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Transformation of Flame Retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A by Aqueous Chlorine and the Effect of Humic Acid Yuan Gao, Su-yan Pang, Jin Jiang, Jun Ma, Yang Zhou, Juan Li, Li-Hong Wang, Xue-Ting Lu, and Li-Peng Yuan Environ. Sci. Technol., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02844 • Publication Date (Web): 03 Aug 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 3, 2016
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Transformation of Flame Retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A by Aqueous Chlorine and the Effect of Humic Acid Yuan Gao†, Su-Yan Pang‡, Jin Jiang*,†, Jun Ma†, Yang Zhou†, Juan Li†, Li-Hong Wang†, Xue-Ting Lu‡, and Li-Peng Yuan‡ †
State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and
Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China ‡
Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang
Province, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
*Corresponding Authors: Prof. Jin Jiang (J.J.) Phone: 86−451−86283010; fax: 86 − 451−86283010; E-mail:
[email protected].
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Abstract
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In this work, it was found that the most widely used brominated flame retardant
3
tetrabromobisphenol A (TBrBPA) could be transformed by free chlorine over a wide pH range of
4
5-10 with apparent second-order rate constants of 138−3210 M−1 s−1. A total of eight products
5
including one quinone-like compound (i.e., 2,6-dibromoquinone), two dimers, and several simple
6
halogenated phenols (e.g., 4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromohydroquinone,
7
and 2,4,6-tribromophenol) were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem
8
mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) using a novel precursor ion scan (PIS) approach. A tentative
9
reaction pathway was proposed: chlorine initially oxidized TBrBPA leading to the formation of
10
phenoxy radical, and then this primary radical and its secondary intermediates (e.g., 2,6-dibromo-
11
4-isopropylphenol carbocation) formed via beta-scission subsequently underwent substitution,
12
dimerization, and oxidation reactions. Humic acid (HA) considerably inhibited the degradation
13
rates of TBrBPA by chlorine even accounting for oxidant consumption. A similar inhibitory effect
14
of HA was also observed in permanganate and ferrate oxidation. This inhibitory effect was
15
possibly attributed to the fact that HA competitively reacted with the phenoxy radical of TBrBPA
16
and reversed it back to parent TBrBPA. This study confirms that chlorine can transform phenolic
17
compounds (e.g., TBrBPA) via electron transfer rather than the well-documented electrophilic
18
substitution, which also have implications on the formation pathway of halo-benzoquinones during
19
chlorine disinfection. These findings can improve the understanding of chlorine chemistry in water
20
and wastewater treatment.
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Introduction
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Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBrBPA) is the most widely used halogenated flame retardant that is
23
mainly incorporated into epoxy and polycarbonate resins in the manufacture of printed circuit
24
boards for information technology and other electronic equipment.1-3 The global demand for
25
TBrBPA ranges from 120000 to 150000 tons per year. The frequent utilization of TBrBPA has
26
apparently caused its ubiquitous occurrence in the environment.4-6 For instance, Morris et al. and
27
Osako et al. reported the occurrence of TBrBPA at 85 ng L-1 in wastewater treatment effluents of
28
Europe and up to 620 ng L-1 in industrial landfill leachates in Japan.7, 8 Several studies have
29
reported that TBrBPA can exhibit significant thyroid hormonal activities and also act as an
30
endocrine disruptor due to its structural similarity to steroid estrogens.9-11 In view of the potential
31
toxicity of TBrBPA, it is important to investigate its fate in natural environment and engineered
32
processes.
33
Recent studies have demonstrated that selective oxidants/disinfectants such as ferrate [Fe(VI)]
34
and permanganate [Mn(VII)] as well as laccase-catalyzed oxidation can be applied to effectively
35
destruct TBrBPA during drinking water and wastewater treatment as expected by its phenolic
36
structure.12-14 For instance, Yang et al.12 reported that Fe(VI) could rapidly degrade TBrBPA with
37
a second-order rate constant of 7.9 ×103 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.0 and 25 oC.12 Our recent study has shown
38
that Mn(VII) can considerably oxidize TBrBPA with a second-order rate constant of 460 M-1 s-1
39
at pH 7 and 25 oC.13 Feng et al.14 found that TBrBPA could be effectively transformed by laccase-
40
catalyzed reactions with a second-order rate constant of 0.39 U−1·mL·min−1 at pH 7.0 and 25 oC.
41
Moreover, the transformation of TBrBPA by these mild oxidants shared a similar reaction pathway,
42
where an unstable phenoxy radical was initially formed via one-electron transfer and subsequently
43
underwent scission leading to the formation of new radicals.12-14 However, to date little is known
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about the transformation of TBrBPA during water and wastewater treatment with free chlorine,
45
which is the globally most used disinfectant.
46
Dissolved organic matters (DOM) ubiquitously exist in surface water, groundwater, and soil
47
pore water, and they might affect the transformation of contaminants in natural environment and
48
engineered processes. Many studies have reported that DOM as a competitor for oxidants can
49
decrease the transformation rates of contaminants in chemical oxidation processes.12,
50
instance, Yang et al. reported that Fe(VI) could be competitively consumed by DOM, thus
51
inhibiting the oxidative removal of TBrBPA.12 Gallare et al.15 found that the depletion rate of
52
bisphenol A (BPA) in the presence of chlorine decreased as DOM concentration increased due to
53
the consumption of chlorine by DOM.
15
For
54
Meanwhile, several studies reported that DOM could also affect the transformation rates of
55
various aqueous contaminants by reducing reactive intermediates back to their parent
56
compounds.17, 18 For instance, Canonica et al.17 found that DOM decreased the reaction rates of
57
naturally occurring contaminants (e.g., phenols, anilines, and phenylurea) when subjected to
58
oxidation by excited triplet states of benzophenone-4-carboxylate (CBBP). These authors
59
interpreted this result as follows: DOM competitively reduced intermediates formed via one-
60
electron oxidation of contaminants by excited triplet states to their parent compounds. Similar
61
inhibitory effects of DOM have been recently reported in laccase-catalyzed oxidation of
62
halogenated phenols.19
63
The primary objective of this work was to evaluate the transformation of TBrBPA by chlorine
64
during water and wastewater treatment. First, reaction kinetics were studied in synthetic buffered
65
waters over pH range of 5-10. Secondly, oxidation products formed during chlorination of
66
TBrBPA were identified by high pressure liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization-triple
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quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI−QqQMS) and a tentative reaction pathway was
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proposed. Thirdly, the effects of DOM on the transformation of TBrBPA by chlorine were
69
examined and compared to the cases of other oxidants (i.e., Mn(VII) and Fe(VI)) under similar
70
conditions. Finally, the oxidation kinetics and products of TBrBPA by chlorine in real water were
71
examined.
