Theoretical Evaluation of an Organic Phase Change Material (PCM

Subscriber access provided by ALBRIGHT COLLEGE

Research Note/Communication

Theoretical evaluation of an organic PCM inserted dualfunctional adsorbent for the recovery of heat of adsorption Jihye Choi, Kenichi Yoshie, Takahiko Moteki, and Masaru Ogura Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00198 • Publication Date (Web): 24 May 2019 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on May 25, 2019

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research

Theoretical evaluation of an organic PCM inserted dual-functional adsorbent for the recovery of heat of adsorption Jihye Choi1, Kenichi Yoshie1, Takahiko Moteki2 and Masaru Ogura2 1Department

2Institute

of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan

Keywords : Heat of adsorption, Thermal energy recovery, inserted, phase change material.

Abstract

Inserting a phase change material (PCM) directly into an adsorbent is proposed, for the first time, as a novel method for recovering the generated heat of adsorption. In the PCM-inserted adsorbent, adsorption and recovery of the heat of adsorption can occur simultaneously. As a conceptual model, PCM-inserted mesoporous silica SBA-15 was experimentally prepared, and a dehumidifying fixed-bed adsorption process was simulated based on the experimental data. The Simulation was run for a theoretical investigation under adiabatic conditions over 5 types of adsorbents with/without PCM. The PCM-inserted SBA-15 showed isothermal behavior in a first few minutes owing to the heat recovery effect of the PCM, demonstrating the highest performance.

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

1

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 2 of 16

Introduction The generated heat of adsorption increases the temperature of an adsorption system, thus degrading the adsorption performance. A short time adsorption process, such as PSA, is affected by the heat of adsorption because it is non-isothermal1 and apparent adiabatic conditions2. Hence, removal of the heat of adsorption is necessary to realize higher adsorption performance3,4. Typically, there are two methods of thermal energy storage involving the use of sensible heat5 or latent heat6. A heat exchanger7 is a well-known example of a heat storage system using sensible heat. The phase change between solid and liquid in phase change materials (PCMs) is used for latent heat storage. Hydrates, metals, paraffins, and fatty acids are examples of PCMs8. Heat storage using latent heat through a PCM can store a high density of thermal energy within a small temperature range9 compared to that of heat storage using sensible heat. A PCM was applied on a fixed-bed adsorption process in previous reports10–12 in order to recover the generated heat of adsorption. The generated heat of adsorption transfer from the adsorbent to the PCM, then the PCM absorb the transferred heat and the phase of PCM changes from solid to liquid. Various sizes of containers have been studied from a large scale to small scale, such as a 40 mm rubber sphere11, 6 mm metal void10, and 1 mm capsule12. To improve the heat recovery efficiency of the PCM, a shorter heat transfer distance from adsorption site to PCM is required. Here, a new concept was proposed for applying a PCM to an adsorption process by inserting the PCM directly into the adsorbent. By inserting the PCM directly into the adsorbent, the generation of the heat of adsorption and the recovery of the heat through the PCM can occur simultaneously inside the adsorbent. Generally, when a PCM is applied in an adsorption process, heat transfer occurs in two steps, i.e., adsorbent to the fluid and then fluid to the PCM. On the other hand, for


2

Page 3 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


the PCM-inserted adsorbent, the heat directly transfers from the adsorbent to the PCM. Therefore, the PCM-inserted adsorbent has an advantage that rapid heat exchange between PCM and adsorbent. Previously, an adsorbent pellet with three layers (adsorbent, metal, and PCM) was applied on a vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process13. This study evaluated one step heat transfer by modeling a pellet in the shape of a sphere with three layers; however, the model of the pellet was a theoretical proposal and could not be experimentally prepared. To prepare the PCM-inserted adsorbent, the adsorbent should possess a large vacant space where phase change can occur, such as a mesopore. In the PCM-inserted adsorbent, the inserted PCM is confined by a strong surface tension; therefore, the PCM cannot easily leak from the adsorbent. In addition, because the PCM is inserted in the adsorbent, the PCM can homogenously distribute into the fixed-bed because there is no density difference between the PCM-inserted pellets. In this study, the PCM-inserted adsorbent was experimentally prepared using mesoporous silica SBA-15 as one example for the PCM-inserted adsorbent. Hence, the effectiveness of the proposed PCM-inserted adsorbent was theoretically investigated by evaluating the heat recovery efficiency when PCM-inserted adsorbent was applied in a dehumidifying fixed-bed adsorption process.

