book reviews the complexities of the equations used in light scattering and ultracentrifugal moleeular weight methods. The second chanter deals with the theory of osmotic pressure and its application t o descrrption of single suhunit and multi~ubunitsystems that can associate or dissociate depending on solvent condition or the presence of dissociating agents. The principles and the design of a numher of osmometers used by various investigators in the field, as well as the use and properties of various membranes is described in the third chapter. This chapter also prerenr* a ureful section on dam treatment related to the molecular weight calcu. lationr, evaluation of second virial coefficient, and attendent estimates of precision that are involved. The last, or fourth chapter of the book reviews some of the nertinent literature the suhject, illustrating the prohlems 01 molecular weight determination, determination of the number of subunits or polypeptide chains that constitute many proteins and enzymes in their native state, and the characterization of associating and dissociating subunit systems. Despite the fundamental nature and the apparent simplicity of the osmotic pressure phenomenon given by van't HofPs law related to the molecular weight of the solute, this method of characterization of proteins and macromolecules has not attained the importance of the ultracentrifugal and light scattering methods that require additional knowledge of the partial specific volume and the refractive index increment. The rra,uns gwen lor I he lark of p u p u l a r ~ y of thls method are the fact that relarwely large amounts of material and prolonged periods of time were required for the attainment of osmotic equilibrium with the older instruments. The problem of relatively rapid equilibrium and small sample reouirements have been solved bv the desim of electronic instruments that are now commercially available. Unfortunately, in the opinion of this reviewer, none of the electronic instruments are trouble-free, with comparable long range stability of the Brice-Phoenix and Sofica light scattering instruments or the Spinco (Beckman) analytical ultracentrifuge. By not presenting a comparative discussion of the various molecular weight methods, with their respective advantages and limitations, and the fact that usually several methods are employed t o settle such difficult questions as the number of subunits in a protein or enzyme, the book tends to overstate the relative importance of the osmometric technique. For the establishment of the number of subunits such relative molecular weight methods as serylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodeeyl sulfate or chromatography on agarose columns in the presence of 6 M guanidine hvdrochloride are nerhaos the most definit& methods empioyed nowadays. Despite this shortcoming i t is nevertheless felt that the hook does represent a useful addition t o the Oxford series on biological macromolecules. ~
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A140 I Journal of Chemical Education
The Study of Klnetln and Mechanlm 01 Reacllons 01 Transllon Metal Complexes.
Rolph G . Wilkins, New Mexico State University. Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, 1974. xii 403 p. Figures and tables. 15 X 23.5 cm.
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This book is a n excellent survey of the methods used to study the reactions of transition metal complexes. I t is the only book in which almost all of the problems encountered in such studies are discussed in a critical and up-to-date fashion. I t starts with an excellent chapter on the determination of rate laws and follows this up with a discussion of the relationship between rate laws and mechanisms. After laying this -tical foundation it next takes up the.experimenta1 techniques used t o estahlish rate laws. These first three chapters (Part I of the book) provide the background so necessary to students who are about to undertake the study of reaction mechanisms involving coordination compounds. The second part of the book consists of chapters on substitution reactions, oxidation-reduction, the modification of ligand reactivity by complex formation, stereochemical change, and finally a chapter surveying the transition elements in sequence. Here an excellent selection of typical reactions is discussed and the current status of work is adroitly summarized. Each chapter contains an extended bibliography and a g w d selection of challenging problems. All in all this is a very impressive hook which should be of great use to both teaehers and researchers in the field. Its general level makes it suitable for a senior-graduate course in the field or a reference book. There are relatively few errors in it and the only shprkoming is a somewhat less than adequate index. I t is a hook which deserves t o be included in most college chemistry libraries and will undoubtedly be as useful t o faculty members preparing lectures on the topics i t covers, as t o students starting their initial work in this area. I t has all the hallmarks of a book that will become a standard work in the field. Mark M. Jones Vmderbin UnivemVy Nashvilk?.Tenenn. 37235
Analytical Chemistry 01 Radlum
V . M. Vdovenko and Yu. V . Dubasou, Russia. Edited by Dr. D. Malernent. Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, availahle from John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1975. viii 198 p. Figures and tables. 24.5 X 17 cm. $30.00.
