A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO. 5, APRIL 1978 (29CC) Nalley, L., Hoff, G.. Bigler, W., Hull, W., Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 13. 741 (1975). (30CC) Nicolov, N., Tsuotsourlova, A.. Nenov. N., Riv. Ifal. Essenze Profumi, 58. 349 (1975). (31CC) None, D. J., Eggers, S. H., May, I. R., J. InsectPhysiol., 19, 1547 (1973). (32CC) Patterson, G. W., Khalil, M. W., Idler, D. R . , J . Chromatogr., 115, 153 (1975). (33CC) Phillips, F. T., Pesfic. Sci., 5, 147 (1974).
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(34CC) Read, J. S., Hewitt, P. H., Warren, F. L., Myberg. A. C., J . InsectPhysiol., 20, 441 (1974). (35CC) Roelofs, W. L., Tette, J. P., Taschenberg, E. F., Comeau, A,, J , Insect Physiol., 17, 2235 (1971). (36CC) White, R . H., Science, 189 (4205), 810 (1975). (37CC) Wood. N. F., Snoeyink, V. L., J . Chromatogr., 132, 405 (1977). (38CC) Yang, R . S. H., Mueller, W. F., Grace, H. K., Gilberg. L., Coulston, F., J . Agric. Food Chem., 24, 563 (1976).
Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry J. A. Howell” Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008
L. G. Hargis University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70722
At the request of ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, the topics of Light Absorption and Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrometry, which have previously been reviewed separately, have been combined. This review reports t h e developments in these fields from December 1975 through November 1977, primarily as documented in Chemical Abstracts, and extends the series of reviews sponsored by ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY beginning in 1945 for Light Absorption Spectrometry (62,323,324)and 1949 for Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrometry (101, 102,210, 211, 216, 462). T h e subject matter has been divided into sections on Chemistry, Physics, and Applications, as was done with previous reviews on Light Absorption Spectrometry. T h e citations in this review represent a n effort on t h e authors‘ part to select from the very extensive literature those developments which are of most probable interest to analytical chemists. T h e authors apologize in advance for any error of judgment in omitting certain references. IUPAC has formulated provisional recommendations for publication of papers on molecular absorption spectrophotometry between 200 and 800 n m (224)and two other reports dealing with problems in nomenclature have appeared (218, 326). Readers should consult the January issue of ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, page 191, for guidelines to be used when publishing in this journal. Several reviews regarding reagents or specific constituents have been published. T h e use of 2-nitroso-5-dimethylaminophenol and 2-nitroso-5-diethylaminophenol for determining cobalt has been reviewed (575). T h e applications of pyrimidine derivatives to the determination of various metal ions have been summarized and their sensitivity and selectivity toward the platinum metals noted (388). Organic dyes (186) and general spectrophotometric reagents (411,540)used for trace metal determinations have been surveyed. Several reviews of methods for particular substances or classes of substances have appeared including those for lithium and sodium (641),titanium (640),the platinum metals (4401,and amines (79, 80). Methods for phosphorus and arsenic as reduced heteropolymolybdates have been reviewed (400). The use of ultraviolet spectrometry in the functional group analysis of organic compounds has been discussed (405) and photochemical methods in chemical analysis have been reviewed (408). Several reviews of new or specialized instrumental techniques have appeared, including optoacoustic spectrophotometry (10, 1421, dual wavelength spectrophotometry (213), and dual wavelength and derivative absorption spectrophotometric determination of inorganic and organic substances (501). T h e use of standards for qualitative and quantitative analysis in spectrophotometry has been discussed (601, 621)
along with t h e uses and limitations of the standard addition technique (270). An extensive review of photomultiplier detectors has appeared (639). An article on how spectrophotometric methods involving solvent extraction steps should be developed and reported contains some excellent suggestions (303). Books related to ultraviolet and light absorption spectrometry are: “Methods of Absorption Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry” (407);“Practical Manual for Photometric and Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis”, 4th ed. (74);“Determination of Elements” (304);“Spectrophotometric Analysis in Organic Chemistry“ (53);“Photometric Analysis: Methods for Determination of Nonmetals” (33);“The Analysis of Organic Materials, No. 9: Aldehydes-Photometric Analysis” (477);“Colorimetric and Fluorometric Analysis of Organic Compounds and Drugs” (406);“Colorimetric and Fluorometric Analysis of Steroids” (47);“Organic Electronic Spectral Data”, Vol. 19 (144); “Absorption Spectra in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region”, Vol. 20 (284);“Absorption Spectra in t h e Ultraviolet and Visible Region: Cumulative Index (16-20)” (285);“Standard Reference Materials: Glass F i l t e r s a s a S t a n d a r d Reference M a t e r i a l for Spectrophotometry” (317 ) ;“Color-Universal Language and Dictionary of Names’‘ (257). This last book is also available as part of a National Bureau of Standards color kit (No. 2107) which includes color name charts illustrated with centroid colors.