72
Experimental Section
73
Materials. TBrBPA, tetrachlorobisphenol A (TClBPA), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBrP), and 2,6-
74
dibromo-4-methylphenol (DBrMeP) of 97% purity or higher were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
75
or J&K Scientific Ltd. Potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) was prepared by the method of Thompson et
76
al.20 Humic acid (HA) as a representative of DOM was also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Other
77
reagents used were of high purity and received from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd.
78
Deionized water (18.2 MΩcm) was obtained from a Milli-pore system. Stock solutions of chlorine
79
were prepared by diluting a commercial solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 4% active
80
chlorine) and standardized by iodometry. Mn(VII) stock solutions were prepared by dissolving
81
crystal KMnO4 in deionized water, while Fe(VI) stock solutions were prepared by dissolving
82
K2FeO4 in 5 mM Na2HPO4/1 mM borate buffer where aqueous Fe(VI) is known to be most
83
stable.21, 22 Both of them were standardized spectrophotometrically. The stock solutions of HA was
84
purified by repeated pH adjustment, filtration and precipitation following the procedure described
85
by Rebhun et al.23 Stock solutions of TBrBPA and TClBPA were prepared in acetonitrile owing
86
to their high hydrophobicity.24 The contents of acetonitrile introduced in the reaction solutions
87
were k2 >k1 ) can be explained by the much higher activating effect of hydroxyl groups after their
179
deprotonation and thus dissociated forms of TBrBPA were more susceptible to be oxidized12, 13
180
(see the following section).
181
Recently, Lee et al.39 have developed a linear free energy relationship (LFER) for the rate
182
constants of HOCl with 27 substituted phenolate ions (e.g., phenol, halophenols, resorcinol, and
183
triclosan): log kHOCl
4.46( 0.15) 4.90( 0.44) o ,m, p , where
was the best descriptor
o ,m , p
184
variable among the Hammett σ (σ, σ+, and σ-). By a structure approximation referring to BPA, the
185
value of TBrBPA was estimated to be 0.37 (see SI Table S1).39 The value of k3 estimated
o ,m , p
186
by LFER was in the range of 215-911 M-1 s-1, one or two orders of magnitude lower than the
187
experimental one (i.e., 4.57 ±0.32 × 104 M-1 s-1).
188
Interestingly, Lee et al. found that the species-specific rate constant (k3) for fully-dissociated
189
BPA structurally similar to TBrBPA could be well predicted by the above LFER.39 The exact
190
reasons for the discrepancy between BPA and TBrBPA are unclear. One possible explanation
191
might be the different mechanisms involved in the chlorination of BPA vs TBrBPA. Gallard et
192
al.15 reported that BPA was transformed by chlorine through electrophilic substitution with the
193
formation of chlorinated BPA. In contrast, we found that chlorine oxidized TBrBPA via electron
194
transfer in this study (see the following section). This pathway during chlorination might be related
195
to the unique chemical structure of TBrBPA, whose ortho- and para-positions on its two aromatic
196
rings are occupied with bromine atoms. In this regard, TBrBPA can be considered as a fully-
197
substituted phenolic compound, although meta-positions are empty but difficult to be substituted.
198
It seems likely that the 27 phenols used to obtain LFER also undergo electrophilic substitution in
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their reactions with chlorine, which is in good agreement with many studies on chlorinated
200
products of these phenolic compounds. This substitution pathway is not difficult to understand by
201
considering their chemical structures of non-fully substituted with available substitutes at ortho-
202
or para- position 15, 31, 40, 41
203
Another possible explanation for the finding that the prediction of k3 by LEFR was much lower
204
than the experimental one may involve the contribution of bromide released from TBrBPA during
205
chlorination. Chlorine can quickly oxidize bromide leading to the formation of active bromine 42-
206
45
207
(see SI Table S1) was examined under similar conditions. The second-order rate constants were
208
comparatively shown in Figure 1. As can be seen, chlorine exhibits comparable reactivity towards
209
TBrBPA vs TClBPA. This suggested a negligible contribution of bromine formed in situ to the
210
chlorination kinetics of TBrBPA (i.e., negligible bromide ions released during the kinetic runs),
211
consistent with the transformation pathway of TBrBPA by chlorine (see the following sections).
212
Moreover, it was noted that the k3 value (944-3126 M-1 s-1) for fully-dissociated TClBPA estimated
213
by LFER was also one or two orders of magnitude lower than the experimental one (2.94 ±0.22×
214
104 M-1 s-1) obtained by using nonlinear least-squares regression of experimental data according
215
to eq 8, similar to the case of TBrBPA.
To explore this possibility, the chlorination kinetics of TClBPA structurally similar to TBrBPA
216
Oxidation products. Recently, a novel and powerful HPLC/ESI-QqQMS PIS approach has
217
been developed for selective detection of polar halogenated compounds.29, 30, 46, 47 Given four
218
bromine atoms in parent TBrBPA, this approach was used for selective detection of transformation
219
products of TBrBPA by chlorine. Figure 2 exemplified the HPLC/ESI-QqQMS chromatograms of
220
a sample containing TBrBPA treated by chlorine at pH 8 when PIS was set at m/z 79 and 81. As
221
can be seen, there were seven new peaks compared to the control sample with TBrBPA only. In
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addition, each peak in the chromatogram detected by the PIS at m/z 79 could find its counterpart
223
at m/z 81 by PIS, in compliance with the fact that the natural isotope abundance of
224
near 1:1. This result also suggested that these peaks in pair should correspond to bromine-
225
containing products.29, 30, 46-49
79
Br:81Br is
226
Product I eluted at 25.20 min had the molecular ions of m/z 307/309 in the PIS of m/z 79,
227
suggesting that it should contain two bromine ions. Also, the isotope abundance ratio of 1:1 in the
228
peak clusters was accordant with the theoretical prediction.29, 30, 46, 47 It was suggested to be 4-(2-
229
hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol, which was consistent with the major fragments of
230
18(H2O), 59 ((CH3)2−C−OH) and 80/82 (H79Br/ H81Br) observed in the product ion scan spectra.
