now looked upon as the most valuable brain and nerve food y e t discovered;.