CHEMISTRY T h e use of mixed ligand and extractable ternary ion-association complexes continues to increase in popularity. The ready availability of dual wavelength and derivative spectrometers has led to numerous applications especially in the analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical samples. This part of t h e review deals with the chemistry involved in t h e development of suitable reagents, absorbing systems, and methods. Metals. T h e complexing ability of 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone-3-methylamine-N,N-diacetic acid and its use for determining boron, group 2a metals, and fluoride (via its lanthanum or cobalt complex) has been studied (20). Twenty-nine derivatives of quinoline-2-thiol have been synthesized and their color reactions with various metal ions investigated (353). Several new ligands have been synthesized a n d evaluated as reagents for metals including salicylaldehyde-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone for copper(II),nickel, cobalt(II), a n d vanadium(I1) (396), di-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazone for iron(II), nickel, and cobalt(I1) (3091, a n d pyridylazo a n d quinolylazo derivatives of 4,5-di-
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phenylimidazole for copper(I1) and mercury(I1) (503) Several new benzil and 2,2’-pyridyl mono- and bishydrazones have been synthesized and evaluated for use in metal ion analysis (509). Heptamolybdate ion has been shown to form 1:l complexes with manganese(II), cobalt(II), and copper(I1) (297). A study of 17 antipyrine azo derivatives has led to the development of spectrophotometric methods for gallium, indium, bismuthUII), cobalt(III), nickel, copper(II), palladium(II), and iron(I1) (527). 5-Chloro-, 5-bromo-, and 5-methyl-2-thiophenealdehyde-2-benzothiazolylhydrazinehave been compared as analytical reagents with the unsubstituted compound and found to be superior for the determination of copper(I1) (374). A study of substituted 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinolsas colorimetric reagents showed the &methyl derivatives to be an excellent reagent for both copper(I1) and mercury(I1) (611). Four ferroin-type chromogenic reagents were synthesized and examined as reagents for iron(I1) and copper(I1) with tetacid)-1,2,4raammonium 2,4-bis[5,6-bis(4-phenylsulfonic triazine-3-yllpyridine giving the best results (582). Thirty-nine reagents used for determining copper(I1) have been compared and antipyrine dyes and 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinolwere reported to be the most useful (565). T h e properties of the ion-association complexes formed between hexachloroantimonate ion and five azine dyes have been studied (76)and the extraction and analysis of antimony(V) with diazotized Pinakryptol Green and phenosafranine was reported (75). Solvent extraction of mixed-ligand complexes of zinc, cadmium, and mercury(I1) with 1,lO-phenanthroline and some sulfophthalein derivatives has been studied and applied to the analysis of zinc in brass (500). 5-(2-Thiazolylazo)-4methoxyphenol forms a 1 : l complex with iridium and was found t o be the most sensitive of four substituted phenol derivatives studied (517). It has been reported that addition of diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid to mask interferences in the Xylenol Orange method for aluminum produced stable solutions in the p H range 2.5-5, while addition of nitrilotriacetic acid resulted in significant fading (570). Aluminum has been reported to form two types 1:1 of complexes with 5-halo-4-(2-thiazolylazo)catechols; complexes with an absorbance maximum at 520 nm and molar absorptivities about 2 X lo4, and 1:2 complexes with an absorbance maximum a t 840 nm and molar absorptivities about 3 X lo4 (332). Brilliant Green