231
This product was also detected in other mild oxidation cases (e.g., Mn(VII), Fe(VI), MnO2, and
232
laccase-catalyzed oxidation).12-14, 50
233
Product II at the chromatogram retention time of 22.06 min with molecular ions of m/z 265/267
234
in the PIS of m/z 79 was supposed to be 2,6-dibromohydroquinone. It would be further oxidized
235
to 2,6-dibromoquinone (2,6-DBrBQ, product VIII, illustrated in the following section). Product III
236
eluted at 33.33 min with molecular ions of m/z 327/329/331 in the PIS of m/z 79 was assigned to
237
TBrP and further confirmed by the analytical standard (SI Figure S2). Product IV at 24.46 min had
238
molecular ions of m/z 263/265 in the PIS of m/z 79 and the isotope abundance ratio in peak cluster
239
was 3:1. This indicated the presence of one bromine atom and one chlorine atom in product IV.29
240
Product IV was supposed to be (2-hydroxyisopropyl)-2-bromo-6-chlorophenol. Product V eluted
241
at 32.59 min with ion clusters of m/z 283/285/287 in the PIS of m/z 79 should contain two bromine
242
atoms and one chlorine atom according to the isotope abundance ratio of 3:4:1.29 Product VI and
243
VII eluted at 34.5 and 41.4 min with large molecular ions of m/z 555/557/559/561 and
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787/789/791/793/795/797 in the PIS m/z of 79 might be dimeric products, which were also
245
detected in the cases involving Mn(VII), Fe(VI), MnO2, and laccase-catalyzed oxidation.12-14, 50
246
The chromatogram peak of product VIII with retention time at 25.42 min (see SI Figure S3) was
247
co-eluted with the primary product 4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol (product I) which
248
eluted at 25.20 min. So, product VIII could only be observed when product I was further oxidized
249
to a large extent (i.e., in the case of 20 μM chlorine). As shown in SI Figure S3, it had even-number
250
molecular ions of 264/266 and 266/268 in the PIS of m/z 79 and 81 respectively, and thus is
251
assigned to be 2,6-DBrBQ. This product was also confirmed by the analytical standard of 2,6-
252
DBrBQ. The unique MS characteristic of quinone-like compounds has been also reported in
253
several recent studies.51-56 Under negative ESI, quinones were likely reduced via accepting
254
electron to form even-numbered radicals M- • and/or accepting two electrons and losing one proton
255
to
256
HPLC/ESI−QqQMS (e.g., ion source temperature, mobile phase flow rate, and collision energy).
257
In addition, the yield of 2,6-DBBrQ from TBrBPA (i.e., the amounts of 2,6-DBrBQ produced
258
relative to TBrBPA lost) quantified by MRM mode was found to be about 5%.
259
form
odd-numbered
[M+H+2e-]-,
which
was
dependent
on
the
conditions
of
It was noted that PIS approach where product ion was fixed at Cl (m/z=35,37) was also used,
260
while no additional products (i.e., chlorinated TBrBPA) were detected.
261
Oxidation products of DBrMeP (product I) and TBP (product VIII)
262
In order to explicitly explore the pathways of the reaction of chlorine with TBrBPA, chlorination
263
of the major product 4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol (product I) warranted
264
investigation. Unfortunately, its commercial standard was unavailable. So, DBrMeP structurally
265
similar to product I was used. SI Figure S4 showed the PIS chromatogram of a sample containing
266
DBrMeP treated by chlorine at pH 8 in the PIS of m/z 79, where products II (2,6-
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dibromohydroquinone), III (TBrP), and VIII (2,6-DBrBQ) were generated. This suggested that
268
product I could be further transformed to products II, III, and VIII.
269
Furthermore, transformation products of TBrP (i.e., product III) treated by chlorine at pH 8 were
270
identified and the HPLC/ESI-QqQMS PIS chromatogram at m/z 79 was shown in SI Figure S5.
271
The peaks of products II and VIII were obvious, suggesting that these two products could also be
272
derived from TBrP. In addition, under various experimental conditions (i.e., varying pH and
273
reactant concentrations), 2,4,6-tribromo-3-chlorophenol that was supposed to be the major product
274
of TBrP formed through chlorine electrophilic substitution in literature,57 was not detected. This
275
was consistent with the products results of chlorination of TBrBPA, where no chlorinated TBrBPA
276
was generated.
277
Proposed reaction pathways
278
Based on the identified products, tentative pathways for the reactions of chlorine with TBrBPA
279
were proposed. As shown in Figure 3, the phenol moiety of TBrBPA is initially oxidized by
280
chlorine to lose one electron, forming a phenoxy radical R1. Then, radical R1 undergoes β-scission
281
and releases R2 and R3. The coupling of two R1 radicals also eliminates R2 with the formation of
282
product VII.12-14 Subsequently, the cationic R2 intermediate undergoes substitution reactions with
283
the generation of products I and VI. R3 radical is transformed to product III (TBrP) and product II
284
(2,6-dibromohydroquinone) which can undergo further oxidation leading to the formation
285
corresponding quinone (product VIII).12-14, 50 Products II and III may also be originated from
286
product I. Products IV and V are likely to be generated from products I and III by the exchange
287
of bromine with chlorine, respectively. Zhai and Zhang30 also detected product V during
288
chlorination of TBrP. Similarly, Wendel et al.58 have recently reported the substitution of iodine
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with chlorine during the transformation of iopamidol by chlorine. This ipso free-radical
290
substitution resulting in halogen exchange have also been reported in many other studies.59-61
291
The time course profiles of products during the kinetic runs were monitored. As shown in Figure
292
4, along with the loss of TBrBPA, product I rapidly reached to its maximum concentration (at
293
about one minute) and then declines quickly. The formation pattern of product IV was similar to
294
that of product I, which might be attributed to the rapid exchange of bromine (of product I) with
295
chlorine. Further, product IV (structurally similar to product I) might undergo the oxidation
296
pathway and halogen exchange pathway. However, the concentration of these secondary products
297
for product IV might below the detection limit and thus were not detected. Comparatively,
298
products II, III, and VIII were gradually formed (within the first two minutes) and then were slowly
299
degraded. Product V was possibly generated form product III through the rapid exchange of
300
bromine by chlorine, and thus its formation pattern was similar to that of product III. The dimer
301
products (i.e., products VI and VII) were of relatively low intensity compared to other products,
302
and thus their formation dynamics were not followed.
303
It was noted that the MS spectral peak areas for compounds with different response values should
304
not be compared to one another. Products III and VIII could be quantified by the authentic
305
standards and their concentrations were shown in Figure 4. Unfortunately, commercial standards
306
of other products were unavailable.
