Twenty-Five Years of Chemical Progress \ I . F. ( A Q S S , J R . , 4ssistant Secretary, Manufacttiring Chemists' issociation, Washington, U. C.
950
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
stone in our national prcgress. In the fields of elastomers, plastics, medicinals, fibers, surface-active agents. .solvents, and miscellaneous cahemicals. derelopments have heen rapid anti far-reaching. Current monthly reports of the C.S. Tariff Commission list a number of new chemicals in large production rvhich xere not reported 25 years ago. Thus, during 1947, over 310 million pounds of styrene were produced; 226.7 million pounds of ethylene glycol; 359.8 iiiillion pounds of synthetic acetic> arid; iind 541.5 million pounds of synthetic methanol. In the cabe o f medicinal ulfa drugs production was 6.8 millioii p~iiirilli~i, 41.4 million Oxford units; streptomycin. 9.7 million grnni::; and in synthetic vitamin ontput niacin ilerivativeh. alone, reached 1.1 million pounds. Synt,hetic insecticide production included 7.5 million pounds of benzene hexachloride and 47.5 million pounds of DDT. .I ~unimationof monthly data for 1947 shows product,ioii f i g i ~ r tfor ~ the following selected chemirali; in ronipari>oii \\-it11t h o e issued for the year 1923: Thousands of Pounds -I____
1523 10,925 26,672 116,562 30,559 7,025 5,104 24,081 54,400 3,311 2,344
lcrrvne .Sniline zene, monoI . thy1 ether F o r m d d e h yde
lletbanol Phenol Phthalic anhydride
1947 396,497 107,085 1,162,635 386,379 324,168 41,214 513,868 562,945 268,460 140,981
Looking at the over-all picture, 444.9 million pounds of organic chemicals were produced in 1923 as compared with 14.4 billion pounds in 1946. I n the coal-tar field. alone, production of intermediates increased from 231.4 million t o 2.5 billion pounds; finished products from 123 million to 2.ii billion pounds; dyes from 93.7 million to 186.3 inillicx~p n i i m i s ; medicinals from 3.3 million to 36.1 million pounrl;. Iri I9?:3. synthetic resins of coal-tar origin could IlcJt l'?[JlJTtC(/ vparately. :is this n-oi1ld h a w involwd c l i i - ~ ~ l g it,,J[,ol,rl. ~~g 111
25 YEAR PRODUCTION RECORD index
440
360 320 280
240 200 160
120 80 40
0 SOURCE Federal Rercrvr 6
i
1
Vol. 40, No. 6
tlie single producer. Coriibined with synthetic tanning nixterials. total tonnage in 1923 came to 9 3 million pounds as compared to 5413.9 million pounds of benzenoid resins, alone, in 1946. The growth was even more striking in the case of non-coaltar products. I n 1923 production of non-coal-tar synthetics :imounted to 90.6 million pounds as compared n-it'h 1946 production of 9.2 billion---an increase of o\-er 10,000%. The nonbenaenoicl plastics field is a case in point. Such materials (lid not commercially exist in 1923. By 1946, production had reached an annual rate of almost 450 iiiillion pounds, inrluding 53 million pounds of alkyds, 91 million pnunds of urea and melamine, anti 156 niillion pounds of the poly\-inyls. It is interesting to note that in 1923. S3%, of the nation's production of aliphatic chemical.); the silicone>; synthetic fiber.>; pladirizers; and plastic. iiutwi:il-. This I)ei,io(lalso saw develol~mentof tlie petrorlieiiiic~alii n 1usti.v. A fpn of these classifications :ire briefly espaiic Icrl helon-. SITTHETICFIBER$. t-.S. Iirotlurtion ~ t r:~yoii ' nniountetl to viscosp with :I :itmut 35 million pounds i n 1923. j)rinrij~~iIly * ~ : i : i l l qunntity C J ~nitro. Pi~odurtioii~i wlllulose acetate fil~e~. ~10c:~ii i n 1923 i)y one puidwer, tlir 11ritput in tliiit yea1
June 1948
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