undergoes slow reversible dimerization reactions and, when used in color-forming reactions, solutions of the reagent should be either very fresh or a t least several hours old (149). T h e synthesis and evaluation of several pyridyl-substituted pyrimidines as copper-specific chromogenic reagents has demonstrated that bulky methyl and phenyl groups adjacent to the coordinating nitrogens prevent formation of interfering ions that would form octahedral complexes but allow a tetrahedral copper complex to form (510). Osmium(VII1) and palladium(I1) react instantly with several thiols a t room temperature to form colored complexes that are extractable into nonpolar solvents (520). A study of the gallium-Chromazural S systems has reported t h a t three complexes exist, all with different absorbance maxima, which leads to nonlinear Beer‘s law plots a t some conditions (365). Niobium(V) and tantalum(V) can be determined with Alizarin Red S in neutral solution a t concentrations as low as 1.5 and 2.0 ppm, respectively, and with quinizarin sulfonic acid in basic solution a t the same concentrations (230). It has been demonstrated that the 1:1, zirconium:3,5-dinitropyracatecholcomplex can be converted into an extractable 1:2:2 ternary complex with antipyrine and 1:2:1 ternary complex with diantipyrylmethane, with a 2.5and 3.5-fold increase, respectively, in t h e molar absorptivity (422). A study of t h e 4,7-dihydroxy-l,lO-phenanthrolineiron(II1) system recommends using a p H of less than 10, since some bis complex is formed at higher p H values (418). A spectrophotometric study has indicated that the ternary system consisting of beryllium, Chromazurol S, and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride is a micelle whose absorbance maximum shifts with decreasing beryllium concentration, leading t o the suggestion that the preferred wavelength for measurement is 611 n m (543). An order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity has been reported for the determination of rhenium using thiocyanate, n-furyldioxime, or dimethylglyoxime (539). A spectrophotometric investigation of the complexes of vanadium(V) and vanadi-
um(1V) with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinoland their equilibria in water-ethanol and water-dimethylformamide solvents has indicated the existence of several complexes (286). The color reaction of manganese(I1) with PAR has been studied t o delineate optimum conditions (14). A study of the reactions of ruthenium with 2,2’,2”-terpyridine showed that ruthenium(II1) reacts at pH 3.0-4.5 and 85 “C to give a green complex with an absorbance maximum a t 690 n m and a molar absorptivity of 8.3 X lo3, while ruthenium(I1) reacts a t p H 5.5 and 95 “C t o give an amber complex with an absorbance maximum a t 690 nm and a molar absorptivity of 1.45 X lo4 (247). 2-(l-Phenyl-4-antipyrylazo)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid has been suggested as a new reagent for zirconium, forming a 1:1 complex with an absorbance maximum at 490 nm and a molar absorptivity of 3.12 x lo4 (54). A mixture of hydroxynaphthol blue and EDTA has been used as a new reagent for determining the alkaline earth and lanthanide elements (68). Copper has been determined a t 590 n m with a molar absorptivity of 8.2 X lo5 using succinimide and isopropylamine (492). Mercury, cadmium, and zinc have been determined by successively extracting mercury and cadmium as anionic bromo complexes with tribenzylamine in chloroform followed by treatment with dithizone (352). Ruthenium has been determined as its complex with 3,2(2-pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazinewhich has an absorbance maximum a t 485 nm and a molar absorptivity of 2.1 X lo4 (246). 