307
It is well known that oxidation, addition, and electrophilic substitution reactions are possible
308
pathways of chlorine with organic compounds. Electrophilic substitution reactions are the main
309
chlorination mechanism for aromatic rings.34 Criquet et al. have reported that phenolic compounds
310
can react with bromine either by oxidation or electrophilic substitution depending on the nature of
311
substituents.62 For instance, hydroquinone and catechol with hydroxyl substituents in para and
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ortho positions could be oxidized by bromine via electron transfer resulting in the formation of
313
quinones, while resorcinol with hydroxyl substituents in meta positions was attacked by bromine
314
via electrophilic substitution. In this study, it showed that chlorine oxidized fully-substituted
315
phenolic compound (e.g., TBrBPA, DBrMeP, and TBrP) via electron transfer with the formation
316
of halo-benzoquinones (HBQs) during chlorine treatment while chlorine substitution reaction did
317
not occur although meta positions were empty. In contrast, in the case of phenolic compounds with
318
available substitution positions (i.e., non-fully substituted phenolic compounds such as phenol,
319
BPA, and triclosan), chlorine could initially react with them mainly via electrophilic
320
substitutions.15, 31, 40, 41
321
Influence of HA on transformation of TBrBPA by chlorine
322
Influence of HA on kinetics
323
DOM has been shown to affect the transformation rates of various aqueous organic
324
contaminants.15, 17, 18, 63 HA as a major constituent of DOM was selected as a surrogate to explore
325
the effect of DOM on the transformation of TBrBPA by chlorine. Experiments were conducted at
326
an environmentally relevant pH 8 with varying concentrations of HA. The time course profiles of
327
TBrBPA and chlorine during the kinetic runs were presented in Figure 5a and 5b. As can be seen,
328
the degradation of TBrBPA was distinctly suppressed in the presence of HA and such suppression
329
was enhanced with elevated HA concentration. With the concentration of HA increasing from 0.5
330
to 5 mg C/L, TBrBPA degradation greatly decreased from 87% to 25% at one minute, while the
331
consumption of chlorine slightly increased from about 12% to 20%.
332
HA might serve as antioxidant to compete for chlorine with TBrBPA and it was believed to
333
result in the rate decrease in previous studies. When accounting for oxidant consumption, the
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following equation could be used to describe the chlorination kinetics of a target contaminant (e.g.,
335
TBrBPA) in the presence of HA: Ct
336
C0
t
=exp{-k ∫0 [HOCl]dt}
(9)
337
where Ct was the concentration of TBrBPA at a specific time t, C0 was the initial concentration of
338
TBrBPA, and ∫0 [HOCl]dt was the chlorine exposure (i.e., chlorine concentration integrated over
339
time). The predictions made according to eq 9 substantially overestimated the level of TBrBPA
340
degradation (see Figure 5c for example). In contrast, eq 9 could predict the loss rates of TBrBPA
341
reasonably well (data not shown) in the case of other common reduced species (e.g., NaHSO 3,
342
DMSO, and Fe(II)).
t
343
Recently, Canonica et al.17 and Lu et al.19 have reported similar results that the transformation
344
rates of a variety of aqueous contaminants (e.g., phenols, anilines, and phenylurea and some
345
pharmaceuticals) were inhibited by HA when subjected to oxidation by excited triplet state of
346
CBBP and laccase-catalyzed oxidation. These authors proposed a tentative model (eq. 10-12),
347
where the intermediates of these contaminants formed by one-electron oxidation (e.g., phenoxyl
348
radicals in the case of phenols) were competitively reduced back to their parents by HA.
349 350 351
k4
•
P+Oxidant → P+ • +
k5
P +HA → P • + k6
P → Pt
(10) (11) (12)
352
Contaminants (P) were oxidized by oxidant (e.g., excited triplet state of CBBP) leading to the
353
formation of an intermediate radical •P+ via one electron transfer (eq 10). This radical subsequently
354
went through two parallel pathways: (i) converted to its original form (P) by HA (eq 11), (ii) further
355
transformed to product (Pt) irreversibly (eq 12). The reactions 10 and 11 were both second-order
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to reactants, where k4 represented the rate constants in the absence of HA and k5 was rate constant
357
for reduction of the intermediate •P+ by HA. k6 was the first-order rate constant for the intermediate
358
• +
359
radical •P+ could be described by eq 13 and 14, respectively.
P leading to the formation of Pt. Thus the degradation rate for P as well as the formation rate for
360
-
dt
-
+
(13) +
=k4 [P][Oxi]-k6 [ •P ]-k5 [ •P ][HA]
(14)
d[P] dt
=k 4 k
k6 [P][Oxi] 6 +k 5 [HA]
(15)
From eq 15, it could be seen
365 366
+
=k4 [P][Oxi]-k5 [ •P ][HA]
By making a steady-state assumption for [•P+], it could be obtained:
363 364
dt
+ d[ •P ]
361 362
d[P]
kapp =k4 k
k6 6 +k5 [HA]
Then, the relationship of kapp and HA concentration could be obtained by eq 16 1
367
kapp
1
k6
4
4 k5
=k +k
[HA]
(16)
368
Canonica et al.17 demonstrated that the effect of HA could be quantitatively described by eq 16.
369
Also, Lu et al.19confirmed the role of HA in laccase catalyzed oxidation of halophenols with the
370
above model as well. Comparatively, a good linear correlation of 1/kapp with HA concentration
371
was obtained in this work (Figure 6), suggesting that HA played a similar role in chlorination of
372
TBrBPA by competitively reducing the oxidation intermediate (possibly phenoxy radical) to
373
parent TBrBPA.
374
Comparatively, it was found that the rate constants of chlorination of BPA remained almost
375
constant in the presence of different HA concentrations when accounting for the chlorine
376
consumption according to eq 9 (see Tabe 1). The contrasting effects of HA in the cases of BPA vs
377
TBrBPA might be related to their different transformation pathways during chlorination. Gallard
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378
et al.15 reported that BPA was attacked by chlorine electrophilic substitution with the formation of
379
chlorinated BPA (mono/di/tri/tetra chloro BPA), while TBrBPA of fully substituted with
380
substitutes at ortho- or para- position (i.e., without available substituent positions) underwent
381
oxidation pathways during chlorination in this study.
382
To further confirm the role of HA in chlorination of TBrBPA, the effect of HA on the oxidation
383
of TBrBPA by Mn(VII) and Fe(VI) was also examined, because the generation of phenoxy radical
384
via one electron transfer was well reported in previous studies. The kinetics of the reactions of
385
Mn(VII) and Fe(VI) with TBrBPA in the absence of HA have been well studied in previous work.12,
386
13
387
SI Figure S6 and S7. The loss of TBrBPA was inhibited in the presence of HA and such
388
suppression was increased with elevated HA concentrations in both Mn(VII) and Fe(VI) oxidation.
389
It was found that eq 16 could also fit these experimental data as shown in SI Figure S8, indicating
390
that HA played a similar role in the reactions of Mn (VII), Fe(VI), and chlorine with TBrBPA.
391
This confirmed that TBrBPA underwent a similar reaction pathway by chlorine in comparison to
392
Mn (VII) and Fe(VI), where an unstable phenoxy radical was initially formed via one-electron
393
transfer.12-14
. Time course profiles of TBrBPA and Mn(VII)/Fe(VI) during the kinetic runs were presented in
394
Influence of HA on products
395
Recently, Feng et al.14 reported that HA affected the products formation in laccase-catalyzed
396
oxidation of TBrBPA, where three new products were generated (i.e., molecular ion clusters of
397
m/z 667/669/671, 1039/1041/1043/1045/1047, and 321/323/325 in full scan, respectively).
