.lSD ESGISEERISG CHEMISTRY
'
touches t h e bottom of t h e flask, carries over t h e camphor from t h e disintegrated tablets. The distillation is continued until t h e distillate measures about joo cc.
1-01. 6 , KO.6
If t h e pills or tablets do not disintegrate readily, they should be coarsely ground in a mortar, before distilling. T h e writer has determined t h e rotation of a number of samples of camphor. All esamined h a d practically the same rotation. The following figures give t h e camphor equivalent in j o cc. of benzol solution for each o o I ' of rotation: Rotation taken in 100 mm. tube a t 25' C. Grams camphor Total dissolved in volume benzol Cc. Rotation Camphor 6 50 00 1' =0.01940? 3 50 00 1' = O . 019745 1,s 50 0 0 1' =0.01969? Average 0' 1' =0.019613 gram of camphor in 50 cc. or 0.009806 gram camphor in 25 cc. for each O o 1' of rotation.
To test t h e apparatus, 2 grams of camphor were distilled a n d t h e distillate extracted with 2 j cc. of benzol, as described. The following figures were obtained : Rotation in 100 mrn. tube a t 25O C. = 3' 5' or 185'. As t h e above solution consists of 2 grams of camphor and 25 cc. of benzol, not 2 grams made up t o 25 cc., a correction is necessary and is determined as follows: 185' X 0.009806 = 1.8144 C From t h e figures previously obtained, we know t h a t the above rotation indicates t h e presence of 1.8144 grams of camphor in 25 cc. of t h e solution. It is now necessary t o calculate how much benzol we have in 25 cc. of this solution. As t h e specific gravity of camphor a t 25' C . is about 0.99, 1.8144 grams of camphor displace 1.8324 cc.
'fir
= 1.8324
Therefore, we have 23.1676 cc. of benzol in 25 cc. of the solution. 25.0000 cc. 1 ,8324 cc. 23,1676 cc. S o w if 23.1676 cc. of benzol have 1.8144 grams of camphor, 2 5 cc. will have 1.957 grams. 1.8144 -. X 25 = 23.1676or. 97.85 per cent of the amount taken. ~~
I
4
T h e pinchcock I is now opened a n d t h e flame removed from A . The water is allowed t o run over t h e retort for j minutes longer t o thoroughly cool t h e distillate. T h e retort is now disconnected, leaving t h e t u b e H with t h e pinchcock J attached a n d screwed t i g h t ; 2 j CC. of benzol measured a t 2 j O C. are allowed t o flow into t h e retort through t h e neck, after removing t h e rubber stopper fitted with t h e glass t u b e opened a t both ends. The retort is securely closed with a rubber stopper a n d t h e contents vigorously agitated for several minutes. T h e position of t h e retort should be frequently changed t o allow t h e benzol t o reach every p a r t , t h u s ensuring t h a t all t h e camphor is dissolved in t h e benzol. T h e mixture is transferred t o a separator, t h e water drawn off, a n d t h e benzol solution of camphor filtered through ' a small plug of cotton wool i n t o a I O O m m . t u b e , t h e rotation being taken a t 2 j" C.
I
Several determinations were made with varying amounts of camphor, with very close results. I t will be seen t h a t a slight correction is necessary for loss. As each apparatus a n d t h e manipulation of different chemists will vary somewhat, several determinations, using known weights of camphor, should be made and t h e factor for t h e a p p a r a t u s calculated. T h e factor for t h e apparatus used by t h e writer is 0.01001 gram of camphor for each o o I ' of rotation in I O O m m . tube a t z j o C. T h e average amount of camphor in t h e tablet or pills is obtained b y dividing t h e number taken into t h e weight of camphor found. Using t h e above ,method, a determination m a y be completed within two hours. ANALYTICAL DEPARTMENT, PARKE,DAVIS & Co. DETROIT, MICHICAX
LABORATORY AND PLANT THE STATUS AND TENDENCY OF THE GAS INDUSTRY' B y WALTERR. ADDICKS
T h e artificial gas business was never i n so advantage1 Presented a t the meeting of t h e N. Y. Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, The Chemists Club, March 27, 1914.