Experimental Preparation of PCM-inserted adsorbent using SBA-15 For the preparation of the PCM-inserted adsorbent, mesoporous silica SBA-15 was used, which was synthesized in our previous study14. For the PCM, paraffin (C24, Docosane) was inserted in the mesopores of SBA-15. Paraffin has a high latent heat, melting point near room temperature, and small supercooling15. The PCM was inserted into the mesopores of SBA-15 using a vapor transportation method14. Vapor transportation inserts the PCM inside the mesopores using


3


Page 4 of 16

capillary condensation. The specific preparation procedure of the PCM-inserted SBA-15 is described in the supporting information. Characterization of PCM-inserted SBA-15 The melting point and the enthalpy of fusion of PCM inserted in SBA-15 was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Shimadzu DSC-60). The nitrogen adsorption/desorption (Quantachrome, QUADRSORB evoTM) of SBA-15 and the PCM-inserted SBA-15 were measured. Also, the water vapor adsorption isotherm of SBA-15 and PCM-inserted SBA-15 was measured. Theoretical evaluation of various adsorbents including PCM-inserted SBA-15 A dehumidifying fixed-bed adsorption process was simulated under adiabatic conditions with three different adsorbents, i.e., SBA-15, SBA-15 with a PCM capsule, and PCM-inserted SBA-15. For the PCM, paraffin (C24, Docosane) was used for the PCM capsule and PCM-inserted adsorbent. The melting behavior of the encapsulated PCM was assumed to follow that of the bulk state (see the supporting information, Fig. S3). The mathematical details12,16–20 and assumptions in the calculations are described in the supporting information. The values of the parameters used in the simulation are listed in Table 1. The equations are discretized by the exploited method for the calculations. In addition, in order to compare the encapsulated PCM and the inserted PCM, two additional types of adsorbents were simulated. One was SBA-15 with a PCM capsule, where the phase change was assumed to occur at the same temperature as that of the inserted PCM. The other adsorbent was SBA-15 with a PCM capsule with a heterogeneous distribution, where SBA-15 and the PCM capsule were divided into two layers in a fixed-bed (see supporting information, Fig. S5 (e)). Table 1. Parameters used in the calculation of the dehumidifying fixed-bed adsorption column


4

Page 5 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Column length, L

0.6 m

Column diameter, dc

0.06 m

Void fraction, ε

0.4

Inlet temperature, TF,in

303 K

Relative concentration of water vapor at the inlet

50 %

Concentration of water vapor at the inlet, Cin

0.842 mol/m3

Superficial flow velocity, u0

0.6 m/s

Adsorbent (Type1. SBA-15) 333 kg/m3

Pellet density, 𝜌𝑝 Diameter of a pellet, dp

0.002 m

Heat capacity of a pellet, Cp,p

730 J/kg·K

Isosteric heat of adsorption, Qst

42.0 KJ/mol

Pellet porosity, ε𝑠

0.845

Mesopore porosity of a particle, ε𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑜

0.648

Macropore porosity of a particle, ε𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜*

0.476

Adsorbent (Type2. PCM-inserted SBA-15) 551 kg/m3

Pellet density, 𝜌𝑝 Diameter of a pellet, dp

0.002 m

Heat capacity of a pellet, Cp,p

1037 J/kg·K

Isosteric heat of adsorption, Qst

43.6 KJ/mol

Pellet porosity, ε𝑠

0.476

Macropore porosity of a particle, ε𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜

0.476

Mesopore porosity of a particle, ε𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑜

