VOL. 3, No. 9
THERELATIONOP CHEMISTRY TO THE HOME
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THE RELATION OF CHEMISTRY TO THE HOME* Geoncs B. CRUMP,PINE B L ~ HIGH # SCHOOL, PINEBLURB, ARKANSAS Somewhere in the course of many years of schooling, every person in the present day has an opportunity to study chemistry. By all means he should avail himself of this chance to study this greatest of all sciences, the chance to learn something of the common articles we use so much but think so little about. At present I am in the midst of the wonderland of chemistry, and it is the most interesting study I have. It is my hobby As I progress farther and farther and I expect to make it my . profession. . - into the study, I realize more and more the vast importance of chemistry in the home. For the purpose of seeing for ourselves the relation of chemistry to the home, let us make a complete inspection of my home, typical of America. First: consider the building itself. For a starter we will make the rather broad statement that all metals nsed in the construction of the building, in decorating it, or nsed in it in any way, have been reduced from their ores by chemical means. Then the paint protecting the exterior woodwork is white lead and linseed oil, both chemical products. The mortar which holds the bricks together is composed of cement and hydrated lime, hothmanufactnred under chemical supervision. The plaster on Grroncrr B. CRUMP the walls is a mixture of various ingredients. all made And ~ ~ ~ - bv ~ chemists. ~ what would we do without glass for our windows and mirrors? Glass has long since changed from a luxury to a necessity, and it was the chemist who, by improving methods of manufacture, has made this once precious material a common article. And now we pass into the living room. The woodwork is stained with a stain made of numerous pigments, all chemical products, carefully blended. Over the stain is a varnish composed of some gum, probably synthetic, dissolved in alcohol. There is a table in a corner, and on i t is a telephone, made of hard rubber. Thanks to chemistry, in general, and Mr. Charles Goodyear, in particular, rubber, by varying the amount of sulfur used, may be made hard or elastic, and not susceptible to weather * Prize-winning high-school essay, 1925-26. ~
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JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION
SEPTEMBER, 1926
conditions. We recline in a comfortable chair whose joints are securely held together by a waterproof glue made from milk. The upholstery resembles leather, but a close examination will reveal that it is only nitrocellulose spread on some fabric and printed to make a very good imitation of leather. Over the mantel of the fireplace is a picture printed in many colors. The inks that furnish the color are made by chemists. On each side of the fireplace is a bookcase. The bindings of the books are chemically made and the paper is made from wood pulp, refined by various chemical processes. The books were printed from plates of copper made by the process of electroforming. There is also a phonograph whose records of chemically refined wax were printed from plates made in the same way. The panel of the radio is made of beautifully polished bakelite, discovered by Dr. Baekeland, and composed of phenol, better known as carbolic acid, and formaldehyde, both common disinfectants. Its insulating properties are excellent. The keys of the piano resemble ivory, but if one of them were heated our nostrils would soon disillusion us, for the keys are made of celluloid, a very odorous compound of guncotton and camphor. Next we invade the dining room. We walk over to the bntTet and examine the silverware. It appears to be real silver, but thanks to the electrochemist, it is possible to deposit a coat of silver about 0.001 inch in thickness on some baser metal, thus giving to the people in moderate circumstances silverware that rivals the beauty of the sterling silver of the rich. We notice some cut glass throwing multi-colored rays of light in every direction. Only the chemist would have conceived the idea of substituting red lead for limestone, potassium carbonate for sodium carbonate, and adding sodium nitrate to the batch, these compounds causing the refraction of the light rays. Then there is chinaware. Chinaware has been used for centuries, but i t was the chemist who improved methods of manufacture, thus giving us chinaware that far surpasses the beauty and durability of the product of the ancients. Now let's migrate to the kitchen. On the floor is a rug made of linseed oil and ground cork plastered on burlap, and called linoleum. We step over to the kitchen cabinet and investigate its department of interior. (No, not a congressional investigation.) Here is pure white sugar, made so by the simple method of filtering it through charred bones. The chemist would explain that the decolorization was due to the adsorption of the coloring matter by the charcoal. There are several bottles of flavoring agents, beautifully colored. I daresay that the geneology of both flavor and color could be traced back to an hnmble and ugly piece of coal. We notice a bucket of lard a t hand. It appears to be ordinary hog lard, but it was made by a well-known cotton-oil mill.