398
Particularly, the product (IX) with molecular ions of 321/323/325 was also identified when
399
methanol co-solvent was used. Additionally, two recent studies reported the formation of product
400
IX in the reactions of Mn(VII) and Fe(VI) with TBrBPA as well when methanol co-solvent was
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401
used.12,13 It was suggested that 2,6-dibromo-4-isopropylphenol carbocation intermediate (R3)
402
underwent substitution with HA or methanol leading to formation of product IX.
403
Interestingly, no additional products were detected in the presence of HA during chlorination of
404
TBrBPA. However, product IX was detected when methanol co-solvent was used by selective ion
405
scan mode in this study (see SI Figure S9). The discrepancy of HA effect on product formation of
406
TBrBPA between this study and Feng’s was not clear so far, and it might be related to the different
407
properties of HA from diverse sources (e.g., Suwannee River NOM in ref 14 and sigma HA in this
408
study) and/or the different experimental conditions (e.g., pH, the initial concentrations of HA),
409
which warrants further investigation.
410
Oxidation in natural waters
411
Kinetic experiments were conducted in natural water samples and time-dependent
412
concentrations of TBrBPA and chlorine were determined, respectively. As can be seen in Figure7a,
413
predictions made according to eq 9 substantially overestimated the level of TBrBPA degradation
414
in natural water samples. This was consistent with above results that HA inhibited the rate constant
415
of TBrBPA by chlorine. Furtherly, it can be inferred that in aquatic environment where TBrBPA
416
concentration was much lower than 100nM, the TBrBPA intermediates might be substantially
417
reduced back to parent by organic matter with relatively high concentration. Thus degradation rate
418
of TBrBPA at environmental relevant concentrations might be considerably inhibited. In addition,
419
six products (i.e., product I, II, III, IV, V, and VIII) were detected by MRM mode. The other two
420
products (i.e., product VI and VII) were not detected which might be due to their low concentration.
421
The time course profiles of these products during the kinetic runs in real water were also
422
monitored (see SI Figure S10), which was similar to that in synthetic buffer.
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423
Overall, this study has demonstrated that the flame retardant TBrBPA can be oxidized by the
424
globally most used disinfectant chlorine over a wide pH range of 5-10 with apparent second-order
425
rate constants of 138−3210 M−1 s−1. The transformation pathway involves the formation of
426
TBrBPA phenoxyl radical and subsequent substitution, dimerization, and oxidation reactions of
427
this primary radical and its secondary intermediates (e.g., 2,6-dibromo-4-isopropylphenol
428
carbocation) formed via beta-scission. It seems likely that HA can competitively react with the
429
phenoxy radical by reversing it back to parent TBrBPA and thus affect the transformation rate of
430
TBrBPA by chlorine. These findings were firstly reported and might improve the understanding
431
of chlorine chemistry in water and wastewater treatment.
432
Brominated products formed from TBrBPA by chlorine include (e.g., TBrP, 4-(2-
433
hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol, and 2,6-DBrBQ, as well as dimers. In addition, these
434
products are also detected during chlorine disinfection in real waters. The adverse effects of these
435
brominated products should receive great attentions. For instance, Suzuki et al. have demonstrated
436
that brominated phenols especially TBrP are potential thyroid-disrupting compounds by strongly
437
inhibiting thyroxine binding to the human thyroid hormone transport protein transthyretin in
438
vitro.64,65 Du et al. have recently reported that HBQs (including 2,6-DBrBQ) are cytotoxic to T24
439
bladder cancer, where the damage to DNA by reactive oxygen species induced by HBQs and
440
protein carbonylation are involved.66 Particularly, the occurrence of HBQs as a group of emerging
441
chlorine disinfection byproducts in drinking water has been also reported in recent years, although
442
their naturally occurring precursors are not clearly known. In this study, free chlorine is shown to
443
be able to oxidize several anthropogenic phenolic compounds (e.g., TBrBPA, DBrMeP, and TBrP)
444
of full substitution at ortho and para positions on aromatic rings leading to the generation of HBQs.
445
This also provides a plausible pathway to account for the occurrence of HBQs during chlorine
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446
disinfection process, where halogenated phenolic intermediates generated from non-fully
447
substituted phenolic precursors by stepwise halogen substitution could further undergo oxidation
448
reactions with the formation of HBQS
449 450
Acknowledgments
451
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
452
(51178134 & 51378141), the Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and
453
Environment (HIT, 2016DX13), the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral
454
Dissertation of China (201346), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
455
of China (AUGA5710056314).
456
Supporting Information
457
The additional texts, figures, and tables addressing supporting data. This material is available free
458
of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476
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Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397 (7), 2817-2824. (7) Morris, S.; Allchin, C. R.; Zegers, B. N.; Haftka, J. J. H.; Boon, J. P.; Belpaire, C.; Leonards, P. E. G.; van Leeuwen, S. P. J.; de Boer, J. Distribution and fate of HBCD and TBBPA brominated flame retardants in north sea estuaries and aquatic food webs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (21), 5497-5504. (8) Osako, M.; Kim, Y.; Sakai, S. Leaching of brominated flame retardants in leachate from landfills in Japan. Chemosphere. 2004, 57 (10), 1571-1579. (9) Kitamura, S.; Suzuki, T.; Sanoh, S.; Kohta, R.; Jinno, N.; Sugihara, K.; Yoshihara, S.; Fujimoto, N.; Watanabe, H.; Ohta, S. Comparative study of the endocrine-disrupting activity of bisphenol A and 19 related compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 2005, 84 (2), 249-259. (10) Olsen, C. M.; Meussen Elholm, E.; Samuelsen, M.; Holme, J. R. A.; Hongslo, J. K. Effects of the environmental oestrogens bisphenol A, tetrachlorobisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A, 4-hydroxybiphenyl and 4,4′dihydroxybiphenyl on oestrogen receptor binding, cell proliferation and regulation of oestrogen sensitive proteins in the human breast cancer cell line mcf‐7. