begin their study of physical chemistry with apprehensions. The author's style is conversational. He advises students to forget the stories they have heard about the course's reputation for heing "hard" and to enjoy themselves. He distributes subject matter among forty-two chapters rather than the usual twenty or so. The result is a collection of relatively small study units that psychologically appear to he more manageable than the same content served up in larger chunks. Bromhere adds considerable interest hv standing of students is revealed in comments like those about James Joule, who "had the strength of mind to put science ahead of beer." Joule "owned a large brewery hut neglected its management to devote himself to scientific research." The coverage of topics is fairly standard. Thermodynamics and its applications occupy roughly the first half of the hook. Statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics, the erystalline state and the electric and magnetic properties of atoms and molecules follow in order. Kinetics is discussed last. T o ~ i e s treated and not generally found in physical chrrni3rry tertsincludr rlectrira1,mngnetic. and yrwitatimal rfirrts in thrrmodvnamics and Legendre transformations. Bromherg's main objective is to help students to "understand the methodology of science and technology, and not to overwhelm. . .with a large hody of diverse facts." In this he is largely successful. The problems at chapter ends appear to be reasonable and to span the complexity spectrum from relatively simple to moderately difficult. A numher of exercises focus on world concerns about energy and the environment. Answers are not supplied in the text. In his discussion of the mution of an elrcIron r m a s t m , r h a r ~ e r , a n drrlucityr, ahout a nucleus (charge Ze) in a circular orbit (radiusr) in connection with the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom, the author states on page 490: "Mechanical stability requires the centrifugal force rnv2/r to he exactlv balanced hv the electrical attractive force ze2/r2, or
Not only does the centrifugal force not balance the coulomhieforce, hut also it does not eaist-at least in terms of the primary inertial system to which the motion of the electron is referred. If there is no centrifugal force acting on the electron, the question arises: "What is rnu2/r, and what is the justification for equating it to ZP~/T?" .&particle subject to a resultant force will ~ x p r r i r n r an r nceelcrnrion in the diwcrion of thri force. The roulumhir force on the rlecIron is G?e2,1r2,ii' aherr ii' ir a unit vector painting from the electron to the nucleus. Since the eoulomhie farce is the only force considered in the Bohr theory, the electron will experience an acceleration in the direction of this force. The magnitude of this centripetal acceleration is u2/r,where u is the numerical magnitude of the velocity. According to Newton's second law, the resultant force acting on a particle equals in magnitude and direction the product of its mass rn by its acceleration. Hence ~
One force is definitely not heing equated to another. These comments on the Bohr theory are directed not just to Bromherg, hut to all authors who have handled this topic in essentially the same way that he did. His text merely provided the opportunity to air some long standing concerns. When we chemists take concepts from physics, we should emnlov them as the nhvsicists do. Otherwise. students who take courses in hoth chemistry and physics will he confused. In summary, we cansay thatstudents will he comfortable with Bromherg's text. After using it, they might even conclude that physical chemistry is really not too hard! E. W. Anacker
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Montana State University Bazeman. MT 59717
T h e U s e of Radioactive Isotopes in t h e Life S c i e n c e s J. M. Chapman and G. Ayrey, Allen & Unwin, Inc., Winchester, MA, 1981. vii 148 pp. Figs. and tables. 13.5 X 21.5 cm.
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$28.50 HE. $12.50 PB.
I n atilition to a failure to recognize specifically the vector nature of forces, the quotation contains two erroneous concepts, namely that a particle moving under a resultant applied force of zero can describe a nonlinear path and that a particle traveling in a circular orbit is suhject toa"centrifuga1 force" tending to pull it away from the center of rotation. If two forces applied to a hody balance one another in the sense that they are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and have the same line of action. the situation is equivalent toonc in which there i~ noapplied fmeeon the body. According to Urwon's iimt Inw of matim r w h 8 body euntinurs in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line. The coulomhic force of attraction on an electron moving in a circular orbit about s positively charged nucleus cannot he in halance with another force.