1Pyrrolidinecarbodithioate has been suggested as a specific reagent for molybdenum(V1) (288). Iron has been preconcentrated 200-fold and determined by extracting with 1 , l O phenanthroline on Amberlite XAD-2 resin folloued by elution with hydroxylammonium chloride in methanol (624). Cadmium forms a complex with 2-[2-(5-bromopyridyl)azo]-5dimethylaminophenol which is extractable into chloroform Two new reagents have been or 3-methyl-1-butanol (,504). proposed for determining beryllium; 5,5’-[3.3’-dimethyl4,4’-biphenylenebis(azo)]disalicylicacid forms a complex with maximum absorbance a t 430 nm, the related 3,3’-dimethoxy compound forms a complex with maximum absorbance a t 470 nm (39). Nickel has been determined via its exchange reaction with zinc dimercaptomaleonitrile (223). Copper reacts with salicylic acid in the presence of perhydrol to form a complex which has a maximum absorbance a t 376 nm and a molar absorptivity of 2.4 X lo5 (335). Dual-wavelength spectrophotometry has been utilized in the determination of magnesium with Eriochrome Blue S E (478) and cobalt with 4[ (3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)azo] -1,3-diaminobenzene (502). Thirteen metals forming water-insoluble oxinates have been determined by extraction in molten naphthalene followed by dissolution of the cooled extract in dimethylformamide and measurement of the absorbance of the metal oxinate complex (154). Molybdenum has been determined in the presence of selenium or tellurium by chloroform extraction of its phenylfluorone complex (615). T h e remaining selenium or tellurium was determined by treating with diethyldithiocarbamate and extracting into 2-ethylhexanol. Gentisic acid forms a yellow 1:l complex with molybdate in acid solution and can be used for determination of molybdate (129). Beryllium has been used as a n inhibitor for fluoride interference in the determination of iron and titanium with di(46). sodium 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate Nonmetals. T h e accuracy of the alizarin fluorine blue method for fluoride ion has been improved by using t h e reagent itself as an internal standard and measuring absorbance a t an isosbestic point (568). T h e determination of ammonia using the sodium nitroprusside catalyzed reaction between ammonia, chloride, and salicylate is most sensitive at p H 13 and only the concentration of available chlorine must be carefully controlled (438). Another study has shown that ammonia does not interfere in the West-Gaeke method for atmospheric sulfur dioxide (452). An excellent stopped-flow kinetics study of the formation of 12-molybdophosphate in highly acidic solution has been made to delineate the optimum conditions for phosphate analysis (49). A thorough spectrophotometric study of n- and 8-molybdosilicate has been made (585) and, based on a re-appraisal of the conditions leading to the formation of these complexes, an automated method for silicate is described (586). A water-dioxane mixture was found to be the best of several water-organic solvents for the photochemical reduction of 12-molybdoarsenic
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO. 5, APRIL 1978
James A. Howell is an associate professor of chemistry at Western Michigan University and also a science advisor for the Detroit District h Food and Drug Administation. Laboratory of t He received his B.A. from Southern Illinois University in 1959, his M.S. from the university of Illinois in 1961, and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from Wayne State University in 1964. His particular fields of interest are in uitraviolet and light absorption spectrometry, flame emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy, and also computer applications to chemical instrumentation. He is the author of a number of research papers and chapters in books. Dr. Howell is a member of the ACS. SAS, and the Association of Analytical Chemists.