I
ous a position strategically as a t this writing, yet two influences are felt adverse t o progress: t h e first is an obsolete candle power s t a n d a r d ; t h e second, which is n o t confined t o t h e gas industry, a tendency t o deny t o proprietorship a percentage return on investments commensurate with t h e character of t h e service and
June, 1913
T H E JOC'RS.4L OF I X D U S T R I d L . i S D E S G I S E E R I S G C H E M I S T R Y
39 1
affected t h e supply of oil for carbureted water gas manufacture, coal gas, while still a n ultimate, would not as yet be a n immediate necessity t o t h e gas busi-
R/RGRAM SXOW/NG APPRU/MJZ TYPlCffl LAR6E CUNSUhtfflJ OF GAS. "NmL
Ch??JUM/J%vN
~OLmApowcrs
L /GM/N*3NJU57RML hELT/NG .SOfTN€TRLS
M&T/NG sofrwms
ML7YU6 SOFr&?€TAf5 h7€,!77GG SOflN€TALS MRNUfRCTUWNG f€LT 6oLm
fifL77Nf #f&#LffLS
EL2%kj$*;Nj$;yY lf€CTR/C#L NOWf T/€S AEST~URBAM WOPK OPnGdL SuPpL/€S
-
hWF: SCRL€ FOR MOhTYly OUTPUT/S /D 7?M€S THRT OF ANNURL D n P U T
.
for gas manufacture. t h e modern carbureted water gas a p p a r a t u s with i t s former high candle power possibilities would not h a v e displaced coal gas m a n u facture or h a v e reached i t s present i m p o r t a n t place i n t h e gas i n d u s t r y ; i t is also probable t h a t electricity would n o t h a v e h a d i t s encouragement t o enter t h e
I' lighting field, t h e first i m p o r t a n t step in electrical development. H a d t h e perfection of operation of t h e automobile folloa-ed b y other n a t u r a l mechanical developments involving large consumption of oil not
1
I
Electricity has forged ahead i n t h e lighting field a n d t h e power field, b u t i n t h e heating field gas holds a stronger position t h a n ever before, a n d i t is still n o m e a n competitor of electricity in t h e lighting a n d
T H E JOl-RAT,-lL O F I S D l * S T R I , - 1 L A S D E S G I S E E R I S G C H E M I S T R Y
492
No. ON
Pr.AN
TRADE NO.
000 00 0
K I N DOF . & P P L I l S C E High power burner Cyclone burner Mounted burner H o t plate burner H o t plate burner H o t nlate burner High' power burners Solid type burner Triple industrial burner High power burner Pipe burner I ' / P " X 30" Pipe burner 2" X 36"
H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch 1 H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch H a n d blow torch Pipe burner 1;/4'' X 24" Pipe burner 1 X 18" Pipe burner 34;'' X 12" Pipe burner 1 X 18" Longitudinal burner Mounted burner Mounted burner Mounted burner Mounted burner Mounted burner %ring concentric burner 3'' core with 8 No. 7 Bunsens 2 Adjustable burner 8 Adjustable burner 4 Students' burner 6 Bunsen burner Table 5 S t a n d a r d burner No. I 3 H a n d y burner 61 Cyclone burner 62 Cyclone burner 51 Bunsen burner 5.2 Bunsen burner 53 Bunsen burner 000 S t a n d blow torch 00 S t a n d blow torch S t a n d blow torch 0I S t a n d blow torch 2 S t a n d blow torch 3 S t a n d blow torch I Buzzer soldering iron heater 2 Buzzer soldering iron heater 1 Johnson soldering iron heater ioi Johnson soldering iron heater 410 A S o f t metal furnace 626 Glue heater 1, Candy batch warmer 2 f t . ribbon burner 6 S o f t metal burner 93 Longitudinal burner I0 Cluster burner 4 Umbrella burner 3 P a t t e r n radiator burner 2 Babbitt melter T w o motor heads Table T y p e s Soldering iron heater No. 2 2 Soldering iron heater Bench forge 2 ' Bench forge 1 Bench forge Model R %quart glue heater 3 Soldering iron heater 1 Muffle furnace 1 Rivet heater 12 Soft metal furnace 1 Melting furnace 1 31:? H. P. steam boiler with standard automatic water feeder a n d feed water heater 1 H . P. steam boiler, with Lawler water feeder 3 4 Steam superheater 4 40 gal. copper-jacketed kettle-tinned 5 Sanitary vacuum cleaner 6 22 3 H . P. steam boiler, with Lawler water feeder 7 2 Melter 8 1 Round annealer Bar annealer 9 ? 