:tpproiiniating 100,000 liountla. By 1947, total rayon filanieiit production reached a rate considerably in excess of 700 million pounds per year; t,his consisted of 221.5 million pounds of acetate, over 500 million pouiids of viscose, and some cuprarninonium. I n addition, production of acetate staple fiber reached 60. 2 million pounds, and that of viscose staple fiber 170 niillion pounds. Twenty-five years ago. the field of noiicellulosic synthetic fibers as nonexistent. Today. this field of chemistry is a thriving industry, wit,h production for 1947 estimated a t i0 million pounds. Iiicluded are (1) thermoplastic fibers from synthetic polyamides (nylon), (2) thermoplastic fibers from vinyl resins and relat,ed polymeric materials (vinyl chloride and vinylidene copolymers, acrylonitrile, polyethylene. polyvinyl alcohol, and polystyrene), (3) thernioplastic fibers from polyesters, (4)protein fibers, ( 5 ) alginate fibers from sea\!-eed, and (6) inorganic fibers, such as fibrous glass. Xylon production began late in 1939 \\-it11 plant capacity of 4 million pounds per year. Doubling of production followed within 6 months. Constant expansion of facilities brought estimated yarn production to 8 million pounds in 1911 and 25 niillioii pounds in 1946. It is worthy of note t h a t during this period the price of iiyloii W R S reduced 50%. Atlditional new v:ipacity no\v huilt aiicl building v-ill. in 19-17, hring total annual y:ii.n capicity to R figure estimated in escecs of 60 tliillioii pciumd>. C'ontinuou.; ~iiiiltifil:i~ii~iit yarn of the Yinyoii type is iio\~being pi~oduc*eclc m a pilot plant scale in a11 amount exceeding 1 niillion poiulcls per yew. Aliinu:il production of fibei,i; from vinyl resin? of the Sar:iti type is estiiiinterl ut Inore than 5 million pouiicls. The treatnient of fihei,s \\it11 r1ieiiiic:ilb to inipirt tiesirable has I)ern ~ii~:irtiwd for m:my years. During the i~linrac~teristic*s thirties;, coinhiiiation:: of ii:itui,nl filiei~with synthetics re>ultetl i l l iriiliroveiiients i t i diii,;tljility and uppenriirice. \ I ( I I ~ ~
CONSTRUCTlON CONTRACT AWARDS 37 Eastern States All manufacturing
*tY%:; l 2000 1500
1000 500 0
5 o o Chemicals 400
300 200 100
2 S YEAR PRICE RECORD Chemical prices have be& more stable than those of other products, and have risen substantially less during the postwar period. 19 Index
160 140 120
I00
ao 60
40 20 0 1 SOURCE. Burmu of bbor St.thlia
95I
0 1929
1932
1935
1938
1941
1944
SOURCE, F. W. Dodge Cerporotion; report omits Moot., Wyo.. Utah, N e v . , A r k , N M.. Worh., Ore, CoI.. Colo ond Ida
1947
952
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Vol. 40, No. 6
SALES AND PROFITS Chemicals and Allied Products billions I
1929 SOURCE:
I
I
1
1932
1935
1938
U 5
Depuitrnerit o f Comrnerre
I
1941
1944
1947
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
June 1948
.
TAXES AND PROFITS
953
DIVtDENDS AND PROFITS
Chemicals and Allied Products
Chemicals and Allied Products
of221
1 600
800 .
400
400
200
0
0
1929 1932
1935
1938
1941
1944 1947
SOURCE: U. S. D e p r l m e n l of Commerce
cdciiitii cnrliidr i i w i ll9,UUO t o tiOb.100 t o n s : : i t i t 1 salt caakc, iroiii 1Y7,000 to 62h,000 ton?. Iri the case of the inorganic acitls. .s:ulTuric.iiicmwed from 5 ~ 4 iiiillion to 10.6 million toils (lOOycbasis) ; liyrlrwliloric from 211x.500 to 424,300 tons; nitric froni 113.100 to 795.800 tone: :inti phobphoric sk\-rocket,etl from Y900 to 1.03&,000tons (SOYc
t i:tsis'),
r .
1 l i e (wiiiiierci:il clevelopiiir.nt of iiew ; i r i d improvrtl incirganics \vas an iriiportant factor iii our ~uccessduring the past, war anti will sulwtantially affecat our peacetime economy i n the years to mine. .Inlong these chemical; are synttmic nitrogen, the fluorine compounds, :ind phosphorus derivatives. S m r r H w 1 r SITROGFX. The p s t 25 years have witnessed transition of the V. S. froiii the role of a h e w g importer of
1941-
IV40-
,1941 -1940
Ill@-
1920 1900
1)OO-
it
? o p i 1 o + ~ ~ r , n n 8 i n1n9' 0 0 ' 1 9 2 0
I Her Lnglond
-.
2l4idclebf'antti
-.
. .
IO lis
19Ji
I940
KI . .. 2?3 275 14
.
93
2KK
..
