AUGUST, 19%
Taking up where the other 11ooksleft off, this new, brief volume discusses industrial production of the metal; alloying and heat S t a n l e y Abkowitz, John I. Burke, and Rolph H. Hiltz, Ir., treatment; fabrication procedures; methods of joining, marhin-. Watertown Arsenal Laboratory. D. Van Noshand Co., Inc., New ing, and grinding; corrosion resistance; and surface coatings. York, 1955. x 224 pp. 16 X 24 cm. $5. One section summarizes methods far chemical analysis and fop DURINGthe past five years the chemistry of titanium has been metallographic examination of alloy structures.. The final chapter, which is necessarily short, is concerned with apecific applibrought up to date hy the publication of Jelks Barkdale's "Tications for titanium and its alloys. $a rapid is the progress, 27. 290 (1950)), Gmelins "Handbuch, tanium" (THEJOURNAL, System 41, Titan" ( T H ~JOURNAL, S 30, 537 (1953)),and Skinner, however, that in the next few years one may confidently expect John~ton,and Becket's "Titanium and its Compounds'' (THIS to see a great extension in their adoption for all kinds of uses. The brief review of the chemistry of titanium in Chapter 2 is JOURNAL, 31,615 (1954)). Each of them recent hooks was necessarily deficient in that little attention was paid to the metdurgy unexpectedly naive and unsophisticated. I t is regrettable that and fnbrics,tion of titanium and its alloys. This omission was ex- an otherwise competent book is marred by such statements as: eusahle, of course, because the metallurgy hsd not yet been "The widest range of compounds occurs in the tetrsvalent state, worked out and published a t the time of writing. The ex- but all compounds can be formed in each of the valence states." Titanium dioxide is ignored in: "The metal combines with ponential growth of metallic titanium production is unparalleled in the history of metallurgy. From a production of a.few pounds oxygen t o form a long series of oxides from T i 0 to TiiO,s, each of in 1945, two tons in 1947, 500 tons in 1951, 5000 tons in 1954, which exhibits a different hue, and, a t short time exposures, a and a predicted production of 35,000 tons in 1956, titanium has rainhow-colored surface film is produced." T h e free halogens suddenly become a commercially available struotural metal. and the hydrogen-halogen acids are confused with halides in: Simultaneous with the rapid expansion of production facilities "The most rapid reaction is again with the fluoride." Meaningthere has been a. tremendous effort expended on alloy develop- less statements are made, like: "Other inorganic acids have a ment and on fabrication techniques. The present volume was negative attack on the metal, and, as yet, nono of these has written by three young scientists who have been close to these found application in the indugtry." The authors me urged to developments and it attempts to fill the gap left in theprevious revise this section completely in future editions. On the othw hand, the review of chemical analytioal prooedures and of metal, treabisos. 0
IN INDUSTRY
TIT=
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JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION
lographic techniques in Chapter 9 is thorough and accurate. The analytical procedures are, however, merely outlined and no references are given. The metallographie techniques are given in great detail, but again without literature references. Titanium alloys have the high strength and ductility of alloy steels ( s t least up to 200.000 p. s. i.), give better corrosion resistance than stainless steel, and offer a saving in weight of 44 per cent, hut applications are still hampered by the continuing high coat. When the remaining difficulties encountered in mass production of tititium have been conquered, the application of titanium and of tanmium alloys %ill be limited only by man's imngin&on." LAURENCE S. FOSTER
After reading and abstracting each chapter of the book this reviewer has found i t impossible in the limited spclce allotted t o give more than a sketchy account of its contents. However, seldom has he found so much information in so few pages, and does not hesitate to recommend the text to biologists as a means of broadening their horizons.
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RELUONT.M A ~ ~ A c H u B ~ T T S
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ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 5: 1954
Edited by G. K. Rollefson and R. E. Powell, University of California. Annual Reviews, Inc., Stanford, California, 1954. x 540 pp. 16 X 23 cm. $7.
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CJXLULAR METABOLISM AND INFECTIONS
Symposium held at the New York Academy of Medicine, March, 1954. Edited by E. Raeker. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1954. xi 196 pp. Figs. and tables. 16 X 23.5 om. $4.80.