10 Forge 11 1 Tool room forge 12 4 Oil tempering furnace with hood 13 34 Oven furnace 14 3 Tempering furnace 15 692 R i v e t heater 16 722 Muffle furnace 17 36 Oven furnace 18 43 Lead hardening 7 19 Soft metal furnace 20 3 Muffle furnace 21 87 Portable melter 22 430 A Soft metal furnace
li5 75 150 60 40
BURXERS 150 t o 1800
20 ~~
300 700 300 200 100 200 25
T'ol. 6 . S o . 6
SOME VSES ( S O T ALL) BURNERS Melting gum, heating cylinders, tinning, soldering, floor finishine. reolacine coal in confectionerv stores. raisine steam, -candy m a l u f a c t u r e , annealing, .smoking meat; heating rubber compounds, etc., h a t drying, heating plating tanks, drying photos, umbrella steaming, syrup manufacture, heating pleating and singeing ovens, steam boilers, cold cream, e t c . ; bending glass, e t c . ; drying n u t s , foodstuffs. etc.; soap manufacture, glue m a n u f a c t u r e , melting metals, heating water-jacketed kettles, m a n u facturing ink, heating drying tanks, heating oil, drying blue-prints, hot water for soda fountains, singeing, h a t renovating, feather steaming, pitch kettles, general boiling, sterilizing, heating, sweating on tables, sawdust drying. embossing, ,wood drying, brush drying, drying vats. kegs, etc.; china and glass kilns, japanning, lacquering a n d general drying ovens; drying feathers, bending wood, paint burning, testing oil, general roasting.
BURNERS 150 t o 1800 BLOW TORCHES General shaping. brazing, soldering, bending, hardening, annealing,
STEAM
20 5 9 25
35
200 t o 2000
40 50 100 150 15 30 15 30 40
200 t o 1500
250 t o 800 I50 120 t o 150 200 t o IO00
15
35 200 250 150 75 50 100 60 150 25 40 25 100 25 10 60 50 100 90 25
f
200 t o 1500 200 to i s o n 2300 2300 2300
1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 150 200 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o
1500 2300 2300 1700 2200
BOILERS
Garment manufacture, casket manufacture, necktie manufacture, vulcanizing, cleaning jewelry, draperies, f e a t h e r , glove and h a t m a n u f a c t u r e ; pleating, glue, umbrella lace drying rooms, silks and velvets, jacketed kettles, button manufacture; extracts and fruit. syrups, etc. Bakers, restaurants, sterilizing, distilling, b u t t e r melting, paper manufacture. blue-prints, plating, dyeing, soap compounds, etc. ; candy manufacture, foundry, tobacco manufacture. soda fountains, wood bending, water heating. rubber manufacture, stamps, etc. ; a r m a t u r e drying, coffee roasting.
Melting soft metals. Glue heatine. Warming candy Singeing, roasting a n d cylinder heating.
Japanning ovens,, drying ovens, melting. Soft metal melting. Brazing, bending. Brazing. hdrdening. hendind. Ilrazing. hardcnin&. liendind. H r a z i n d hardening, t w n d i n g Heating soldering irons Enameling. Rivet heating, hardening small parts. Melting soft metals, lead a n d cyanide hardening. Melting precious metals, etc.
280
'00 / 3
Superheating steam, heating air. To demonstrate boilers.
150 240 100 100 i5
125 100 50 250 200 200 200 240 95 125 125 60 150
?