0


5


Page 6 of 16

Ratio of PCM in the adsorbent, w1

0.655

Phase change start temperature, Tstart

304 K

Phase change end temperature, Tend

317 K

Enthalpy of fusion, H

53.3 J/g-PCM

Adsorbent (Type3. PCM capsule*) Capsule fraction in the bed, ε𝑐𝑎𝑝

0.267

Pellet fraction in the bed, ε𝑝

0.333

Capsule density, 𝜌𝑐𝑎𝑝

995 kg/m3

Pellet density, 𝜌𝑝

333 kg/m3

Diameter of a capsule, dcap Heat capacity of a capsule, Cp,cap Ratio of PCM in a capsule, w2

0.002 m 1415 J/kg·K 0.7

Phase change start temperature, Tstart

316 K

Phase change end temperature, Tend

328 K

Enthalpy of fusion, H

236.5 J/g-PCM

* The value of ε𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜 is the value from the work of L. Uson et al. * Melamine resin is assumed as the material for the encapsulating PCM.

Results and discussion Characterization of PCM-inserted SBA-15


6

Page 7 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


As shown in Fig.1, because the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the PCM-inserted SBA-15 was less than that of SBA-15, it was assumed that the PCM was successfully inserted into the mesopores of SBA-15. Phase change of inserted PCM from a solid to a liquid occurred at 304 K, and the enthalpy of fusion was 53.3 J/g-PCM (See the supporting information, Fig.S1). In addition, the enthalpy of fusion did not change during the repeated heating and cooling. Therefore, the inserted PCM is assumed to not leak from the mesopores owing to strong surface tension (Fig.S1). However, the inserted PCM showed a low enthalpy of fusion that was 23 % of the value of the bulk and a lower melting point than that of the bulk. The reason why apparent melting properties of inserted PCM is different from that of bulk can be considered as the effect of various parameters such as strong surface tension in narrow space, interaction between PCM molecules and the wall of the SBA-15, and surface roughness14,21.Then, the water vapor adsorption isotherm was measured (Fig. 2). In addition, the isosteric heat of adsorption 𝑄𝑠𝑡 was calculated from the results of the water vapor adsorption isotherm at different temperatures (Fig. S2). The adsorption sites on the PCM-inserted SBA-15 decreased because of the PCM in the mesopores of SBA-15. However, some of the adsorption sites of the PCM-inserted SBA-15 remained on the vacant space where the PCM was not present, such as the external surface and intergranular spaces. Hence, from the results of Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig.S1, the PCM-inserted SBA-15 with both a heat storage site and an adsorption site in the adsorbent was successfully prepared.


7


Page 8 of 16

Figure 1. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption

Figure 2. Water vapor adsorption isotherm of

isotherm of SBA-15(○, ●) and the PCM-

SBA-15(●) and the PCM-inserted SBA-15

inserted SBA-15 (△,▲), open: adsorption,

(▲) at 313 K.

closed: desorption.

Theoretical evaluation of various adsorbents including PCM-inserted SBA-15 Dehumidifying fixed-bed adsorption process with five types of adsorbents, i.e. SBA-15, SBA15 with a PCM capsule, PCM-inserted SBA-15, SBA-15 with the PCM capsule that was assumed to have the same phase change temperature as that of the inserted PCM, and SBA-15 with the heterogeneously distributed PCM capsule, were evaluated. The changes of the fluid temperature at the outlet (Fig. 3 (a)), the ratio of the absorbed heat through the PCM to the enthalpy of fusion in whole fixed-bed, χ, (Fig. 3 (b)), changes of amount of water vapor adsorbed in whole fixed-bed (Fig.3 (c)), and the changes of the ratio of the amount adsorbed 𝑞 to the equilibrium amount adsorbed 𝑞 ∗ in whole fixed-bed (Fig. 3 (d)) were calculated in the initial 5 min. The changes during 5 min were calculated because the target application for the PCM-inserted adsorbent is a short time-scale adsorption process. The phase change of the encapsulated PCM began when the temperature was 316 K, and the phase change of the inserted