in 1964 He served as a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Purdue University from 1964 until joining the faculty at UNO in 1965. Dr. Hargis holds membership in the American Chemical Society (Analytical and Education Divisions), Phi Lambda Upsilon, and Sigma Xi. He has also served as associate editor of Analytical Letters since its inception in 1967. Dr. Hargis has authored or co-authored 21 research papers, one chapter, and an Instrumental Analysis Laboratory textbook. His present fields of research include ultraviolet and light absorption spectrometry, reaction-rate analysis, heteropoiy chemistry, and on-line computer techniques
acid used in the determination of arsenic(Y) (342). Phosphorus has been determined by formation of a molybdovanadophosphoric acid and extraction with di(2-ethylhexyllamine in 1,2-dichloroethane(233). T h e application of factor analysis and simplex techniques to the optimization of parameters for phosphate analysis by the heteropoly blue method has been described (602). Selenium(1V) and selenium(V1) in mixtures have been determined by complexation and chloroform extraction of the selenium(1V)-diethyldithiocarbamate complex, followed by reduction of the selenium(V1) in t h e aqueous phase t o selenium(1V) and conversion to the diethyldithiocarbamate complex (113). Iodide and bromide have been determined by oxidation t o the free halogens with vanadium pentoxide in sulfuric acid and subsequent measurement in the gas phase of iodine a t 530 nm and bromine a t 410 nm (362). A semiautomated method for inorganic, organic, and total phosphate has been developed using a Technicon AutoAnalyzer (30). The organic phosphate was converted to inorganic phosphate with potassium persulfate in sulfuric acid and determined as a heteropoly blue. Sulfate has been determined using a replacement reaction with barium chloranilate (292) and thiosulfate by using a replacement reaction with mercuric chloranilate (320). Yitrate has been determined by reaction with thymol, extraction with butyl acetate, followed by back extraction with aqueous sodium hydroxide (220). An indirect method for water based on its color forming action with a n anhydrous mixture of ammonium aluminum sulfate and potassium iodate has been reported (243). Organic Constituents. A study of the color-forming reactions of diazotized amines with carbohydrates has shown that the product formed when using diazotized sulfanilic acid depends on carbohydrate structure (36). In a study of the reaction of 4-aminoantipyrine with a variety of phenols, unsubstituted phenol formed the most highly colored product while bulky ortho-substituted phenols formed much less highly colored products (265). Fluram in glacial acetic acid has been proposed as a new reagent for aromatic amines (458). A direct determination of aniline in blood and urine has been accomplished by coupling it with 8-amino-l-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid, extracting into benzene, and measuring the absorbance a t 530 nm (88). An indirect method for amides involves addition of nitrite and determination of the excess nitrite by diazocoupling with sulfanilamide and N-1-naphthylenediamine
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(137). Tetraphenylborate has been determined using a replacement reaction with solid mercuric chloranilate (320). The addition of 0.1% benzene to heptane or cyclohexane used for extraction of drugs from urine or pharmaceutical preparations greatly enhances the ultraviolet fine structure and allows better identification of specific drugs (430). A simplex optimization procedure applied to the chromotropic acid method for formaldehyde has shown that the order of reagent addition is important (379). Simultaneous Analysis. Vanadate, chromate. and tungstate have been determined simultaneously using Crystal Violet in sulfuric acid and measuring the vanadate a t 450 nm, t h e chromate a t 455 n m and the tungstate a t 630 nm (298). Titanium(II1) and titanium(1V) have been determined simultaneously as their 1:3 complexes with benzoylacetone a t 615 n m and 382 nm, respectively (293). 2-Carboxy-2’hydroxy-3’,5’-dimethylazobenzene-4-sulfonic acid forms complexes of sufficiently different colors with iron(II1) and aluminum to permit their simultaneous analysis (114). Molybdenum and iron react with salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone forming complexes with maximum absorbance a t 520 and 590 nm, respectively (402). Determination of these elements can be accomplished by solving two simultaneous equations. Cobalt and nickel can be similarly determined by reacting them with 3-hydroxypicolinaldehyde azine and measuring a t 480 and 540 nm, respectively (164). Benzoic acid and its 0 - , m-, and p-hydroxy isomers have been determined simultaneously by measuring the iron(II1) complex of ohydroxybenzoic acid a t 525 nm and the other isomers directly a t 300, 260, and 225 nm (302). Concentrations can be determined by solving simultaneous equations or using a graphical method. Reaction-Rate Analysis. The kinetics of the ascorbic acid reduction of niolybdohafnate and molybdozirconate ions has been studied and conditions reported which allowed for the determination of hafnium in the presence of a 4-fold excess of zirconium using a reaction-rate procedure (529). Manganese has been determined by its catalytic action on the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of Acid Blue 4s ( 7 )and ruthenium by its catalytic action on the periodate oxidation of methyl red (466). A Centrifugal Fast Analyzer was used t o determine silicate by measuring the rate of formation of 12-molybdosilicic acid (66). When phosphate is also present, the rate of formation of 12-molybdophosphoric acid is much faster than that of 12-molybdosilicic acid and phosphate may be determined by extrapolation of the silicate rate curve to the zero time axis. A differential reaction-rate method for the simultaneous determination of molybdenum(V1) and tungsten(V1) has been accomplished based on the difference in rate of the basecatalyzed decomposition of their nitrilotriacetic acid complexes (94). A computer-automated, stopped-flow spectrometer has been used for the simultaneous analysis of zinc cadmium, M mercury(II), and copper(I1) in mixtures a t IO-$ to concentrations by measuring the rates of dissociation of their Zincon complexes a t 620 n m and of epinephrine, norM epinephrine, and L-DOPA in mixtures a t to concentrations by measuring the rates of reactions of their aminochromes with ascorbic acid at 480 nm (456). Thiourea has been determined by its catalytic effect on the reaction between sodium azide, iodide, and starch (455). The rate of formation of a sodium pentacyanoammineferrate(I1)-cyanamide complex absorbing a t 530 n m was used to determine cyanamide (364).