This is due to the fact that, under the proper conditions of temperature and pressure, and in the presence of finely divided nickel as a catalyst, hydrogen, bubbled through the liquid cotton oil, will be absorbed and wiU change the oil into solid cooking fat. Thus the chemist has enabled the manufacturer to utilize waste oil and supply the housewife with a cheap and good substitute for hog lard. There is also corn simp, made from corn starch by boiling in hydrochloric acid. Next we explore the refrigerator. The ice that keeps i t cool was made by circulating ammonia, an important chemical compound, through pipes. There is a bottle of milk that advertises the fact that it has been pasteurized. This process of pasteurization, first applied to presening wines and then to making milk safe, was discovered by Pasteur, one of the greatest chemists and bacteriologists the world has ever known. Then there are various relishes and sauces that require chemical preservatives, and the baking powders are composed of chemical products. Prom the kitchen we wend our way upward to my sister's room. The first thing that greets our eyes is an image of ourselves, reflected perfectly from a large mirror in a dressing table. Only the chemist could have removed the numerous blemishes from the glass, blemishes that made many a fine old lady of bygone times afraid to look a t herself. It was some bright chemist who discovered that a mixture of silver nitrate and formaldehyde deposited a bright silvery coating on his test tube, and likewise on mirror glass. There are numerous articles absolutely necessary to the feminine toilette, entirely incomprehensible to the masculine mind, and all made of synthetic plastics. In curiosity we press the bulb of a perfume atomizer. Immediately a strong odor of violets assails our nostrils. Evidently, if odors are to be trusted, the shrinking violet has become a roaring and assertive plant. However, odors are not to be trusted for some chemist won the undying gratitude of the perfumer by inventing a synthetic odor much cheaper and much stronger than the natural product. We open the door of the clothes closet and a riot of color greets us. These many colors that so brighten and enrich our lives come from coal tar, and i t was a seventeen-year old boy, William Perkin, while working one Easter holiday, who discovered the first coal-tar dye, giving us a variety and range of colors never before known, The silk in the dresses might be real silk, but i t is quite likely that the fibers are wood-pulp cotton, or guncotton. It was sold for silk, and the illusion is so perfect that only an expert could detect the fraud. On the dresses are some brightly colored buttons, made of the same substance that so securely holds our furniture together. Casein, mixed with aniline dyes, is allowed to harden in a formaldehyde bath, forming an excellent plastic for all uses.
In my own room there is nothing of importance except a camera and some developing fluids. The film in the camera is composed of several common chemical compounds, while the process of printing and developing involves numerous chemical reactions. It is a far cry from the crude methods of Talbot to the modern methods, but they are both alike in one respect-they involve chemical reactions galore. The next stop is the bathroom. All the fixtures are a gleaming white resembling porcelain, but there is quite a difference, chemically speaking, between porcelain and this whiteness. We pick np a piece of sodium stearate, otherwise known as soap, and recall the numerous processes involved in the manufacture of this article and its by-products. When we open the door of the medicine cabinet, a row of bottles greets us. There is a white powder, eaten by those wishing a painful death, known as mercuric chloride, corrosive sublimate, or bichloride of mercury. Then there is bichloride's little brother, not a bad sort of fellow, called mercurous chloride, or calomel, and used by physicians to stimulate a lazy liver. There is also a popular remedy, for minor aches and pains, called aspirin. It is an ester of acetic acid and a product of the destructive distillation of wood and salicylic acid, coming from coal tar via carbolic acid. Yes, there's some carbolic acid in the cabinet, too. There are various other medicines, all of chemical nature and manufactured by chemists. Having completed our survey of the house, there is but one conclusion to draw, that chemistry is absolutely necessary to the modern home. Without chemistry the home would, as would everything else, sink back into the darkness of the Middle Ages, the age of superstition, uncleanliness, and barbarity. Without chemistry we would have no medicines to cure the sick, no dyes, none of those things that contribute so much to health and happiness. Some people, with a slightly pessimistic view, say that it is only through ideal conditions of home life that the youth of the nation may he saved from the ravages of drink and the like. If the rising generation needs saving, the chemist is the one responsible for the future greatness and power of the nation, for he is the only one able to create the proper conditions of living necessary for salvation. A man once wrote a song which said, "Be i t ever so humble, there's no place like home." Now I say, "Were it not for chemistry, there wouldn't be any home."
Acknowledgment I wish to acknowledge gratefully the great aid rendered in the writing of this essay by Edwin E. Slosson's "Creative Chemistry," and the two books, edited by H. E. Howe, entitled "Chemistry in Industry."