A250
Journal
of Chemical Education
Rndioisotoprs are widely used au tracers in inuesrgntiw srudirs i n life scien~.e'r.NU. mrnrus h < m kand ~ monographs on thrir use exist, hut, in general, for newcomers these are either too advanced or too detailed or outdated. Now, Chapman and Ayrey have written a concise and readable hook. Its purpose is to present an adequate hackground knowledge of radioactivity to the student and to outline same of the methods used when working with mdic,isou,pcs, including measurement of rnd~oncti\ity.The hook contains six chapters and four appendices. Chapter 1-Introduction (9 pp.), Chapter 2-Atoms, isotopes and radioactivity (22 pp.), Chapter 3--Radiation protection and safe handling of radioactive materials (11 pp.), Chapter 4-Detection and measurement of radioactive materials (34 pp.), Chapter 5-Factors affecting the design of
tracer experiments (22 pp.), Chapter 6 Special analytical methods used in biological research (27 pp.), Appendices A-E (12 pp.), Glossary (4 pp.), and Index (5pp.). The hook also contains eight practical experiments for teaching purposes. The contents of the hook reflect the authors' experience of many years in hoth teaching and research with the use of radioisotopes in biological departments at the Queen Elizabeth College, University of London. Unfortunately, the authors did not discuss radioisotope production or equilihrium relationship hetween parent and daughter radionuclides, or radioisotope eenerators for short-lived nuclides in Chanter 2. n e r n w e oi'its uidr uie in nuclear medicine. the ihon-liwd radiunuclide te1.hndum-9'hn is rapidly heconling an isotope oi popular interest. One cannot imanine 3 hook on the use 01' radioactive ikot~ptsin rhe lifr sciences or fur rh? backrround knr,wledeeof md~onrtivity without; passing ment&n of it. The production of technetium-99m from its parent nuclide molyhdenum-99 is similar in principle to the separation of harium-137m from its parent eesium-137. The latter is given as a practical experiment in the book. Chapter 3 is instructive to persons who are ill at ease with the use and handling of radioisotopes. Understanding the principles of radiation protection usually allays fear and anxiety and ensures confidence. Chapter 4 is devoted to eountine methods and a mhstantid purtion of it IS on liquid scintillatiun P iw counting techniqu~i.One of I ~ criteria selecting optimal instrument counting conditions is to maximize the figure of merit (E2/B) which is not mentioned in the hook. Chapter 5 analyzes the factors that must he considered in designing a radiotracer eaperb e n t . This chapter will be extremely helpful to those who are familiar with counting techniques hut are inexperienced at designing experiments using radioactive materials. Chapter 6 outlines special analytical methods for biological research.Under the heading, a number of different techniques and methods are assembled, such as isotope dilution methods of analysis, douhle label counting, radioimmunoassay, autoradiography, etc. The authors give special emphasis to isotope dilution methods of analysis and only a mention of radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassay and competitive binding assays are extremely sensitive analytical methods for analyzing proteins, hormones, and drugs and seem to warrant more attention than that allotted. Both Chapten 4 and 6 contain liquid scintillation counting and autaradiography, and one wonders if they should he combined and cross referenced. The hook has a pleasing format and contains surprisingly few misprints. In eqn. (5.1) (p. 28), t is referred to as the "paralysis (quenching) time." In GM counting, paralysis and quenching refer to different mechanisms of counter response and cannot he considered as equivalent to each other. The expression "Chapter 7" on p. 57 was really meant for Appendix D. In the expression "the production of spurious light pulses from fluorescence" (p. 55), the term "fluorescence" should he substituted by the term "luminescence" which includes phosphorescence, delayed fluorescence, and electroluminescence. Static charges built around the phototuhes and sample vials may also give rise to spurious light pulses. The hook has succeeded in what the au~
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thors claim it will d-to provide the student with an adequate background knowledge of radioactivity. The book has a lot of valuable information-in a small volume and may serve well as a text for a short course in radioactkity or as a general survey for self.rtudy. It is n worthwhile addit~onu,one's library. C. T. Peng DBpartmem ot Pharmacelnical Chemistry Unlven ty of California San Francisco. CA 94143
CONTINUING SERIES Advances In Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry, Volume 39 Stuart R. Tipson and Derek Horton (Editors). Academic Press. NY. 1981. ix 502 pp. Figs. and tables. 16 X 23.5 cm.
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$55.00.
Karl Paul Gerhardt Link (1901-1978), Clinton E. Ballou; The Selective Removal of Protecting Groups in Carhohydrate Chemistry, Alan H. Haines; The Reactivity of Cyclic Acetals of Aldaaes and Aldaaides,Jacquea Gelas; Synthesis and Polymerization of Anhydro Sugars, Conrad Sehuerch; The Chemistry of Malkee, Riaz Khan; Chemistry and Biochemistry of D- and L-Fructose, Harold M. Flowers; The Utilization of Disaccharide~and Some Other Sugars by Yeasts, James A. Barnett; Affinity Chromatomaohv of Macromolecular Suhstances on ~&oib;nts Bearing Carhohydrate Ligands, John H. Pazur. Analytical Profiles ot Drug Substances, Volume 1 0 Klaus Florey (Editor), Academic Press, NY. 1981. v 727 pp. Figs. and tables. 15.5 X 23 cm. $41.00.
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A m i n ~ c y e l i eAcid, M. M. PI. Hassan, A. I. Jado and M. U. Zubair; Azathioprine, W. P. Wilson and S. A. Benezra; Benzyl Benzoate, M. M. A. Hassan and J. S. Mossa; Clindamyein Hydrochloride, L. W. Brown and W. F. Beyer; Codeine Phosphate, F. J. Muhtadi and M. M. A. Hassan; Colchicine, D. K. Wyatt, L. T. Grady and S. Sun; Cyatiocobalamin, J. Kirschbaum; Emetine Hydrochloride, L. V. Feynes and L. T. Grady, Glibenelamide, P. G. Takla;Heroin, D. K. Wyatt and L. T. Grady; Hydrochlorothiazide, H. P. Deppeler; Ketoprofen, G. G. Liversidge; Methylphenidate Hydrochloride, G. R. Padmanabhan; Nabilone, R. W. Souter; Natamycin, H. Brik; Oxytocin, F. Nachtamann, K. Krummen, F. Maxl, and E. Riemer; Penicillamine, C. C. Chiu and L. T. Grady; Probenecid, A. A. Al-Badr and H. A. El-Oheid; Salhutamol, H. Y. Ahoul-Enein, A. A. AlBadr, and S. E. Ibrahim; Succinylcholine Chloride, P. R. B. Foss and S. A. Benezra; Trioasalen, M. M. A. Hassan and M. A. Loutfy. Annual Reports in Organic Synthesis1980 L. G. Wade. Jr. and Martin J. O'DonneN (Editors). Academic Press, NY, 1981. v 456 pp. Figs. and tables. 14.8 X 22.8 cm.
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$24.00.
(Continued on page A252) Volume 59
Number 8
August 1982
A251