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2003, 92 (4), 180-188. (11) Kitamura, S.; Jinno, N.; Ohta, S.; Kuroki, H.; Fujimoto, N. Thyroid hormonal activity of the flame retardants tetrabromobisphenol A and tetrachlorobisphenolA . Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 2002, 293 (1), 554-559. (12) Yang, B.; Ying, G.; Chen, Z.; Zhao, J.; Peng, F.; Chen, X. Ferrate(VI) oxidation of tetrabromobisphenol A in comparison with bisphenol A. Water Res. 2014, 62, 211-219. (13) Pang, S.-Y.; Jiang, J.; Gao, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Huangfu, X.; Liu, Y.; Ma, J. Oxidation of flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A by aqueous permanganate: Reaction kinetics, brominated products, and pathways. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (1), 615-623. (14) Feng, Y.; Colosi, L. M.; Gao, S.; Huang, Q.; Mao, L. Transformation and removal of tetrabromobisphenol A from water in the presence of natural organic matter via laccase-catalyzed reactions: Reaction rates, products, and pathways. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (2), 1001-1008. (15) Gallard, H.; Leclercq, A.; Croué, J. Chlorination of bisphenol A: kinetics and by-products formation. Chemosphere 2004, 56 (5), 465-473. (16) Lee, Y.; Yoon, J.; von Gunten, U. Kinetics of the oxidation of phenols and phenolic endocrine disruptors during water treatment with ferrate (Fe(VI)). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (22), 8978-8984. (17) Canonica, S.; Laubscher, H. Inhibitory effect of dissolved organic matter on triplet-induced oxidation of aquatic contaminants. Photoch. Photobio. Sci. 2008, 7 (5), 547-551. (18) Wenk, J.; von Gunten, U.; Canonica, S. Effect of dissolved organic matter on the transformation of contaminants induced by excited triplet states and the hydroxyl radical. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (4), 1334-1340. (19) Lu, J.; Shao, J.; Liu, H.; Wang, Z.; Huang, Q. Formation of halogenated polyaromatic compounds by laccase catalyzed transformation of halophenols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (14), 8550-8557. (20) Thompson, G. W.; Ockerman, L. T.; Schreyer, J. M. Preparation and purification of potassium ferrate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73 (3), 1379-1381. (21) Sharma, V. K. Potassium ferrate(VI): An environmentally friendly oxidant. Adv. Environ. Res. 2002, 6 (2), 143156 (22) Lee, Y.; Cho, M.; Kim, J.; Yoon, J. Chemistry of ferrate (Fe(VI)) in aqueous solution and its applications as a green chemical. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2004, 10 (1), 161-171. (23) Rebhun, M.; Meir, S.; Laor, Y. Using dissolved humic acid to remove hydrophobic contaminants from water by complexation-flocculation process. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32 (7), 981-986. (24) Fasfous, I. I.; Radwan, E. S.; Dawoud, J. N. Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of the sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2010, 256 (23), 7246-7252. (25) Pinkernell, U.; Nowack, B.; Gallard, H.; von Gunten, U. Methods for the photometric determination of reactive bromine and chlorine species with ABTS. Water Res. 2000, 34 (18), 4343-4350. (26)Jiang, J.; Pang, S.-Y.; Ma, J.; Liu, H. Oxidation of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals by potassium permanganate in synthetic and real waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (3), 1774−1781. (27) Jiang, J.; Pang, S.-Y.; Ma, J. Oxidation of triclosan by permanganate (Mn(VII)): Importance of ligands and in situ formed manganese oxides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (21), 8326-8331. (28) Jiang, J.; Pang, S-Y.; Ma, J., Role of ligands in permanganate oxidation of organics. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (11), 4270-4275. (29) Zhang, X.; Talley, J. W.; Boggess, B.; Ding, G.; Birdsell, D. Fast selective detection of polar brominated disinfection byproducts in drinking water using precursor ion scans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (17), 6598-6603. (30) Zhai, H.; Zhang, X. Formation and decomposition of new and unknown polar brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (6), 2194-2201. (31) Gallard, H.; von Gunten, U. Chlorination of phenols: Kinetics and formation of chloroform. Environ. Sci. Technol.
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2002, 36, (5), 884-890. (32) Rebenne, L. M.; Gonzalez, A. C.; Olson, T. M. Aqueous chlorination kinetics and mechanism of substituted dihydroxybenzenes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30 (7), 2235-2242. (33) Deborde, M.; Rabouan, S.; Gallard, H.; Legube, B. Aqueous chlorination kinetics of some endocrine disruptors. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (21), 5577-5583. (34) Deborde, M.; von Gunten, U. Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment—kinetics and mechanisms: A critical review. Water Res. 2008, 42, 13-51. (35) Munn, S. J.; Allanou, R.; Aschberger, K. European Union Risk Assessment Report: 2, 2', 6, 6'-tetrabromo-4, 4'isopropylidenediphenol (tetrabromobisphenol-A or TBBP-A), Part II — Human health European Union. Risk Assessment Report TBBP-A, Part II-Human Health; 2006. (36) Sivey, J. D.; McCullough, C. E.; Roberts, A. L., Chlorine monoxide (Cl 2O) and molecular chlorine (Cl2) as active chlorinating agents in reaction of dimethenamid with aqueous free chlorine. Environmental Science & Technology. 2010, 44, (9), 3357-3362. (37) Sivey, J. D.; Roberts, A. L., Assessing the reactivity of free chlorine constituents Cl2, Cl2O, and hocl toward aromatic ethers. Environmental Science & Technology 2012, 46, (4), 2141-2147. (38) Cai, M.; Feng, L.; Jiang, J.; Qi, F.; Zhang, L., Reaction kinetics and transformation of antipyrine chlorination with free chlorine. Water Research 2013, 47, (8), 2830-2842. (39) Lee, Y.; von Gunten, U. Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) for the transformation of organic micropollutants during oxidative water treatment. Water Res. 2012, 46 (19), 6177-6195. (40) Rule, K. L.; Ebbett, V. R.; Vikesland, P. Formation of chloroform and chlorinated organics by free-chlorinemediated oxidation of triclosan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (9), 3176-3185. (41) Burttschell, R. H.; Rosen, A. A.; Middleton, F. M.; Ettinger, M.B. Chlorine derivatives of phenol causing taste and odor. JAm. Water Works Assoc. 1959, 51, 205-214. (42) Kumar, K.; Margerum, D. W. Kinetics and mechanism of general-acid-assisted oxidation of bromide by hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid. Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26 (16), 2706-2711. (43) Gallard, H.; Pellizzari, F.; Croué, J. P.; Legube, B. Rate constants of reactions of bromine with phenols in aqueous solution. Water Res. 2003, 37 (12), 2883-2892. (44) Heeb, M. B.; Criquet, J.; Zimmermann-Steffens, S. G.; Von Gunten, U. Oxidative treatment of bromidecontaining waters: formation of bromine and its reactions with inorganic and organic compounds—A critical review. Water Res. 2014, 48, 15-42. (45) Acero, J. L.; Piriou, P.; von Gunten, U. Kinetics and mechanisms of formation of bromophenols during drinking water chlorination: assessment of taste and odor development. Water Res. 2005, 39 (13), 2979-2993. (46) Ding, G.; Zhang, X. A Picture of polar iodinated disinfection byproducts in drinking water by (UPLC/)ESI-tqMS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (24), 9287-9293. (47) Pan, Y.; Zhang, X., Four groups of new aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts: effect of bromide concentration on their formation and speciation in chlorinated drinking water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (3), 1265-1273. (48) Xiao, F.; Zhang, X.; Zhai, H.; Lo, I. M. C.; Tipoe, G. L.; Yang, M.; Pan, Y.; Chen, G. New halogenated disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water and their permeability across skin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, (13), 7112-7119. (49) Deng, Z.; Yang, X.; Shang, C.; Zhang, X. Electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for differentiating chlorine substitution in disinfection byproduct formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (9), 48774884. (50) Lin, K.; Liu, W.; Gan, J. Reaction of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) with manganese dioxide: kinetics, products, and pathways. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (12), 4480-4486. (51) Zhao, Y.; Qin, F.; Boyd, J. M.; Anichina, J.; Li, X.-F. Characterization and determination of chloro- and bromobenzoquinones as new chlorination disinfection byproducts in drinking water. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82 (11), 4599-4605. (52) Wang, W.; Qian, Y.; Boyd, J. M.; Wu, M.; Hrudey, S. E.; Li, X.-F. Halobenzoquinones in swimming pool waters and their formation from personal care products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (7), 3275-3282. (53) Huang, R.; Wang, W.; Qian, Y.; Boyd, J. M.; Zhao, Y.; Li, X.-F. Ultra pressure liquid chromatography–negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry determination of twelve halobenzoquinones at ng/L levels in drinking water. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85 (9), 4520-4529. (54) Qian Y.; Wang W.; Boyd, J. M.; Wu, M.-H.; Steve, E. H.; Li, X.-F. UV-Induced transformation of four halobenzoquinones in drinking water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (9). 4426-4433. (55) Zhao, Y.; Anichina, J.; Lu, X.; Bull, R. J.; Krasner, S. W.; Hrudey, S. E.; Li, X.-F. Occurrence and formation of
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chloro- and bromo-benzoquinones during drinking water disinfection. Water Res. 2012, 46 (14), 4351-4360. (56) Wang, W.; Qian, Y.; Jmaiff, L. K.; Krasner, S. W.; Hrudey, S. E.; Li, X.-F. Precursors of halobenzoquinones and their removal during drinking water treatment processes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (16), 9898-9904. (57) Acero, J. L.; Piriou, P.; von Gunten, U. Kinetics and mechanisms of formation of bromophenols during drinking water chlorination: Assessment of taste and odor development. Water Res. 2005, 39 (13), 2979-2993. (58) Wendel, F. M.; Lütke Eversloh, C.; Machek, E. J.; Duirk, S. E.; Plewa, M. J.; Richardson, S. D.; Ternes, T. A. Transformation of iopamidol during chlorination. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (21), 12689-12697. (59) Everly, C. R.; Traynham, J. G., Formation and rearrangement of ipso intermediates in aromatic free-radical chlorination reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1978, 100, (13), 4316-4317. (60) Traynham, J. G., Ipso substitution in free-radical aromatic substitution reactions. Chemical Reviews 1979, 79, (4), 323-330. (61) Sasson, Y., Formation of carbon–halogen bonds (cl, br, i). Halides, Pseudo-Halides and Azides 2004,535-628. (62) Criquet, J.; Rodriguez, E. M.; Allard, S.; Wellauer, S.; Salhi, E.; Joll, C. A.; von Gunten, U. Reaction of bromine and chlorine with phenolic compounds and natural organic matter extracts - Electrophilic aromatic substitution and oxidation. Water Res. 2015, 85, 476-486. (63) Lu, J.; Shao, J.; Liu, H.; Wang, Z.; Huang, Q., Formation of halogenated polyaromatic compounds by laccase catalyzed transformation of halophenols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 8550-8557. (64) Suzuki, G.; Takigami, H.; Nose, K.; Takahashi, S.; Asari, M.; Sakai, S.-I. Dioxin-like and transthyretin-binding compounds in indoor dusts collected from Japan: average daily dose and possible implications for children. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 1487–1493. (65) Suzuki, G.; Takigami, H.; Watanabe, M.; Takahashi, S.; Nose, K.; Asari, M.; Sakai, S. I. Identification of brominated and bhlorinated phenols as potential thyroid-disrupting compounds in indoor dusts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 1794–1800 (66) Du, H.; Li, J.; Moe, B.; McGuigan, C. F.; Shen, S.; Li, X.F. Cytotoxicity and oxidative damage induced by halobenzoquinones to T24 bladder cancer cells. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (6), 2823–2830.
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614 TBrBPA TClBPA
3200
-1 -1
kapp(M s )
2400
1600
800
0 5
615 616 617 618
6
7
8
9
10
pH
Figure 1. pH-Dependence of measured second-order rate constants (k, M−1 s−1) for the reactions of chlorine with TBrBPA and TClBPA. Symbols represent measured data and the dashed lines show the model fit according to eq 8.
619
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Environmental Science & Technology
620 TIC of -Prec (79.00): Exp 1, from Sample 3 (TBrBPA(10uM)+HOCl(pH=7, 10uM, ascorbic 1:5, t=10min)_ESI(-)_Pre) of 20...
Max. 1.5e7 cps.
25.20 I
100%
(a)
90%
Rel. Int. (%)
80% 70% II 22.06
60%
VI 34.51
50% 40% IV
30%
24.46
V III 32.59 33.33
20%
* 19.81
10% 0%
0
5
10
15
VII
* 26.34
20
TBrBPA
36.20 41.41
25
30 35 40 Time, min TIC of -Prec (81.00): Exp 2, from Sample 3 (TBrBPA(10uM)+HOCl(pH=7, 10uM, ascorbic 1:5, t=10min)_ESI(-)_Pre) of 20...
621
55
Max. 1.6e7 cps.
Rel. Int. (%)
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%
24.47 33.35
10% 0%
19.93 5
10
15
-Prec (79.00): Exp 1, 25.176 min from Sample 2 (TBrBPA(10uM)+HOCl(pH...
20
100%
306.9
25
30 35 Time, min
60% 40% 20%
45
50
55
Max. 4.5e5 cps.
264.8
100%
80%
40
-Prec (79.00): Exp 1, 22.029 min from Sample 4 (246Br(10uM)+HOCl(pH=...
308.9 Rel. Int. (%)
I
Max. 5.7e5 cps.
36.18 41.30
26.34
622
266.8
II 80% 60% 40% 20%
267.9
0%
623
60
(b)
20%
Rel. Int. (%)
50
25.20
100% 90%
45
305
310
315
0%
260
m/z, Da
265 m/z, Da
270
275
ACS Paragon Plus Environment 27
60
Environmental Science & Technology
-Prec (79.00): Exp 1, 33.315 min from Sample 1 (246Br(10uM)(pH=7, bl...