1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 200 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1.500 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 200 t o 200 t o
2500 1600 1600 2500 2500 1000 2000 1500 2800 1500 2400 1800 1600 1600 800 800
Melting precious metals. Metal compositions. Annealing precious metals. Hardening, annealing. Annealing precious metals. Hardening, annealing. Brazjng, heatjng t o harden, bending, drop forging. Brazing. heating t o harden, bending, drop forging. Tempering steel. Heating t o harden, annealing, case hardening. Heating t o harden, annealing, case hardening. Rivet heating. Enameling, hardening, tempering. Heating t o harden-case hardening. Lead hardenjng, cyanjde hardening, metal melting. Lead hardening, cyanide hardening, metal melting. Enameling, hardening, tempering. Soft metal melting. S o f t metal melting, oil tempering, sweep reducing
T H E JOCRS.4L OF I\rD17STRIdL d S D E S G I S E E R I S G CHEMISTRY
J u n e . 1914
No. TRADE ux P L A N h-0. 23 2 2 4 hlodel C 26 hlodel C 25 3 A 27 046 28 4 29 6 30 31 F. 503 32 R . 590 33 34 105:
F
35
36 37 38 79 40 41
E
48
649 9 9 4 31 Type G 304
c
D A
{
42
4 4
C,
49 50 51 52
53 54
2
7
.f"
47
45
0 731 635
46 47 O u t 60
330 695 650
Brazing table 10 gallon glue heater Height 2 japanning oven Clothes pressing machine Tananninc oven
S a w d u s t drier L a u n d r y stove R e c t cyanide furnace with hood Crucible furnace Lead hardening furnace ivith hood Wagon tire heater Semi-muffle furnace Muffle furnace Forge Root's a c m e blower
so
H P Diehl motor automobile tire vulcanizer 6 H, P gas engine 7 3 / n H P motor Positive pressure blouer Positive pressure h l o u e r Autgmatic heating machine Automatic heating machine 4 u t o m a t i c heating machine Clav annealer S a l t water b a t h
F
56 ii 58 59
KISD OF .1PPLIASCE
260 210 135 5 00 280 280 250
1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o 1200 1000 t o 1000 t o 1000 t o
1800 2000 1800 2000 I700 2500
250 120
200 t o
300
3,i
13704 325706
55
Max. Practical range gas consumpof working tion per hr. temperature c u . it. ' F. I00 200 t o 2000 35 150 I50 120 t o 800 50 125 120 t o 800 120 1000 t o 2000 360 200 t o 800 I50 200 t o 800 300 200 t o 212 90 i0 150 t o 212
400 60 300 75
300 t o 1000 1000 t o 1 700 200 t o 250
Fresh water b a t h Style C water sterilizer Confectioner's furnace fan blower Confectioner's furnace positive pressure Confectioner's air
44
.
I
:"
>
250
APPLIANCESACTUALLY IXSTALLED
Annealing oven 4 HP boiler Direct heated oven mould drying Steam pleating box 1 HP boiler 9 H P boiler 5 H P boiler 1 ton coal stereotype melting furnace converted t o gas Furnace, forge a n d vulcanizer Soft metal furnace Tire heater Oven furnace-oil
tempering
Cousumpt,on 1913 cu ft.
BUSINESS Jewelry manufacture Jewelry " drying lacquer Brass goods m a n u f a c t u r e Feather Bronze goods
I'
1Vater still Glass firing kilns Wood drying . - oven a n d glue heater Indirect heated japanning oven Glass annealing oven Tire heater
Air blast gas furnaces Oven furnaces .Air blast gas furnaces G a s ovens for drying raw silks 100 gallon caldron Steel m u m e china kiln Melting furnaces for gold Assay furnaces Burners for distillatbn W a t e r still
,594,300 8 3 9 , TOO 275,900 2,172,300
Dress plaiting, etc. Clothing manufacture Hat Silversmiths Newspaper
203. i o 0 493,900 984,500 589,900 875,200
Artificial limbs Electrotypes XVagon repair-stable of dep a r t m e n t store Hack saw blade manufac-
563.000 472,800
-
t,lTP
Carbonated waters Glass stainers a n d enamelers U'oodwnrkers-marquetry Platers a n d japanners Thermos bottle manufacture A u t o a n d wagon wheel manufacture Case hardening, engravers' steel plates Lava tip manufacture Electrical novelties Silk testing S y r u p manufacture China ware, etc. Assaying See No. 46 See hTo. 46 See No. 46
212 150 t o
150 t o 360 150 to 300 150 tcr 135 1200 1300(a) en is maxi m u m a n d
.i
.APPLIANCE Mould drying oven a n d crucible furnace Indirect heated oven
S O M E r S G S ( N O T .ALL)
BURXERS Brazing, bending, hardening. Glue, wax, compounds. Japanning, lacquering, drying. Garbage. sweep reducing. China firing, silver deposit. Water heating, syrups, potash, general boiling. W a t e r heating, syrups. potash, general boiling. General boiling. Cleaning metal parts. General boiling. Tinning, cyanide hardening, lead hardening. M e t a l melting L e a d hardening, cyanide hardening. Expanding tires. Hardening a n d case hardening. tempering. Enameling, hardening, tempering. Heating t o harden, brazing, bending.