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This is the latest in the uniformly excellent series of monographs being published under the collective title, "Analytical Chemistry of the Elements, A. P. Vinogrado", Editor. ( J Chem. Educ., 50, A106 (1973)). The translation by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations is, as usual, timely, readable and technically sound. Like the rest of the series, this volume has an extensive bibliography of 519 references, dated to the middle of 1970; i t is especially valuable for its many citations of Russian literature. The book undoubtedly belongs on the shelves of every institutional library with pretensions t o technical ex-
cellence, though not necessarily in the personal lihrary g j f every analytiral chemist The radium literature published between 1965 and 1970 tends to be rather sparse, so, for a less expensive alternative, radio-, geoand environmental chemists might first want to l w k a t Sedlet's comprehensive review, "Radon and Radium," in Kolthoff and Elving's "Treatise an Analytical Chemistry" (Interscience, New York, 1966, Part 11, vol. 4, pp. 219366 ($23.25)) or Kirby gnd Salutsky's "Radiochemistry of Radium," (National Academy of Sciences Report NAS-NS 3057, Dec., 1964: $2.25). H. W. Kirby Mound Laboratory Monsanto Research Corp. Miamisburg. Ohio
Physical Data for Inorganic Chrmlrts
M C. Ball and A. H. Norbury. Longman,
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Ine., New York, 1915. xiv 21.5 pp. Figures and tables. 14 x 21.5 em. $5.95. Most chemists, whether in teaching or research, have had need of physical data such as electrode potentials, thermodynamic properties, or atomic radii. Texthooks frequently list just enough data t o establish trends desired by the author and not enough data for the reader's own purpose. The authors, Ball and Norbury, have accordingly compiled sets of data which are useful in general and inorganic chemistry, not only for faculty but also for students. The authors, while admitting that the tables are not exhaustive, point out that the price ($5.95) is reasonable even for students. The hook is divided into three main chapters and a miscellaneous chapter: (1) The Nature of Atoms, (2) Thermodynamic Properties of Elements and Their Compounds, and (3) The Size and Structure of Elements, Ions and Molecules. The most important tables include an extensive campilation of electronegativities; ionization potentials (1st through 11th where applicable); electron affinities; hydration energies; thermodynamic data for oxides, halides, and hydrides of most elements; lattice and bond energies; electrode reduction potentials; atomic, ionic and covalent radii, bond lengths and angles; and solvent properties. Wherever possible the data are given in cgs and S.I. units. Although each table is selfcontained with a full explanation of the type of data, a myriad of parentheses, brackets, superscripts and subscripts must he decoded for accuracy and references. The authors have included complete references to the original literature or other compilations.
morns E. Nappier Uni~eTJ~y of Texas of the Permian Basin C d m . Texas
Transport Properties of lonlc Llqulds
James L. Copeland, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas. Gordon and Breach, Brooklyn, New York, 11205, 1974. v + 76 pp. 16 X 23.5 em. $11.50. This compact hook is very successful in presenting some of the fundamental fea-
(Continued on page A142)
book reviews tures of the transport properties of molten salts with particular reference to the various mechanistic theories of transport that have heen proposed. Experimental methods are not included. As such, this text would be very useful in a special topics course on the liquid state at the undergraduate or graduate level and as a quick survey of current viewpoints in transport phenomena for those embarking upon research studies in molten salts. The hook contains a short introduction followed hy three other chapters. One chapter deals with general phenomenological concepts and definitions covering the transport properties, viscosity, diffusion, electrical conductance and transport numhers. The derivations in this chapter are clearly presented, and the concepts are well illustrated. A further chapter concentrates on general aspects of ionic melts. Some of the more salient equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of typical fused salts are presented as a guide to extending these concepts to theoretical models of transport properties. Examples of volume changes on fusion, changes in average coordination numbers, surface tensions and entropies of fusion are discussed and tabulated for several single salts. The transport properties, viscosity, specific and equivalent conductance and self-diffusion coefficients are similarly presented and comparisons are made with nonionie liquids and aqueous electrolyte solutions. The variation of transport properties with temperature is discussed in terms of Arrhenius-like hehavior with particular application of the concept of activation parameters. The treatment of transport data is also briefly discussed in terms of the Nernst-Einstein and Stokes-Einstein equation and Walden's rule. This chapter concludes with reference to several useful reviews and articles on the subject, covering both theoretical and ex~erimental aspects with an addendum ~ o i n t i n gout some valuable sources of fused salt data nublished hv the National Stendard Reference Data Series of the NBS. The final chapter which occupies ahout one half of the hook is concerned with the mechanisms and models of ionic liquid transport. The author indicates that although none of the models are as yet a m ciently refined and vigorous to interpret a large body of date, a need exists for an interim analyses of the present state of the art. The following treatments are clearly described: the hole theory, the absolute rate theory, free volume theories and the glassy state concept and remarks on the high-temperature region. The applications of the various models and theories by several investigators is discussed. A useful hihliography is also included. This hook focusses entirely on the transport properties of single salts with no attempt to include binary mixtures and the corresponding "mixture equations" that have been proposed for transport properties. A short section on the application of fused salt transport properties in certain aspects of technology would have been useful. However, despite these omissions this hook is well-written and covers an area ~~~~~