I
954
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
~ L U C J I ( I S I ( J f l L l t J l:Icitl 'i? \\:Ifirst produced commercially (Iwiiig a93 I ant1 shortly tllel~cafter \vas matie available on :i tonn:ige h with rnanufacture of the Fi,eonr. h l t h l l g h snid1 in production volume as compared witli otlier iitot,g:mk xcids. anhyilrous hydrofluoric aci(l iii:de possible tlic 1:11?ges c d e output of 93-octane aviation gnsolinct tlwing t lie i ~ n i tlirough ~ . ilevelopment of the hydrofluolic acid r%t:llyt ic a1kyht)ion process. Curtailment of this use since the w i r h:i* led to ot,Iier outlets for the acid, and much of the aquecrus 1)rotluc.t nc~n-being sold is rut from the anhytlrous grade. twultitig i n :I purer product. Lxisting production capacity for anliyrlroua hydrofluoric acid now cwisiderably exceeds 50,000 tons per year. h number of military projects instituted during the recent war required substantial quantities of fluorine compounds, nntl the technical knowledge gained has resulted i t i the coniniercial introduction of an increasingly large list of estremely reactive derivatives for peacetime use. Among these :ire elemental fluorine ; the trifluorides of chlorine, liromine, cobalt, manganese, and silver; sulfur hexafluoride: sodium fluoacctate; and boron trifluoride etherate. I n addition, considerable attention is being given to the organic fluorine derivatives. The future of this branch of the chemical industry looks most promising. OTHERINORGANICS. Other significant derelopments in the inorganics field include the large scale production of elemental phosphorus; extended use of the sulfur chemicals, including thionyl chloride; production of stabilized sulfur trioxide on a scale involving tank car shipments; advancaes in lithium chemistry; production of high-strength hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides on a commercial basis; activated silica: and availability a,nd use of isotopes. The mort remarkable achievement of our age-the splitting of the atom-- \vi11 not t w discussed here, although i t may be considered nitllin the realni of inorganic chemistry. Atomic plants, in the main. h v r lwei1 and are no\\ tieing operated for t'he (;orerntlimt l)y c.tirinir:il firnip.
EMPLOYEES AND PAYROLL
I
o dollorj
piillioni
2500
Chemicals and Allied Products __
T
-
1929
1932
SOURCE: U. S
---
1935
1938
1941
1944
1947
Oeporlmenl 01 Commwce
VALDLUF OL-TITT0 1
(11
lhourondr
tiot strictly accurate oyer a period encoIiipassing i)oth p e w > time antl n-artinie operations, dollar figures f o r chemical protluction agree fairly well with the trends shown tiy the Federal Reserve inties serie-. Estiniutes for recent years have teen made on this tiasis in order t,ci c ~ ) r n p a ioutput t \\-ith that o f earlier years :is reported l y tlir f3ureau of' tlie Census. These estimates \vliicli iiiclucle l)a.ic* o r '~industii;il" c~licnii:IW t i s follon-s: I ~ only-S 110 allied prorlucts
THE OVERALL THEhl)
An accurat'e statistical study of t>lieindusti,y i- i l i a t l c siiiiienhat difficult by lack of uniformity in the conipilaticrn of official chemical statistics and changes in base pericicl arid scope of index series. However, sufficient &ita exist t o give the t r e d q . Thus. the Federal Reserve index shohvs :in increase in the production rat'e of chemicals and :illied product> of 3405; hetweeu the years 1923 and 1947, thc activity r d u e f o r 1947 tieing 251 on the b of the periocl 1935-3 point for this series ocrurred during i{bt:tiint h t , cheniic.:il iritlu5try in it.+ strict sense. A s s h v n on the c4li:il.t. pigII o!i r i
Vol. 40, No. 6
1 9 2 3 4 514,100,000 1929699,500,000 1939790,400,000 1943- 2,23;1.700,000
B.kric
(
'ifmiI?.xt.*,
1923-47"
1944- 52,710,100,000 1Y 4%- 2,~07,100,000
1946.1947-
2,378,500,000 2.~o~,ooo,oon
DECENTRALIZATION
Iri 1929, ahout 84% of t-.S. hasic, chemicals n.ei'e piwlucetl the northeast area of the country-- principally in the states of Sen- Jersey, Se\v York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, anti Indiana. It is apparent that the forbhcoming 1947 census 01 manufactures n-ill slioiv a subst,antinl alteration in this figure. clue to the large scale erection of chemical production facilities i n the middle htlantic, west coast, and soiithwestern :ire:ts. Attracted liy cheap hydroelectric p(i\\er, as \vel1 RS b y tlw proximity of important, raw materials siwh ws petroleurn. natiir:il gas. salt, and timber, the Far Il-est, particularly the *tattJq of California, S e v a d a , and Washingtoil, iirm- possesoe. ;I tliriI-ing cheniirol industry which is well lialanretl in the t\lJ('> of rheniicds pt~otlucetl. Although smie h e a i y c1ieniic:ils \\.ere riintle pri(ir t o 1930. the inrlurtry h i s i . e c . o r ~ l dits signifiiii
I Y P 3 . 19'2% and 1939 data f r o i i i Hureiri: of t h e C'en\ii>: 1943 4ti e'rtiitiates b y g o v e r n m e n t personnpl (see Chemzoal I n d u s t r i e s , 1943 and October 1947: Chem. B: Eny. S e a s , .Jan. 2,i. 1945, and 'ummerce. November 1946); 1947 tigure estimated by a p p l y i n g 1011 f a c t o r to pre\,ious data, These c5tirnates are inserted as ailof nianufactures was tnkeri nly, since the most recent re ie 1947 census. n o w under T iths hence. The "basic c h e m , n.e.(.. wnup of t h e Census o f I l a n u f a r t u r P , .