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THE hook contains discussions from 16 investigators in the United States, and one from H. A. Krebs of England, with a final summary by A. Lwoff of France. The author index has citations from approximately 500 investigators. A subject index of approximately 500 major entries with many more subheadin@ covers 11 pages. These figures indicate the usefulness of the hook as s. work of reference. However, certain topics such as acute leukemias of children, occupying considerable space in the text, appear to he omitted from the index. Part I , by seven authors, including an informal discussion by them and two guests, is on "Aspects of eompsrativc biochemistry," and Part I1 is on "Metabolic aspects of the infectious process." The informal discussion stresses viewpoints of two schools of thought by the advocates of "unity in biochemistry"-the "unitarians"-and of "disunity in biochemistry," respectively. The excellent chepter by ICrehs emphasizes the first concept and the chapter by Stanier, a n dynamic systems in bacteria, and the chapter by Bueding on differences between Ascaris and schistosomes contain evidences oi the second concept. Part I1 deals with a considorable number of toxin-producing bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, such as the agents of diphtheria, Fusarium-wilt of tomato plants, and malaria; also with a number of "phages" and of other viruses causing disorders of various kinds such as avian erythromyeloblastio leukasis and "wild fie" disease of tobacco. As pointed out by Raeker the viruses are living organisms in the sense that they possess a genetic apparatus that functions in S U N ~ Vbut ~ , do not have any enzyme systems producing utiliztthle energy. Like the agents of tuberculosis, leprosy, and certain other diseases, the viruses exert their effects intracellularly in connection u.ith thc genetic apparatus of the host cells. Most of the diarussians emphasize differences of infective agents i n viho and i n v i r q particularly the formidable nature of problems of a rational chemotherapy. However, a considerable number of instances are cit,ed wherein toxins and/or a n t i m e taholites have been demomtrahle. As pointed out in the chapter by Welch, the data relating chemical structure to biological activity are impressive. For example "A-methopterin" affords temparxry relief in eases of aoute leukemia. in children, and chlorogumide (Pdudrine) and pyrimethamine ("Daraprim") affect the metaholism of species of Plasmodium, i n uivo. The first of these agents inhibita the enzyme system which forms citrovorum factor from folic acid, and the last two may serve as inhibitors of utilisation hy plasmodia of compounds of the "folic acid series." As explained by Pappenheimur and emphasized in a. discussion by Wooley, the toxins and factors which overcome their effects have been found for a wilting disease of tomatoes and "wild five" disease of tobacco. The temoorerv effects of some of
Vor,um 5 of this well known review lives up to the standards of previous volumes. Topics covered and authors are as follows: "Thermachemistry and thermodynamic properties of substances," L. E. Steiner; "Heterogeneous equilibria and phase diagrams," W. A. Gale; "Solutions of electrolytes," H. S. Frank and M.-S. Tmo; " S o l ~ t i o nof ~ nonelectrolytes," J. C. Morrow and 0 . K. Rice: "Isotopes," W. M. Jones; "Radioactivity and nuclear structure," I . Perlman and J . M. Hollander; "Ra,diation chemistry," E. J. Hart; "Theory of molecular structure and spectra," A. D. Wdsh; "Speotrosoopy," A. B. F. Duncan: "The solid state," R. H. Bube, F. Herman, and H. W. Leverenz: "Kinetics of reactions in solution," F. A. Long; "Kinetics of reactions in gases," J. C. Robb; "Properties of macromolecules in solution," F. T. Wall and L. A. Hiller, Jr.; "Colloid chemistr3(exclusive of high polymers),'' S. A. Troelitra; "Cryogenics," E. A. Long and L. Meyer; "Nuclear magnetic resonance," H. S. Gutowsky; "Crystallor.r;~phy," E. G. Cox; "Surface chemistr?and catalysis," G. Jura; "The micron.ave spectra of gases," R. J. Myers and W. D. Gwinn; "Experimental molecular stnrctore," R. L. Livingston; "Ion exchange," J. Schuhert; "Statistical mechanics of transport and nonequilihrium processes," E. W. Montroll and M. S. Green; "Modern aspects of electrode kinetics," J. O'M. Bockris. As usual, every chapter is a mine of information, and a time saver of inestimable value for every worker in the many fielda represented.
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CHEMICAL PROCESS PRINCIPLES. PART I: MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCES
Olaf A. Hougen, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Kenneth M. Watson, Vice-president and Director of Research. Pure Oil Company, and Roland A. Ragatz, Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin. Sscond edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ino., New York, 1954. xxxv 504 pp. 129 figs. 39 tables. 15 X 23.5 em. $8.50.
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STARTINOwith "Industrial Chemical Caloulatiotions" in 1931, "Hougen and Watson" has undergone a complete rearrangement and rewriting in each edition. In 1043 the name was changed to "Chemical Process Principles," and the book was issued in three parts: I, Material and Energy Balances; 11, Thermodynamics; and 111, Kinetics and Catalysis. These books were enthusiastically received by both the teacher, who used them as the basis of courses in chemical engineering, and by the practicing engineer, who used them to modernize his education and as reference texts in the process fields. This new edition represents a complete rewriting of the provious Part I . Professor R. A. Ragate has hecame a coauthor. Now the book begins with 8, chapter on mathematical pro-