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A142 / Jourml of Chemical Education
which tends to form a significant gap in the knowledge of most students and many teachers. Reginald P. T. Tornkins Remselaer Polyt~~hnlc in~h'tute Tmy, New Yor* 12181
Science and Anll-Sclence
Morris Goran, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Michigan, 1914. xi 128 pp. 15.5 X 23.5 cm. 510.00
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By "anti-science", Dr. Goran means those intellectual and social attitudes which are perceived as in conflict with the scientific perspective. The objective is to show science as a human activity with all of the strengths and frailities endemic to human endeavors. This is an important theme which always merits recognition and emphasis. Cited are conflicts with government, with religion, and with intellectuals. For example, due to the extensive government funding of research, science is in danger of becoming a "state science". Obtaining of &sired funding too often involves political intervention. On the other hand, because of the presumed universalism of scientific concepts, science would seem to provide the ideal medium for the establishment of international cooperation. With regards ta religion the conflict has once again developed with the controversy in California about creationism as opposed to evolution. Intellectuals, by which Goran means primarily writers, such as for example, Solzhenitsyn, Joseph Wood Krutch, Roszak, e t al., are wary of science for destroying the simplicity and gentleness of life and for replacing it with a cold, impersonal, purposeless world. Many intellectuals had great expectations for science's potential to mitigate human sufferings but as Krutch remarked, "We are disillusioned . . not because we have lost faith in the truth of its [science's] findings but heeause we have lost faith in the power of these findings to help us generally as we had once hoped they might help." Beyond this indictment, is that of Roszak's that, in pursuit of ohjectivity, alienation has been raised to the apotheosis as the only legitimate means of achieving a valid relationship to reality. Intellectuals who were allies at the birth of modern science have become some of its bitterest opponents, largely attributahle to lack of understanding and no appreciation for the true nature of science. Yet Goran counters with the fact that there are scientists who are actively creative in the arts and the humanities. Here as elsewhere, it is my feeling that Goran's response is not altogether commensurate with the magnitude of the challange. Science, he shows in another chapter, is mare than facts, observations, theories, and experiments. Because of this, historically, group loyalties and even nationalism (for example, Newton's ideas vs those of Descartes and Leibnitz) have played a role. There are conflicts about subject matter-
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ranging all the way from controversies about quantum mechanics to those about eatresensory phenomena-and conflicts between personalities in science. In another section there is discussion of the myths about scientists, for example, that science is strictly objective. This distorts the true nature of science, as for instance suggested by Lawrence Durrell: "Science is the poetry of the intellect;" or Warren Weaver's characterization that "Science is an essentially artistic enterprise stimulated largely by curiosity served largely by disciplined imagination, and based largely on faith in the reasonableness, order and beauty of the universe of which man is a part." Another myth, is that scientists are exceptionally brilliant, Goran believes. Then he quotes a controversial statement of Barzun (ironically, I might add, heeause Barzun's "Science: The Glori. ous Entertainment" was criticized by man) scientists as being anti-science!): ". . . science is the democratic technique par excellence. I t calls for virtues which can be learned-patience, thoroughness, accuracy . . with care and industry a man of normal endowments can he a satisfactory scientist." Rightly so, Goran counters that science is a matter of error-correcting for science is only tentative truth, but then as elsewhere he tends to oversimplify and thereby distort the issue, for instance, by declaring: "If scientists were brilliant, they would have no difficulty with understanding new theories mistakes would he less frequent." Some of the inaccurate perception of science arises from the retrospectively logical format of the written presentation of scientific work. The distinction between pure and applied science is grossly exaggerated, is Goran's contention. When science is presented in textbooks, all concepts are presented as being valid with equal certaintv. Reductionism is a distorted view. Scient:fifie originality is still achieved by individuals and Pasteur's suggestion that "chance favors the prepared mind" iis still valid. Of course, scientists too, as other human beings, can become preoccupied with a single perspective. All true and generally acknowledged by scientists. However Goran does not really go much beyond citing these varied and counterbalancing attitudes. The index is primarily of citations of people rather than of subjects, altogether legitimate in emphasizing the humanness of science, but regrettably, there is not much developed coneeptusl elaboration be~ o n the d sort of anecdotal (in the sociological sense) account which such an index represents. So discretion is necessary in acquiring this book, particularly a t its price1 page ratio, as admirable as is the author's intention. The provocative quotations are plentiful hut for most of them, the reference is insufficiently delineated to enable one to go to the original source. The book is adequate for supplemental reading and can he recommended for those who are compsratwely slwgether uninformed ahout the nature and stat? of science today.
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