Re-treading a u t o tires
Heating t o harden, annealing. Tempering, bluing. Heating t o harden. Boiling o.ut f o r jewelers Hardening baths.
Oil -~~h a t h I
193
400 400 400. 400
not c
Sterilizing water. Candy, syrups, etc. C a n d y , syrups, etc. C a n d y , syrups, etc. C a n d y , syrups, etc. Expanding tires (steel bands). :rating consumption.
Notwithstanding t h i s disadvantage t h e incandescent gas light is b e t t e r t h a n electric light in m a n y circumstances a n d more often so t h a n is generally realized, i n t h e h o m e t h e factory a n d t h e office; d i s t a n t control of gas is now used a n d will shortly be perfected for gas lighting, with all t h e safety desirable; t h e pilot light is very satisfactory with t h e ordinary h a n d control in single fixtures.
55,200 135,400 21 , 9 0 0 33.500 126,500 596,000 1,700,900 541.000 33,000 654,000 9,229,600 1,509,200 369,500 1 ,118,500
...... ......
4,251,100
......
power field. Where t h e gas engine is used as t h e prime mo\-er for manufacturing electricity, aT1 .$bases of light, h e a t , a n d power i n all industrial ir&istries a r e competitively open t o t h e artificial gas i n d p s t r y . T h e electric system of lighting has superseded gas lighting in m a n y cases because electric lighting u n i t s niay be conveniently located as required a n d be still controlled from a d i s t a n t convenient point with ease a n d y e t no g r e a t care must be exercised t o provide against local overheating as in case of gas lighting.
FIG
&GAS LAFJOR4TORY. GEUER4L VIEW
F o r power purposes gas used i n t h e gas engine is a n active competitor as against t h e s t e a m engine. b u t m u s t be used with a belt drive when applied t o a multiplicity of machines unless used t o drive an electric generator. In domestic a p a r t m e n t cooking, gas has already displaced coal a n d is likewise rapidly driving coal f r o m use i n private houses a n d hotel a n d r e s t a u r a n t work. T h e gas i n d u s t r y does not fear t h e invasion
-1SD ESGISEERISG CHEMISTRY of electricity i n t h i s field, a n d even i n t h e fireless cooker field gas is developing t y p e s t h a t will meet a n y probable electrical developments in sight. I n house a n d office heating. gas is constantly a d vancing a n d with t h e increase of manufacture of gas f r o m bituminous coal large quantities of gas house
T'ol. 6 . NO. 6
mantle lighting, a n d ( 2 ) surface combustion which greatly increases t h e efficiency of gas used i n heating.
FIG. OVEN FURNACES A N D RIVETHEATERS
FIG 5-JAPANNING~ v ~ nCORE s . DRYING, INQI&RAT~~.
CHINA
KILN
coke will come o n t h e m a r k e t , which, with gas a s a n auxiliary heating a g e n t , will reduce t h e use of mined coal i n cities. F o r general industrial uses, including domestic a n d industrial l a u n d r y purposes, gas is progressing very rapidly a s will be shown later.
F I G .6-CAULDRON
FIG.8-FORGES, ANNEALINGA N D MELTIKG FURNACES
F U R N A CBUTCHER'S E, FURKACE
T w o interesting developments are a t t r a c t i n g t h e a t t e n t i o n of all engineers a n d give promise of wide application; b o t h require combustion under greater pressures t h a n a r e c o m m o n i n street distribution t o d a y : ( I ) High pressure lighting i n which t h e efficiency is double t h e present o r d i n a r y incandescent
FIG. ASSORTED BURNERS A N D BLOWTORCHES
cooking a n d t h e industrial appliances where r a d i a n t h e a t will be of value.