cant gro\vtli since 1935, with i,ecent w:ir y e w s the niost active. Reactivation of n'ur plants since 1945 lias resulted in a thriving chlorinated hytlrocartmi industry alone, n-ith 13 producers in t,he field. Pr:irtically d l types of chemicals are now produced, including inorgxiiic acids, alkalies. fluorides. chlorates, alcohol, m t l org:ini(~s-the latter inclutling such products as fornialtleli~-tle. btyreiie. u i i t l sylene. Recent developments incalude the priitluctim uf synthetic tletei,gents, phthalic anhyilritle, iiisectiritles, :inti pharniaceuticnle >uch as penicillin. The entire I.-.S. pi~tluctioiiof e1enient:il iotline conies from this are:i. €'i,ioi, to 1'330. the S o u t h w i t (Texas, Liiui,sinn:i, Arkansas, :ind 0klnhoni:i) I1o:istetl little in the way of chemical producTesas oil nntl gas fields in that year, tion. Opriiing of tlie 1 iig :I vast reservoir of chemical raiv Iio\\-e\.er, hloriglit intc niatei,i:ila. \vliic~li.~ l i e i icoupletl witli Ion- pcixer costs, tidewater facilitie;, ani1 diiiost uiilimited cleposit> of sulfur, salt, i i n t l liiiiebtoiie. iii:itlc this ue:i a potential treasureliouse for tlir ninnuf:irtwe of chcuiiciils. In 1934, the firbt alkali plant \\-:I> ljuilt :tt ( ' i i r l i u s C'lit~i*tito sei've the petroleum industry. I h i i i i g pren-:it' ye:irs Iw~uplitat1tlition:il plants to protlucr (~lilorinr,clilwinntetl clei,iv:itives, Iiromiiie. nnd aliphatic, ~~iirniicds Iloni iwcking g:ises, such :is etli~iiol. ethylenr oxitle. g1ycolc, acetic3 :icicl. antl acetic anliytlritle. The recent n-st' hroiiglit the cliernicnl h o n i t o the Youth\\-est. Plants \\-ere erecateil to protilice tiutadiene. styrene, c w h i i black. clilori plastics. ~ I ~ W Y J It,oluene, , anliydrous minionia, and many others. Later. many of the n-nr plants TT-ere purchased or leased hy their Ivartinie operators, ant1 :ire noiv in full procluction. ; ilarge aniount of nely plant c:ipacity has been built hetluled fur early conipletion since the !\-ai-. K e l l in excess of $1 billiori has been invested in cheniicnl facilities in this area, making it one of the most important new factors in the i n r l i i . t i y s i i i c r 1923.
index
200 180 160
1 'lo
120 100
80 60
955
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
June 1948
ANNUAL EARNINGS Per full-time employee dollars
2500
2000
1500
500 I
'Oo00
1929 ~
SOURCE
1932 U S.
1935
1938
1941
1944
1947
D e m r l m e n t of Commerce
msE.kRcn
Research has Iieen the keystone of development and progress in the chemical industry. Chemical funis have consist,ently increased their expenditures in this field over a period of niariy years, not neglecting the important phase of fundamental research in fields of potential interest. The fwegoing record of cheniical development offers testiniony to the sountlness of this policy. Research espenditurea for the "industrial clirmirals" group alone now approsiclate $65 million annually. T!iv expei'iencc, of one chemical producer illuitrates the iniI)ortaiiiae of iwearc*h continuity. Tn-enty-four products, EARNINGS AND COST OF LIVING either introrlucsed new o i ' substantially developed during the Earnings in chemical industry, 1935-39 = 100 t 20-year period. i i o account ~ for 5 W G of this firm's tot8.l s volunie. giving direct eriiploynient to an additional 22.800 eniployees in its plnnts alone. The c,mipositc rccirivtion in sale> 1)rires for these products in this same span C J time ~ has been :ipi)rosiniately 5E17~. The policy of tltk firriit y p i t d of that of tlie iiiclustry-is that aatieiactory progress in reearcli cxnnot tic nxintained if research rspenilitures follon. a SP(~>U\\- c o u r w :wcording to 1)usinr.sh wresion 01 prosperity. Sol Iiavc r:hemical researcli ~:ipenditure>101lowed R pr(ifit antl loss i w T e . ,Funtl;iniental chemical developments tliii,ing tlir t l i i h e s furnish uleyuate proof of tlie g. Seoprerie, nylon, and sonie of our nti ilrtergents were '~c~liildrcrr of the deI pression." ('ontiiiued :iliplicution and estensiori d this In-ill ensure ~ Y J l i l ~ ~ : l l IC ~ : l tlevelopnients ~ in t h c ycarr t(J policy cmne.