60%
330.9
326.8 40% 20%
624
327.7 320
325
60% 40%
264.9
20%
264.0
330 m/z, Da
335
0%
340
260
Rel. Int. (%)
Rel. Int. (%)
282.9
60% 40%
0%
286.7
625
278.6 280
285 m/z, Da
290
: from 1.txt (Unknown Ion Source)
790.5 792.5
60% 794.5
40% 20% 0% 775
786.5 780
785
796.5 790 795 m/z, Da
800
806.5 805 810
558.7
VI
60% 40%
560.7
554.7
20% 562.7 550
555
560 m/z, Da
564.8 565
80%
570 Max. 1.2e5 cps.
263.8
100%
VII
788.6
275 Max. 4.2e6 cps.
-Prec (79.00): Exp 1, 25.393 min from Sample 3 (246Br(10uM)+HOCl(pH=...
Rel. Int. (%)
Rel. Int. (%)
80%
80%
0%
295 Max. 1.1e7 cps.
100%
556.7
100%
V
20%
270
Max. 1.2e5 cps.
284.7
80%
266.0 266.9
265 m/z, Da
: from 550-570.txt (Unknown Ion Source)
100%
627 628 629 630 631
80%
329.7 331.8
-Prec (79.00): Exp 1, 32.664 min from Sample 4 (TBrBPA(10uM)+HOCl(pH...
626
IV
Rel. Int. (%)
Rel. Int. (%)
80%
Max. 2.4e5 cps.
263.0
100%
III
0%
-Prec (79.00): Exp 1, 24.525 min from Sample 3 (TBrBPA(10uM)+HOCl(pH...
Max. 2.4e6 cps.
328.8
100%
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265.9
VIII
60% 40% 265.0
20% 0%
260
262
264
266.7
266 m/z, Da
268
270
Figure 2. The HPLC/ESI–QqQMS PIS chromatograms of a sample containing TBrBPA treated by chlorine at m/z 79 (a) and 81(b). Asterisks represent the major impurities contained in commercial TBrBPA standard. The underneath (I-VIII) showed the corresponding molecular ion mass spectra of the chromatographic peaks at m/z 79. Experimental condition: [TBrBPA] = 10 μM, [chlorine] = 10 μM, and pH 8.
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Br
Br CH3 C CH3
HO Br
Br
OH
Br CH 3 C CH 3
O
Br
Br
Br OH
Br
Br CH3 C CH3
O Br
Br
Br HO
O Br
Br
Beta Scission
Br
Br
Br CH3 C CH3
CH3 C+ CH3
HO
OH
Br
Br
OH R3
R2
Ⅶ
+CH3OH CH3 C OCH3 HO CH3
HO Br
Br
+H2O
Br
Br
Br CH3 C OH CH3
Br
IX
+II
Br
R1
Coupling Elimination
R1
OH
Br
OH
III
I
Br HO
Br
OH Br
II
Exchange of bromine for chlorine
Br HO Br
CH 3 O C CH 3
VI
634 635
OH Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
CH 3 C OH CH 3
HO Cl
Cl
OH
O
O
Br
IV
V
Br
VIII
Figure 3. Proposed transformation pathways of TBrBPA by aqueous chlorine.
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637 638 (a)
0.5
TBrBPA
TBrBPA(M
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
(b)
24000
Area
80
Product (I) Product (II) Product (III) Product (IV) Product (V) Product (VIII)
16000
60
40
8000
20
0
0 0
639 640 641
concentration(nM)
0.0 32000
2
4
6
8
Time(min)
Figure 4. Degradation of TBrBPA (0.5 µM) and formation of products during the treatment by chlorine (16.5 µM) at pH 8.
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[TBrBPA]t/[TBrBPA]0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
1.0
(b)
0.8
[HOCl]t/[HOCl]0
HA=0 HA=0.5mgC/L HA=1mgC/L HA=2mgC/L HA=5mgC/L
1.0
0.6 0.4
HA=0 HA=0.5mgC/L HA=1mgC/L HA=2mgC/L HA=5mgC/L
0.2
(a) 0.0
0
30
60
90
30
60
120
(b)
0.8
[HOCl]t/[HOCl]0
[TBrBPA]t/[TBrBPA]0
1.0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
90
T(s)
HA=5mgC/L expermental data HA=5mgC/L model prediction by eq 9
1.0
(c)
0.6 0.4
HA=0 HA=0.5mgC/L HA=1mgC/L HA=2mgC/L HA=5mgC/L
0.2
0.0
0.0 0
647 648 649 650
0
T(s)
645
646
0.0
120
30
60
90
120
0
T(s)
30
60
90
120
T(s)
Figure 5. Effect of HA concentrations on the degradation of TBrBPA (a) and consumption of chlorine (b). Panel c shows the comparison of measured data and model prediction by eq 9 in the presence of 5 mgC/L HA (c) Experimental condition: [TBrBPA]= 0.5 μM, [chlorine] = 16.5 μM, and pH 8.
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652
0.0035 0.0030
-1
k (Ms)
0.0025 0.0020 0.0015
2
R =0.98
0.0010 0.0005 0.0000
0
1
2
4
5
HA (mgC/L)
653 654 655
3
Figure 6. Correlation between HA concentrations and the measured second-order constants of the reaction of TBrBPA (0.5µM) with chlorine (16.5 µM) in the presence of HA at pH 8.
656 in real water model prediction by eq 9
(b)
1.0
0.8
0.8
[HOCl]t/[HOCl]0
[TBrBPA]t/[TBrBPA]0
1.0
0.6 0.4 0.2
0.6 0.4 0.2
(a) 0.0
0.0 0
657 658 659
20
40
60
80
100
0
T(s)
20
40
60
80
100
T(s)
Figure 7. The degradation of TBrBPA in real water (a) and consumption of chlorine (b). Experimental condition: [TBrBPA]= 100 nM, [chlorine] = 2mgC/L, and pH 8.
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Table1. Apparent second-order rate constants (k, M-1 s-1) for reactions of chlorine with BPA in the presence of varied concentrations of HA at pH 8 HA (mgC/L) 0 0.5 1 2 5
k (M-1s-1) 297 286 301 317 296
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TOC Artwork Br
Br CH3 C OH HO CH3
HO Br Br
HA +eBr HO Br
HO Cl
Br CH3 C CH3
CH 3 C OH CH 3
OH Br Br
Br
OH Br
Br
OH
Cl
Br
OH
Br
O
Br
Br
-e-
CH 3 O C CH 3
HO
HOCl
Br
Br
Br HO
O Br
Br
O Br Br
OH Br
Br CH 3 C CH 3
OH Br
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