June. 1914
T H E J O 1 7 R S . 4 L O F IAYDL7STRI.4L . 4 S D E S G I S E E R I - Y G C H E M I S T R Y
High pressure gas lighting m a y he seen outside of m a n y of t h e gas offices: good examples may be noted a t 16th Street a n d 4 t h -4T-enue, a n d 4 I s t a n d qznd Streets, West of 6th Avenue, Yew York City.
405
It is quite n-ithin t h e range of practical dreams t o foresee gas supplying heat for hot water, cooking a n d industrial operations in summer; heating of living spaces in spring a n d fall and auxiliary t o gas house
FIG IO-SOLDERISGI R O XL. ~ U F F L Z ,MELTING, ETC
FIG.
1.3-ELECTROTYPES.
SOFT ~ ~ E T A FURNACE L
coke burned i n low pressure boilers in winter. Electricity will supply power for elevator arid power use a n d for lighting, where gas is not so easily applicable, though gas for lighting a n d power m a y be found most valuable under certain circumstances. FIG.
1 I-FE4THER
S T E 4 L M E R , STEAM
GENERATORS
F I G .Il-Hhcn
FIG.~ ~ - . % R T I F X C I A L L I x 8 s MELTISGF C R N A C E ,
FORGE,
Snm BL.ADES. OIL TEMPERING, O V E N Fcnxncn
GAS S T E A M
T'FLC.4NIZER
Surface combustion t o m y mind has most fascinating possibilities to-day. T h e problem is one of development of design a n d application t o present uses.
It is being recognized t h a t t h e electrical a n d gas engineers should work together harmoniously t o produce t h e best results in giving t h e most efficient service t o t h e public. I t follows as a n essential
element t h a t t h e recent pernicious practice of leaving gas pipes out of buildings must be combatted a n d architects convinced t h a t their clients' interests are sacrificed b y so doing. The new office building of t h e Consolidated Cas Company located a t I j t h Street and Irving Place covers an area of 300 by 84. feet, is nineteen stories
F I G . 1j-GI.ASS
well a s the d a y and night outputs in July and December, 1909 and 1 9 1 3 . X number of examples of sales of gas have been selected from special industries showing t h e annual
FIRINGK I L N
in height a n d is completely equipped for both gas a n d electric lighting; t h e gas pipes are tested t o carry m a n y pounds per sq. in. as against t h e present street lb. per sq. in. N o products for pressure of about 9:' light, heat a n d power will be used s a r e those supplied by t h e central stations of either t h e gas or electric industry. This building, when completed in all its parts, will be well worth attention as all types of gas
FIG.
1 7 - G ~ ~ s sA K K E A L I N CO V E N , THERMOS BOTTLES
as well as December a n d July sales. One is largely for illuminating purposes, while t h e remainder are fuel users largely. It will be noted t h a t t h e peak load is not always in December as was formerly t h e case when t h e sales were for illumination only.
F I G . 16-INDIRSCT
HEATSDJ A P A N N I N G
OVEN
appliances for every conceivable use will be displayed. I t is interesting t o note t h e growth of t h e gas business over a period of years. Fig. I shows the relative total I Z months o u t p u t of gas i n 1903, 1909 a n d 1913,as well as of the d a y a n d night o u t p u t s in 1909 arid 1913. I t also shows the total December and July o u t p u t in 1903 a n d 1913,as
FIG.
1 8 - R ~ w SILKDRYING O V E N S , SILKTESTING
All branch gas offices have on display m a n y gas burning devices. At Madison Avenue and 42nd Street (New York) will be found a model apartment as well as a large line of domestic a n d industrial appliances.