PHYSICS Topics primarily related to the principles of measuring radiant energy and instrumentation are included in this section of the review. Performance checks and standards to be used with high quality spectrophotometers have been discussed (454). A statistical photometric error equation has been derived which describes how to minimize random error effects (638). Cleaning methods for Spectrosil absorption cells have been studied with regard to their effect on transmission and scattering by the cell windows (171). As little as 2 “C variation in the ambient temperature affects the zero absorbance calibration in single beam spectrometers causing significant error if the instrument is not re-zeroed after each measurement (330). A theoretical treatment of the effects of spectral slitwidth and spectrophotometer beam dispersion
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO.
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Table I. Spectrophotometric Methods for Metals Constituent Ag
Material Lead
... . .. Alloys
...
A1 Steel
Fe-Ni alloys Brass
...
AU Natural waters
...
... ... ...
... ... ...
Be
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range] Catalytic oxidn. of salicylic acid by S,O,z -, 2,2'-bipyridyl (activator) [ 4 1 0 ; 4.3-38.8 p p b ] 1,3-Diamino-8-methoxyphenothiazine (CC1,) [ 480; 1.46 x l o 4 ] p-Dimethylarninobenzylidenerhbdamine [ 5801 1-(2-Pyridylaz0)-2-naphthol(C,H,-i-BuOH) [ 540; 2.16 x l o 4 ] Thiothenoyltrifluoroacetone (CC1,-BuOH) [ 460; 3.5 x l o 3 ] Acid Chrome Dark Blue [582; 6.5 x l o 3 ] Alumocreson [ 500; 5.0 X l o 4 ] Glycinethymol blue, cetyltrimethylammonium ion [ 555; 4.1 X l o 4 ] e-Hydroxy-a-(dibutylphosphiny1)propionic acid, Xylenol Orange (CHC1,) [ 575; 3.15 X l o 3 ] p-Phenylenebis(2,3,7-trihydroxy-6-fluorone), H,B03 [ 5051 Sulfochlorophenol S 1 667 ; 1.7 X 10, 1 Aniline (benzyl alc.) ['560; 6.2 X 1 0 3 j Brilliant Green (AcOBu) [ 6301 p-Dimethylaminobenzylidenerhodamine, EtOH [ 5001 Basic Magenta (C,H,-cyclohexanone) [ 555; 8.8 x l o 4 ] Janus Blue, HC1 (C,H,-Me,CO) [ 582; 0.1-5.2 p p m ] Kinetic inhibition of 12-N3-reaction by Au(III)-2-mercaptopurine complex [0.1-0.8 p p m ] Nitron (C,H,CI,) [ 4 0 5 ; 4 x l o 3 ] Prochlorperazine maleate [ 530; 2.05 x l o 4 ] Tetrahydrofuran, HCl [ 3251 Triflupromazine hydrochloride, HCl [503; 1 . 3 x l o 4 ] Acid Chrome Dark Blue [597; 1.24 x 10'1 Chroma1 Blue G, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride [ 626; 9.3 x
Ref. 203 532 65 139 5 30 23 461 572 327 143 235 467 526 63 424 193 282 117 1-79 644 182 23 599
1041
Rocks
Cu-Be alloy Bi
... ...
...
... Ca
... Municipal water
... Cd
...
...
Ce
co
...