40 .
,
20
0
I
1940
*I
I
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
SOURCE dollar hourly ond weekly earnings figurer of the Statistics converted to mdex numbers by the MCA
1946
1947
of Labnr
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
956
OUTPUT
Vol, 40, No. 6
V a l u e of Products of the Chemical Industry, Thousands of Dollars"
SOURCE: 1939 from Census of Manufactures. 1943-1946 estimated b y
Basicchemicals ..................................... Chemical products.. .................................
TOTAL. .........................................
WPB and Office of Domestic Commerce
1939
1943
790,400 2,507,400
2,235,700 4,662,900
-
. _ _ ...
3,297,800
6,898,600
~
1944 2,710,100 5,074,900
1945
1946
2,507,100 5,561,300
2,378,500 6,311,100
7,785,000
8,068,400
8,689,600
1944
1945
1946
....
.....
. -
VALUE OF OUTPUT OF BASIC CHEMICALS Chemicals
1939
1943
Acetates ...........................................
22,900
55,000
56,100
66,500
60,000
2,900 82,300
15,700 187,000
18,600 194,300
14,100 221,900
2 17,000
40,600
246,000
332,400
242,600
136,000
9,900 42,300
83,900
86,200
91,700
100,000
8,500 1,900 5,200 3,300 18,800
29,700 3,500 9,500 7,200 43,600
37,500 3,600 10,100 8,300 59,000
30,800 4,200 11,900 7,500 63,200
25,000 4,600 10,800 7,100 62,500
10,500
l2,000
15,100 35,800
18,000 35,000
17,500 35 000
18,000 35.000
6,800
10.600
10.600
10,300
12.100
VO0 4,100 1,800 1,400 1,800 37,600
3,600 6.500
5,600 6,900
5,700 6,900
5,900 4.100
55,400
59,000
57,000
59,000
16,500
17,000
17,500
butyl, ethyl, lead, sodium, etc. Acetone Acids. ............................................. acetic and anhydride boric, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric. tartahc, etc. Alcihols. i . . . . . . . ........................
............................................
Ammonia.. ........................................ Bicarbonates and carbonates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sodium, calcium, magnesium, etc. Bromides,. . . . . . . . . . . .
B C C C
..
.................... ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... ............. ..............
C Chlorides, except sodiu aluminum, ethyl, ammoniu Chlorine,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorine bleaching compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . calcium aud sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder Chromates a n d bichromates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , sodium, potassium, ammonium, etc. Citrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyanides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E s t e r gum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... Ethyl ether. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ Fluorides [except carboni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.........................
.................................... ...................................... Modified sodas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nitrates, except sodium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ammonia.,~ etc. Oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . antimony, magnesium, ch c ~ m ~ m we~r c .u r y , tin, ctc. Peroxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hydrogen, etc, Phosphates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . all sodium and calcium, others Salicylates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . methyl, sodium
14,000
31,700
9,500 b
500
1,200 500 1,300 8,900
10,100
44,600 17,000
4,400
4,900
6,300
6.900
7,000
20,100
27,200
29,000
34,600
35,400
.EiNJ
1,400
1,800
1,800
1,800
I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
June 1948
Chemicals
VALUE OF O U T P U T OF BASIC CHEMICALS (Con'd) 1939 1043
Sodium salts, not elsewhere classified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium silicates water glass, meta, ortho, sesqui Stearates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aluminum, zinc Sulfates. . . . . . . aluminum, cop Sulfites. ...................... ................ Sulfur dioxide.. Sulfur, refined. ..................................... ground, flowers, etc. Tartrates. .......................................... potassium bitartrate, etc. Miscellaneous small i t e m s . . .......................... bismuth compounds, lactates, aluminum hydrate, linoleates, ammoniated mercury, oxalates, etc. Coal t a r products, crudes a n d intermediates. Coal t a r products, finished.. .......................... dyes, flavorings, and perfume materials, rubber processing chemicals, etc. Other inorganics c . .... calcined alumina, sodium nitrate, sodi phosphorus, sodium metal, calcium mol Other organic.. ..................................... tetraethyllead, tetrachlorethane, nitrocellulose (not plastic), ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene and other synthetic organic compounds I t e m s not shown separately i n 1943, 1944, 1945. . . . . . . . . Items not shown separately in 1946. ....
