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ULTRASONICS to work ^ W H ^ 5 1 H ^ ? ? . ! J art, engineering, and witchcraft are the ingredients for good wax emulsion. When Commonwealth Color and Chemical brought in some wax emulsions for tests, our spirits waned a little because as every good chemist knows, wax emulsions are fickle. However, the art was good, and our Rapisonic was soundly engineered. The immediate test results were very gratifying. A short while later our happiness was complete when we added Commonwealth Color and Chemical to our ever growing list of friends and users. The tremendous disruptive forces of cavitation developed right inside the liquid by the Rapisonic gave them results at a speed which had to be seen to be believed. Thus another happy marriage of chemistry and engineering and...-a little more grist to our mill. f
. . i n Adhesives ultrasonics puts stickem in adhesives, too. Apparently someone who was frustrated as a child pasting with flour and water finally developed a really sticky adhesive. But his s u c c e s s story stuck in his customers' mind only afte r h e r a n it t h r o u g h the Rapisonic. Result: the finest texture and stickiest film yet. Sonic Homogenizers develop and use all the energy right in the liquids with only 1/6 to 1/10 the power, and at a fraction of the first cost, of conventional equipment . . . maintenance-negligible.
The Minisonic.
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T h e v a p o r phase is r e m o v e d a n d stripped of its d i m e t h y l sulfide con tent. T h e yield of c r u d e d i m e t h y l sulfide is a b o u t 3 % of the total black liquor solids; this corresponds, to a b o u t half t h e methoxyl g r o u p s pres ent in the lignin. T h e largest p o tential use of this p r o d u c t is as a chemical i n t e r m e d i a t e . As a result of their dispersing properties, purified lignosulfonates from the sulfite p u l p i n g process h a v e found a wide variety of industrial applications. Lignosulfonates es sentially free of c a r b o h y d r a t e m a terial h a v e been p r o d u c e d by t h e H o w a r d lime precipitation process, by t h e fermentation of coniferous spent sulfite liquors to ethyl alcohol, a n d by t h e torula yeast p r o d u c t i o n processes o p e r a t e d by t h e R h i n e lander P a p e r Co. a n d C h a r m i n P a p e r Products Co. T w o recently developed processes for p r o d u c i n g carbohydrate-free lignosulfonates a r e being considered for c o m m e r c i a l development. T h e first is a re active solvent extraction process of spent sulfite liquor solids w i t h acid a c e t o n e to remove sugars as dio-oisopropylidene derivatives. Several lignosulfonated materials of v a r y i n g molecular weight a r e o b t a i n e d as by-products. I n the second process spent sulfite liquor is fractionated into lignosulfonate a n d c a r b o h y d r a t e fractions by ion e x c h a n g e resins. A n o t h e r recent d e v e l o p m e n t has been t h e l a b o r a t o r y p r e p a r a t i o n of polyesters from hydroxyalkyl ethers of vanillic acid p r e p a r e d from lignin
. for small batches
Other Models RAPISONIC
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the black liquor of the alkaline p u l p ing industry. T a l l oil a n d its de rivatives a r e t h e least expensive source of organic acids available t o d a y ; it is predicted t h a t by 1960 the p u l p a n d p a p e r industry will p r o d u c e 1,440,000,000 p o u n d s of tall oil annually. T a l l oil a n d its deriva tives find application in the p r e p a r a tion of alkyl resins for the protective coatings industry, as air-entraining agents in c e m e n t m a n u f a c t u r e , in washing citrus fruit, in mineral flotation, in the r u b b e r industry, in t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of synthetic organic detergents, a n d in cleaning c o m p o u n d s , degreasing agents, metal soaps, disinfectants, a n d oil well drilling c o m p o u n d s . O t h e r by-products of the kraft p u l p i n g process a r e the terpenes. S t e a m released from the p u l p i n g digesters is condensed to yield c r u d e sulfate t u r p e n t i n e . T h e refined prod uct can be used as a solvent for paint, waxes, a u t o polish, shoe polish, floor polish, wood stain, a n d in insecticides. At the C r o w n Zellerbach C o r p . laboratories in C a m a s , Wash., a pilot p l a n t is now in operation, designed to p r o d u c e nearly 2,000,000 p o u n d s per y e a r of d i m e t h y l sulfide from kraft black liquor. T h e proc ess involves evaporating black liquor to a b o u t 5 0 % solids content, a d d i n g sulfur c o m p o u n d s , heating the reac tion m i x t u r e to 4 5 0 ° to 500° F., a n d r e d u c i n g the t e m p e r a t u r e a n d pressure of the mixture in a flash t a n k , t o the point at which the bulk of the d i m e t h y l sulfide is vaporized.
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. . . production homogenizer
SANISONIC . . . meets sanitary requirements
AUTOSONIC . . . continuous supply
DISPERSONIC . . . abrasive emulsions
Sonic homogenizers can give you a superior emulsion, too. Send for technical bulletin
Sonic SONIC ENGINEERING CORPORATION 146 Selleck Street, Stamford, Conn. 50 A
Figure 1 . In the nip a r e a o f the Clupak extensible unit a tough k r a f t p a p e r is m a d e with considerable stretch
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