...
High speed steel
...
Pyrite, soils Silicates, meteorites
... ...
Chromazurol S, benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride [6101 Chromazurol S. polyoxyethylenedodecylamine, EDTA [ 605 ] Sodium salt of azochromotropic acid derivatives [ 560; 1.1x l o 4 ] Ti(IV), H,O,, Hf [ 420; 10-36 p p m ] Uramildiacetic acid [ 266; 2.1 x l o 3 ] Ammonium pyrolidine-N-dithiocarbamate(molten naphthalene:DMF)[358; 1.0-17.0 p p m ] EGTA 1265; 8.3 X 1031 Gallocianine methyl ester, HC10, [563; 2.34 x l o 6 ] 3-Mercapto-1,3-diphenyl-2-propene-l-one (C,H,) [ 4 7 0 ; 2.5-30 PPm 1 Methylthymol blue, diphenylguanidine (BuOH) [ 2.1 x l o 4 ] KI, tetraphenylarsonium chloride (C,H4C1,) [ 492; 3-30 p p m ] 2-(2-Thiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol, 1,3-diphenylguanidine [ 5 8 5 ; 4.6 X l o 4 ] Alizarine complexone [ 610; 2-10 p p m ] Chlorophosphonazo I11 (NaOH, azoazoxy BN in CC1,:reext. aq. HC1) [ 6 6 8 ] 5,7-Dinitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, Rhodamine S (C,H,) [ 573; 0.05-4.0 p p m ] SPADNS [570] 2-[ 2-(5-Bromopyridyl)azo]-5-dimethylaminophenol(CHC1, or 3-methyl-1-butanol) [ 555; 1.41 x l o s ] Dithizone [ 5101 l-(2-Quinolylazo)-2-acenaphthylenol (CCl,) [ 5501 Thiothenoyltrifluoroacetone, 1,lO-phenanthroline (xylene) [ n o ; 3 . 4 3 x 1041 p-Anisidine (isoamyl alc.) [ 5 1 0 ; 1 . 7 x l o ' ] N-p-Tolylbenzohydroxamicacid (CHCI,) [465; 4.6 x l o 3 ] 4-Amino-5-nitroso-2,6-pyrimidinediol [ 355; 6.5 x l o 4 ] Carbonate ion with Cobalt(II1) [640; 40-400 ppm] acid 2-Carboxy-2'-hydroxy-3',5'-dimethylazobenzene-4-sulfonic [630; 4.1 X 10'1 Carboxytriazolylazo-rn-(diethy1amino)phenol[ 535; 7 x l o ' ] 4-Chlorophenolazo-rn-phenylenediamine[ 550; 2.03 x 10'1 4-(3,5-Dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-1,3-diaminobenzene [ 590; 1 . 2 x 1051 Dual wavelength tech. : 4-[(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)azo]-1,3diaminobenzene [588, 425; 1 . 5 x l o 5 ] 2,4-Dihydroxy-3-nitrosopyridiner412; 2.45 x l o 41 6-Hydroxy-5-nitroso-1,2~3,4-tetrahydro~2,4-pyrimidinedione 1367; 4.05 X 1041 3-Hydroxypicolina~dehydethiosemicarbazone[ 450 ; 2.35 x 1O 4 ] 2-Mercaptobenzo-7-thiopyrone(CHCI,) [ 350; 0.5-6.0 p p m ] p-Nitrophenylhydrazone of diacetylmonoxime, ethylenediamine [ 5 2 0 ; 0.05-0.5 p p m ]
542 366 367 314 431 512 249 280 426 499 38 591 82 30 5 50
42 504 352 522 109 47 0 12
519 31 8 167 229 296 268 502 348 589 81
474 401
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO.
5, APRIL 1978
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Table I (Continued) Constituent
Material
... Steel Concd. NaCl soln.
...
... Cr Biological materials
...
...
cu
Pure A1 and Zn
... I
Eu Fe
.
.
,
.
I
.
.
I
Tungsten Reagent chemicals
... Steel Rocks Pharmaceuticals Magnetic films
... Cements and Ni alloys Ga
..