T H E J O I T R S . l L O F I S D l - S T R I ; 1 L .I S D E S G I S E E RI S G CH E -1IIS T R I-
J u n e . 1914
At 2nd Avenue a n d 22nd Street is shown a practical working experimental l a b o r a t o r y for public use. T h e gas c o m p a n y invites any consumer t o bring t o t h i s l a h o r a t o r y materials for t r e a t m e n t in a n y appliance suitable, with electricity a n d gas furnished free of charge for experimental use. and i n s t r u m e n t s for careful measurements. Figs. 3-10 giye a good idea of this useful aid t o t h e chemist a n d practical operator and m a n u fact u r er . X t a b l e (referred t o Fig. 3 ) of all t h e appliances in t h e laliorai.ory, listing t h e t r a d e n u m b e r , t h e n a m e of appliance. t h e m a x i m u m , b u t not v-orking, gas burning capacity. t h e range of working t e m p e r a t u r e s in practical use a n d some of t h e uses for which t h e appliance is novi in service. This t a b l e is made up for practical el-ery-day reference with t h e hope t h a t
497
a n uncertain or irregular d e m a n d for manufactured p r o d u c t , immediate answer t o sudder: mnxiinutn d e m a n d . absolute uniformity of teinperaturc within n n-icle range, in fact flexibility t o R degree. m n l x g2.s ;i
FIG 20-U.
S. A S S A Y ,ASSAYF U R N Z C E S
most desirable agent for t h e manufacturing chemist a n d industrial manufacturer as well as all engaged in food p r e p a r a t i o n in domestic, r e s t a u r a n t a n d hotel service. 4 I R V I X GPLACE,I ~ E WYORK
A SIMPLE EXTRACTION APPARATUS S t a n d and Condenser by PERCY H. IVALKERL Flask b y LORIS H. B I I L E Y ~ Received February 20, 191-1
FIG
19-sTEEL
MUFFLE CHINA K I L r
it m a y be of use in selecting possible appliances for operations t h a t m a y be profitably performed b y gas a s t h e heating a g e n t . T h e m a x i m u m hourly gas capacity varies f r o m j cu. it. t o 1300 c u . f t . a n d t h e working t e m p e r a t u r e s f r o m 1 2 0 ' t o 2800' F. Higher t e m p e r a t u r e s are a t tainable if desired. T h e gas engineer n o longer asshmes t h a t gas c a n n o t be economically used in place of coal for t h e reason t h a t on a unit cost basis g a s h a s a h e a v y h a n d i c a p t o overcome when compared with coal o n a h e a t u n i t basis. F r o m t h e point of view of h e a t units only, no one would suppose t h a t a gas-fired s t e a m boiler could be economically used, yet t h e y are being used b y scores. Elimination of dirt a n d h a r d l a b o r , preparedness for
A simple a p p a r a t u s h a s been designed in t h e Bureau of Chemistry for general extraction work T h e condenser proper is of t h e coil metal tube t y p e , originally designed b y G. T . Cottle. b u t generally known a s t h e Underwriters' Laboratories model,? modified b y lengthening t h e inlet t u b e a n d lengthening a n d bending t h e outlet t u b e , so t h a t t h e condenser forms a syphon. T h e s t a n d for supporting t h e condensers is made entirely of metal a n d is without clamps. Fig. I shows t h i s s t a n d . . I is t h e feed water p i p e ; t h e water passes t h r o u g h t h e pipes B a n d C ; a plug, D, closes t h e e n d of C ; t o each of t h e cocks E is soldered a l , a-inch copper pipe, bent as shovin, t o serve a s a w a t e r inlet for a n individual condenser; t h e main drain pipe F h a s an outlet t o t h e sink a t H , a n d is plugged a t I ; t h e vertical t u b e s G , which a c t as s u p p o r t s a n d a t t h e s a m e time drain t h e individual condensers, should h a v e a n inside diameter of not less t h a n '/2 inch. T h e condenser a n d s t a n d m a y be used with practically a n y t y p e of continuous extraction. Fig. 2 shows several home-made condensers of this t y p e , a d a p t e d t o various forms of extractors, t h e whole b a t t e r y being heated b y a n electric hot plate. Beginning a t t h e left we h a v e : ( I ) a n a p p a r a t u s having a Soxhlet syphon with K n o r r flask a n d mercury seal; ( 2 ) a conical flask with a Gooch crucible hung t o t h e coil; (3) a flask with a flattened constriction a t t h e b o t t o m of t h e neck a n d a n alunduni t h i m b l e ; (4) a 1 2
3
Chief, Contracts Laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry. Assistant Chemist, Plant Chemistry Laboratory. Bureau of Chemistry. THISJ O U R N A L , 4 (1912). 53.5 and 856.