8

Page 9 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


PCM began at 304 K. The phase change of the encapsulated PCM occurred at a 12 K higher temperature than that of the inserted PCM. As shown in Fig. 3 (a), the encapsulated PCM system (green line) and inserted PCM system (red line) showed an isothermal behavior during the initial 5 min adsorption process. This suggested that the PCM stored the thermal energy of the generated heat of adsorption. The storage heat of the adsorption through the encapsulated PCM (green line) and inserted PCM (red line) was also confirmed from the results of Fig. 3 (b). This parameter χ in figure 3 (b) simply indicates that how much percentage of latent heat is used to store the generated heat of adsorption in whole fixed-bed. At 5 min, the value χ was 93% for the PCM-inserted SBA15 and 25% for SBA-15 with the PCM capsule that was assumed to have the same phase change temperature as that of the inserted PCM. The smaller packed amount and the lower value of the enthalpy of fusion of the inserted PCM than those of the encapsulated PCM, as listed in Table S1, could have caused the PCM-inserted SBA-15 to show a higher χ value. For the encapsulated PCM system with intrinsic phase change temperature (blue line), the isothermal behavior was observed after the temperature reached the phase change temperature, 316 K. When the encapsulated PCM with a heterogeneous distribution (yellow line) was applied on the dehumidifying fixed-bed adsorption process, the temperature increased. When SBA-15 was packed with the PCM capsule, the χ value increased with time and reached 8 % at 5 min (Fig. 3 (b)). For SBA-15 with the heterogeneously distributed PCM capsule, the χ value was maintained at 0% for 5 min. Therefore, the encapsulated PCM with a heterogeneous distribution could not recover the generated heat of adsorption. The PCM-inserted adsorbent system and SBA-15 with the PCM capsule system showed a larger amount of adsorbed water vapor in the whole fixed-bed than solo SBA-15 system (Fig. 3 (c)) despite the high equilibrium amount of water vapor adsorbed 𝑞 ∗ of SBA-15 and the lack of dead


9


Page 10 of 16

volume resulting from the PCM (see the supporting information, Table S1). Conversely, SBA-15 with a heterogeneously distributed PCM capsule (yellow line) showed the smallest amount of adsorbed water. Among the various types of adsorbents, the PCM-inserted SBA-15 showed the highest amount of adsorbed water vapor in 5 min. In addition, from Fig. 3 (d), except for the PCM capsule with a heterogeneous distribution, the value of 𝑞/𝑞 ∗ in the whole fixed-bed increased with the existence of PCM. The changes of 𝑞/𝑞 ∗ from the inlet to the outlet showed that the adsorption mainly occurred near the inlet in the case of SBA-15 (Fig. S4 (a)). However, in other cases, whether the encapsulated PCM or the inserted PCM was applied in the adsorption process, the adsorption of water vapor occurred from the inlet and moved to the middle of the bed with the time (Figs. S4 (b)–(e)). Therefore, higher performance was achieved with the PCM owing to the rapid apparent adsorption by the heat recovery effect of the PCM. With the assumption of more heterogeneous distribution of the PCM capsule (Figs. S5 (a)–(e)), the temperature of the adsorbent at the outlet increased, and the amount of adsorbed water vapor decreased more (Fig. S6). In addition, the stored heat through the PCM decreased when the encapsulated PCM was distributed heterogeneously. If all the PCM capsule is heterogeneously distributed near the inlet (Fig. S5 (e)), the encapsulated PCM could not operate as the heat storage material. This suggested that when the PCM capsule was distributed heterogeneously, the PCM capsule could not effectively store the heat of adsorption, degrading the performance of the adsorption process.