2,800 9,200
1945
1946
19,200
18,400
18,400
3,000
3,500
5,600
6,200
22,900
41,000
41,000
42,000
35,000
2,300 5,200 1,300 3,400
2,700 13,000 1,500 4,100
2,900 16,800 1,500 5,300
2,700 15,000 1,500 6,100
2,600 15,000 1,500 6,300
1,400
1,400
1,400
2,600
1,900
2,100
5,000
5,500
5,500
5,500
73,400 105,500
290,000 270,000
370,000 290,000
320,000 330,000
350,000 360,000
70,400
150,000
200,000
190,000
185,000
116,500
460,000
625,000
500,000
450.000
121,900
132,700
120,100
2,235,700
2,710,100
2,507,100
2,378,500
...............
TOTAL, C H E M I C A L S . . ...........................
1944
1,400
..
.
957
14,000
41,400" 22,600d
.
790,400
32,500
VALUE OF O U T P U T OF O T H E R CHEMICAL P R O D U C T S Chemical Product ....... Blacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bone, carbon (furnace and ch Bluing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . laundry blue Cleaning a n d polishing preparations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . automobile polishes, leather dressings, cleaning preparations, except soap Compressed g a s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oxygen, acetylene, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
...........
1939 14,900
1943 25,000
1944 32,000
1945 52,000
1946 72,000
1,100
1,600
1,600
1,600
1,600
89,500
98,000
98,000
100,000
125,000 154,000
58,400
175,000
222,000
18 1,000
2I2,50Oe
412,000
408,000
550,000
600,000
492,700 63,700
934,000 150,000
1,025,000 150,000
1.2c0,000 150,000
1,250,000 110,000
16 1,900
280,000
300,000
330,000
400,000
34,400 17,400
50,000 22,000
83,000 22,000
75,000 32,000
100,000
13,400
28,000
23,000
34,000
43,500
7,000
8,400
8,500
6,700
5,800
45,700
80,000
85,000
100,000
110,000
8,200
40,000
42,000
44,000
45,000
418,400
620,000
700,000
715,000
885,000
113,100
155,000
155,000
165,000
200,000
78,000
300,000
332.000
360,000
500,000
71,900
261,000
306,000
330,000
470,000
44,300
50,000
50,000
50,000
65,000
246,000
460,000
497,000
544,000
585,000
23,000
37,900
39,800
44,000
38,200
495,000
Drugs, pharmaceuticals, a n d medicinals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Explosives, industrial. ................................ dynamite, Fertilizers. mixed fert' Glue a n d gelatin.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G u m naval stores.. . . ....................... rosin, turpentine Wood naval stores.. .................... rosin, turpentine Hardwood distillation a n d charcoal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acetic acid, methyl alcohol, charcoal, and other wood chemical products Insecticides. ................................ arsenicals, rotenone, pyrethrum, DDT,fungicides, disinfectants Mucilage, paste and other adhesives. mucilage, paste, mending cement, seali hesives, except glue and rubber cement Paints, varnishes a n d IacqTuers. ........................ paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels, driers, fillers, putty Pigments a n d colors. ..................... lead, zinc and titanium pigments, dry colors, lak Plastic materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cellulose and other plastics, Plastic products. fabricated .. laminated and molded prod Printing i n k s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . excludes writing inks Rayon a n d other synthetic fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nylon Salt (evaporated a n d rock) excludes brine Soap a n d glycerol.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
291,900
475,000
TOTAL, O T H E R CHEMICAL P R O D U C T S . . . . . . . . . .
2,507,400
4,662,930
"
..
-
Value of products produced for sale or transfer from producing plant.
N o value is assigned to chemicals consumed where mnde. ' Value cannot b e published without disclosure of confi::ential inforrnetio.:.
" '
4 1,000
500,000
500,000
5,561,300
6,311,100
_.
Magnesium veta1 included i r ;::33 bul excluded in other years. Not include i n lot*!. Partial!? ert.niated hu Weir ,wtion Board.
958
CHEMISTRY
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Vol. 40, No. 6
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
June 1948
EMPLOYEES AND EARNINGS
959
Chemical and Other Selected Industries
SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor __WAGE EARNERS, I N THOUSANDS All manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemicals and allied products.. Paints, varnishes, a n d colors., , Drugs, medicines, and insecticides.. .................... Soap ........................ Rayon and allied products Chemicals, n.e.c.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Explosives and safety f u s e s . . . .
..
.... .....
Cottonseed oil. Fertilizers. Iron and steel and Nonferrous metals ucts
........