10

Page 11 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figure 3. (a) Temperature changes of the fluid at the outlet, (b) the ratio of amount of stored heat through PCM to the enthalpy of fusion in whole fixed-bed, (c) the amount of adsorbed water vapor in whole fixed-bed, and (d) the ratio of the amount adsorbed to the equilibrium amount adsorbed in whole fixed-bed with time changing when the packed adsorbent is SBA15(orange), PCM-inserted SBA-15(red), SBA-15 with the PCM capsule (blue), SBA-15 with the PCM capsule that was assumed to have the same phase change temperature as that of the inserted PCM (green), and SBA-15 with the heterogeneously distributed PCM capsule (yellow). Furthermore, how much of the thermal energy generated by adsorption was transferred to the PCM and fluid at 5 min was calculated when the PCM-inserted adsorbent was applied on the fixedbed adsorption process. When S BA-15 was only packed in the fixed-bed, 46 % of the generated total amount of heat of adsorption was transferred to the fluid and eliminated from the system. On the other hand, the


11


Page 12 of 16

PCM-inserted adsorbent stored 99 % of the generated heat of adsorption and only 1 % of the heat transferred to the fluid. Within 99 %, 79 % was used for latent heat storage, and the other was used for sensible heat storage. There is a possibility that the heat recovered by the PCM might be expected to be re-used during the desorption process since desorption is endothermic phenomenon. For SBA-15 packed with the PCM capsule that was assumed to have the same phase change temperature as that of the inserted PCM, i.e., 99 % of the generated heat of adsorption was adsorbed through the PCM, and only 1 % of the heat transferred to the fluid. However, for the fixed-bed adsorption under a high flow rate and high adsorption rate, the PCM-inserted adsorbent is expected to be a more effective method for recovering the heat of adsorption than the other PCM methods, such as a capsule, sphere, void etc., because the heat transfers through one step, i.e. directly from the adsorbent to the PCM in a short heat transfer distance because the PCM and adsorbate are in the same unit.

Conclusion A PCM-inserted adsorbent is proposed for a new containing method of a PCM in an adsorption process owing to a more rapid storage, more homogeneous distribution, less leakage, and smaller dead volume than those of other PCM containing method. The dehumidifying fixed-bed adsorption process was simulated under adiabatic conditions with 5 types of adsorbents: SBA-15, PCMinserted SBA-15, SBA-15 with a PCM capsule, SBA-15 with a PCM capsule that was assumed to have the same phase change temperature as that of the inserted PCM, and SBA-15 with a heterogeneously distributed PCM capsule. The PCM-inserted adsorbent showed high performance owing to the heat recovery effect of the PCM during initial 5 min. At 5 min, approximately 98 % of the generated heat of adsorption was recovered by the PCM-inserted adsorbent. For the PCM


12

Page 13 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


capsule, a high ability to recover the heat of adsorption was shown, and high performance was achieved when the capsule was homogeneous. However, the ability to recover the heat of adsorption of the PCM capsule was decreased when it was distributed heterogeneously in the bed. In conclusion, the PCM-inserted adsorbent is considered an effective method for recovering the heat of adsorption to achieve higher performance in the adsorption process. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Preparation of PCM-inserted SBA-15, DSC measurement of PCM-inserted SBA-15, Calculation of isosteric heat of adsorption, Notation, Greek symbols, Subscripts, Assumptions and Mathematical model for theoretical evaluation, Estimation of model parameters, DSC measurement of bulk PCM, Packed amount of SBA-15 and PCM in bed, Amount of adsorbed water vapor from inlet to outlet at various time, Effect of capsule distribution (PDF) AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author *e-mail address : [email protected] ABBREVIATIONS PCM, phase change material; DSC, differential scanning calorimetry. REFERENCES (1)

Chihara, K.; Suzuki, M. Simulation of Nonisothermal Pressure Swing Adsorption. J. Chem. Eng. Japan 1983, 16, 53–61.

(2)

Farooq, S.; Hassan, M. M.; Ruthven, D. M. Heat Effects in Pressure Swing Adsorption Systems. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1988, 43, 1017–1031.


13


(3)

Page 14 of 16

Amar, N. Ben; Sun, L. M.; Meunier, F. Numerical Analysis of Adsorptive Temperature Wave Regenerative Heat Pump. Appl. Therm. Eng. 1996, 16, 405–418.

(4)

Wang, R. Z. Performance Improvement of Adsorption Cooling by Heat and Mass Recovery Operation. Int. J. Refrig. 2001, 24, 602–611.