Textile mill products.. . . . . . . . . . . Silk and rayon goods. . . . . Leather and leather products Paper and pulp.. . . . . . . . . . Products of petroleum and coal. .. Petroleum refining. . . . . . . . . . . Rubber products. Mining Bituminous coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metalliferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
All manufacturin Chemicals and a1 Paints varnish
Chemicals, n.e.c.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Explosives and safety f u s e s , . , Ammunition, small arms Cottonseed oil.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron and steel and their products. Nonferrous metals and their prod-
.
.
.............
Silk and rayon goods
Mining Bituminous coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metalliferous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
All manufacturing .... Chemicals and alli s.... Paints, varnishes, and colors.. . Drugs, medicines, and insecticides. . . . . . . . ... Soap.. . . . . . . . . ... Rayon and allied products. . . . . Chemicals, n.e.c.. . . . . . . . . . . . . Explosives and safety fuses Ammunition, small a r m s . . . Compressed and liquefied g Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron and steel and their products. Nonferrous metals and their products. ..................... Stone, clay, and glass products. . . Textile mill products.. . . . . . . . . . . Silk and rayon go Leather and leather Paper and pulp.. Products of petroleu
.
AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS 1941 1943 1945 1946 1947 $0.729 $0.961 $1.023 $1.084 81.221 0.916 0.989 1.077 1.228 0.739 1.005 1.102 1.253 0.779 0.926
_?
1939 8,192 288 28.3
1941 10,825 416 35.4
1943 14,560 734 38.2
1945 12,437 632 38.5
1946 11,630 534 46.5
1947 12,620 563 49.7
1939 $0.633 0.649 0.704
27.5 15.3 48.3 69.9 7.3 4.3 15.3 18.8 99 1
34.7 18.9 54.3 107.9 29.6 24.5 16.9 21.7 1,430
56.0 17.9 54.0 144.5 112.0 154.1 20.4 27.5 1,761
61.0 19.1 56.5 163.1 103.3 44.3 19.4 26.7 1,565
65.7 21.1 60.5 177.5 21.7 7.5 16.0 28.1 1,394
67.9 24.2 61 .O 195.9 21.1 6.7 17.9 28.2 1,570
0.592 0.707 0.646 0.784 0.773 0.612 0.302 0.412 0.739
0.640 0.786 0.729 0.879 0.879 0.708 0,354 0.472 0.833
0.768 0.945 0.874 1.064 1.015 0.918 0.465 0.617 1.033
0.855 1.018 0.944 1.145 1.061 0.992 0.566 0.713 1.100
0.966 1.144 1.058 1.248 1.216 1.095 0,632 0.782 1.195
1.110 1.341 1.226 1.393 1.354 1.197 0.716 0.869 1.343
229 294 1,144 126.6 347 137.8 106 73.2 121
345 371 1,283 116.3 375 160.6 120 78.6 156
449 360 1,237 104.1 340 160.3 125 83.1 194
387 325 1,072 95.2 318 159.2 137 98.5 196
377 397 1,187 102.0 356 183.8 152 106.2 223
409 425 1,214 104.7 360 195.1 159 109.0 225
0.687 0.637 0.460 0.429 0.528 0.620 0.894 0.974 0.754
0.779 0,704 0.526 0.500 0.600 0.705 0.950 1.034 0.822
1.013 0,849 0.665 0.645 0.748 0.850 1.127 1.201 1.021
1.068 0.929 0.757 0.744 0.853 0.91.3 1.210 1.276 1.125
1.155 1.041 0.893 0.875 0.955 1.049 1.333 1.413 1.254
1,275 1.189 1,035 1.034 1.054 1.227 1.464 1.545 1.409
372 92.6
413 115.7
419 112.7
367 78.6
339 78.1
365 90.1
0.886 0.708
0.993 0.798
1.139 0.976
1.240 1.0?2
1.401 1.156
1.633 1.307
.~ 1939
AVERAGE
1947 40.3 41.2 42.2
1939 $23.86 25.59 28.48
37.7 39.5 40.5
40.6 40.8 41.6
WEEKLY H O U R S 1943 1945 1946 40.4 44.9 43.4 45.3 44.5 41.2 45.8 46.7 42.5
39.7 39.8 37.9 40 .O 38.8 39.0 44.3 35.8 37.2
40.4 40.7 39.2 41.0 42.1 42.7 43.7 36.8 41.6