(5)

Dincer, I.; Dost, S.; Li, X. Performance Analyses of Sensible Heat Storage Systems for Thermal Applications. 1997, 21, 1157–1171.

(6)

Kadoono, T.; Ogura, M. Heat Storage Properties of Organic Phase-Change Materials Confined in the Nanospace of Mesoporous SBA-15 and CMK-3. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 5495–5498.

(7)

Furman, K. C.; Sahinidis, N. V. A Critical Review and Annotated Bibliography for Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis in the 20th Century. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2002, 41, 2335– 2370.

(8)

Farid, M. M.; Khudhair, A. M.; Razack, S. A. K.; Al-Hallaj, S. A Review on Phase Change Energy Storage: Materials and Applications. Energy Convers. Manag. 2004, 45, 1597–1615.

(9)

Hasnain, S. M. Review on Sustainable Thermal Energy Storage Technologies, Part I: Heat Storage Materials and Techniques. Energy Convers. Manag. 1998, 39, 1127–1138.

(10)

Li, X.; Li, Y. Applications of Organic Phase Change Materials Embedded in Adsorbents for Controlling Heat Produced by Charging and Discharging Natural Gas. adsorption 2015, 21, 383–389.

(11)

Toledo, M.; Rojas, C.; Montes, E.; Veloso, J.; Sáez, A. Use of Phase Change Materials on an Adsorbed Carbon Dioxide Storage System. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 51, 512–519.


14

Page 15 of 16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


(12)

Rady, M. A.; Huzayyin, A. S.; Arquis, E.; Monneyron, P.; Lebot, C.; Palomo, E. Study of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Dehumidifying Desiccant Bed with Macro-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials. Renew. Energy 2009, 34, 718–726.

(13)

Horstmeier, J. F.; Gomez Lopez, A.; Agar, D. W. Performance Improvement of Vacuum Swing Adsorption Processes for CO2 Removal with Integrated Phase Change Material. Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 2016, 47, 364–375.

(14)

Choi, J.; Fujita, H.; Ogura, M.; Sakoda, A. Confinement Effect on Enthalpy of Fusion and Melting Point of Organic Phase Change Materials in Cylindrical Nanospace of Mesoporous Silica and Carbon. Adsorption 2018, 24, 345–355.

(15)

Kibria, M. A.; Anisur, M. R.; Mahfuz, M. H.; Saidur, R.; Metselaar, I. H. S. C. A Review on Thermophysical Properties of Nanoparticle Dispersed Phase Change Materials. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 95, 69–89.

(16)

Alshaer, W. G.; Nada, S. A.; Rady, M. A.; Bot, C. Le; Barrio, E. P. Del. Numerical Investigations of Using Carbon Foam/PCM/Nano Carbon Tubes Composites in Thermal Management of Electronic Equipment. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 89, 873–884.

(17)

Simo, M.; Sivashanmugam, S.; Brown, C. J.; Hlavacek, V. Adsorption/Desorption of Water and Ethanol on 3A Zeolite in near-Adiabatic Fixed Bed. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 9247–9260.

(18)

Hwang, K.; Jun, J.; Lee, W. Fixed-Bed Adsorption for Bulk Component System. NonEquilibrium, Non-Isothermal and Non-Adiabatic Model. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1995, 50, 813– 825.


15


(19)

Page 16 of 16

Usón, L.; Colmenares, M. G.; Hueso, J. L.; Sebastián, V.; Balas, F.; Arruebo, M.; Santamaría, J. VOCs Abatement Using Thick Eggshell Pt/SBA-15 Pellets with Hierarchical Porosity. Catal. Today 2014, 227, 179–186.

(20)

Gorbach, A.; Stegmaier, M.; Eigenberger, G. Measurement and Modeling of Water Vapor Adsorption on Zeolite 4A - Equilibria and Kinetics. Adsorption 2004, 10, 29–46.

(21)

Christenson, H. K. Confinement Effects on Freezing and Melting. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2001, 13, R95–R133.

TOC image “For Table of Contents Only”


16

Theoretical Evaluation of an Organic Phase Change Material (PCM

Recommend Documents