43.6 45.0 41.9 45.8 46.6 46.1 50.2 43.3 46.2
42.4 47.5 42.1 46.0 44.1 44.9 51.3 45.1 44.6
40.2 41.7 39.1 41.3 39.9 39.8 50.1 42.1 39.6
40.2 43.2 39.4 40.9 40.3 42 .Q 51.1 41.4 40.3
24.16 28.11 24.52 31.30 29.99 22.68 13.70 14.71 27.52
26.28 32.05 23.59 35.97 37.10 30.29 15.86 17.28 34.66
33.50 42.53 36.57 48.75 47.29 42.35 23.42 26.69 47.76
36.18 48.30 39.79 52.64 46.84 44.57 29.02 32.13 49.10
38.85 47.65 41.32 51.55 48.53 43.59 31.68 32.92 47.36
44.65 57.94 48.32 57.03 54.51 50.23 36.59 35.98 54.09
38.9 37.6 36.6 36.5 36.2 40.3 36.5 36.1 36.9
42.4 39.0 38.6 37.8 38.3 42.7 37.8 37.0 39.5
46.6 42.7 41.5 41.7 39.9 46.3 44.5 44.5 45.0
45.2 43.1 41.1 41.4 41.1 48.0 46.2 45.9 44.0
41.5 40.7 40.2 41.2 39.0 44.3 40 4 40.1 40.2
40.7 40.5 39.5 41.0 38.7 44.4 40.5 40.2 39.7
26.74 23.94 16.84 15.78 19.13 24.92 32.62 34.97 27.84
33.07 27.44 20.30 19.00 22.95 30.08 35.96 38.02 32.49
47.20 36.25 27.61 26.93 29.83 39.36 50.17 53.49 45.94
48.28 39.98 31.08 30.82 35.05 43.85 55.86 58.39 49.54
47.84 42.32 35.89 36.09 37.27 46.55 53.79 56.75 50.32
51.83 48.18 40.94 42.36 40.73 54.50 59.32 62.14 55.97
27.1 40.9
31.1 41.7
36.6 44.3
42.3 44.0
41.6 40.5
40.6 41 9
23.88 28.93
30.86 33.24
41.62 43.27
52.25 45.86
58.03 46.86
66.86 54.74
1941-
~~
INDEXES O F WAGE E A E E R EMPLOYMENT _. i939 1947 1941 1943 1945 1946 132.1 177.7 151.8 142.0 154.1 100.0 195.4 100.0 144.3 254.5 219.3 185.3 175.7 136.2 164.5 100.0 125.4 135.1
INDEXES O F.~ WAGE EARNER PAYROLLS 1939 1941 1943 1945 1946 1947 100.0 167.5 334.4 293.4 266.4 324.3 lOO.!i 383.1 323.6 335.3 174.4 422.5 218.3 260.6 311.6 142.8 197.2 100.'1
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
125.9 203.6 221.4 123.8 117.1 i25.0 112.3 111.7 116.8 154.4 206.7 23'5.3 406.3 1.536.9 1.417.3 571.7 3;595.4 1i034.7 152.0 1 9 7 . 3 210.2 115.0 146.2 141.6 144.2 177.6 157.8
238.6 138.6 125.2 253.9 298.0 173.9 213.3 149.4 140.6
246.6 158.7 126.2 280.1 288.8 157.4 242.3 149.9 158.3
100.0 100.0 100.0 100 .o 100.0 100 10 100.0 100.0
100.0 100 .o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 .o 100 .o 100.0 100.0
150.3 126.4 112.2 91.9 108.1 116.6 113 5 107.4 129.0
196 0 122.5 108.2 82.2 98.1 116 3 117 6 113 160
164.5 135.2 103.8 80.6 102.6 133.4 143.7 145.0 184.1
178.2 144.9 106.1 82.7 103.7 141.6 150.4 148.8 186.3
111.1 125.0
112
91.3 g.I .4
98.3 97.3
Rubber products, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining Bituminous coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 Metalliferous ................ 100.0
i21
168 9 110.6 93.7 75.2 91.6 115.5 129.7 13. \ .
s.
I
AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS 1941 1943 -1>45-361947 $29.58 543.14 944.39 $43.74 149.25 30.15 41.53 43.99 44.34 50.59 32.35 42.31 46.83 46.79 52 80
338.9 137.7 286.3 211.6 140.6 174.5 131.7 168.2 190.3 183.0 336.9 408.0 508.6 2.361.8 2.147.5 785.2 6i734.4 2i038.5 183.1 325.3 364.9 137.9 272.2 324.5 311.4 285.4 183.3
395.3 231.5 211.0 431.4 470.1 335.2 351.3 349.9 242.8
470.3 323.1 248.2 523.2 514.4 350.1 429.7 388.0 310.9
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
189 147$ 136 110 13. 1 .Q
100.0 100.0
44. L44.
100.0
~
1.
.3
! '
.
3.1
354.5 189.1 178.9 138.6 '2.2 151.6 184.3 176.7 263.9
313.7 188.0 173.6 145.5 168.6 200.0 227.6 231.0 289.4
299.8 243.5 222.3 182.6 201.9 243.9 243.7 240.1 333,2
350.7 296.8 258.4 219.2 223.1 301.2 283.8 271.0 374.4
203.3 184.9
222.7 137.3
224.9 139.4
279.4 186.8