... I
.
.
... Ge
... High purity As Organo-Ge compds
Hf
...
Hg
Soils and water
...
...
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range] 6-Nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dithiol (i-BuCOMe) [ 530; 1 . 9 3 X l o 4 ] Phenylfluorone, zephiramine, NaNO, [645; 4.8 x l o 4 ] Picolinaldehyde-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone [ 430; 0.2-2 ppm] Pyridine-2-aldehyde-2-pyridyl eosin (CHCI,-Me,CO) .. . hydrazone, . ~. -[555; 7.8 X l o 4 ] 1-(2-Pvridvlazok2-naohthol. H,O,* (dithizone-CHCl, . . :evaD. . - :oxid. :CHC1,-EtOH) [ 6281 l-(2-Quinolyazo)-2-acenaphthylenol (CCl,) [ 550; 5.4 X l o 4 ] Thiobenzoylacetone (C,H,) [460;1.27 x l o 4 ] Tiron [ 3 4 0 ; 3.8 x l o 3 ] Uramildiacetic acid [266; 6.4 X l o 4 ] Zinc(I1)-dimercaptomaleonitrilecomplex [ 288; 5.0 X l o 4] Cupferron (CHCl,) [ 5521 Diphenylcarbazide [ 540; 3.17 X l o 4 ] PAN (BUOH) ~ 5 5 51.28 ; x 1041 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol [ 545; 3.0 x l o 4 ] 4-(2-Thiazolylazo)resorcinol[525; 4.98 x l o 4 ] Catalytic oxidn. of sulfanilic acid by H,O,, pyridine (activator) (pyridine-salicylate in CHC1,) [ 370; 3-60 ppb] Diethyldithiocarbamate (PhMe) [ 4351 Dual wavelength tech.: dithizone [510, 617; 2.8 X l o 4 ] 5-Methylfurfural-2-benzothiazolylhydrazone (C,H,) [ 410; 5.8 X 1041 l-(2-Quinolyazo)-2-acenaphthylenol (CC1,) [545; 4.25 X l o 4 ] Salicylic acid, perhydrol [ 376; 2.4 x l o 5 ] 1,l,l-Trifluoro-3-(2-thenoy1)acetone (CHC1, :reext. aq. NaOH) [3441 Variamine Blue, 2,2'-diquinolyl [550; 1.25 x 10'1 o-Cresolphthalexon S, cetyltrimethylammonium ion [ 6201 2-Acetylpyridine-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (C,H,) [Fe(II) 650; 6.8 x 103:Fe(III)395; 2.4 x 10'1 4-Benzoyl-2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3-H-pyrazol-3-one (c,H,) ~ 5 0 0 4.95 ; x 1031 n-Benzoylphenylhydroxylamine (molten naphtha1ene:DMF) [ 4371 a,a'-Bipyridyl 2-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxyazobenzene-4'-sulfonate, cetylpyridinium chloride [565; 6.1 x l o 4 ] 4-Chloro-2-nitrosopheno1, Rhodamine B (PhMe) [ 558; 9.0 X l o 4 ] 2,4-Dihydroxy-3-nitrosopyridine [ 655; 1 . 2 6 x l o 4 ] Eriochrome Cyanine R, tridodecylethylammonium bromide [ 613; 1.73 X l o s ] a-Furildioxime, pyridine (CHC1,) [570; 6.17 x l o 6 ] Hematoxylin [ 5301 6-Hydroxy-5-nitroso-l,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2,4-pyrimidinedione, ascorbic acid [ 6 3 0 ; 1 . 9 6 x l o 4 ] Mandelhydroxamic acid [ 4401 Octadecylbenzyldimethylammonium perchloarate, KSCN (C,H,Cl,) [480; 3.17 x l o 4 ] Extn. with 1,lO-phenanthrolineon ion-exchange resin and elute with hydroxylammonium chloride in MeOH 3-Phenyl-5-isoxazolon-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester [ 490; 4.2 x I
I
1031 2-Propionyl-1,3-indandione r520 1 6,7-D~hydroxy-2,4-diphenylbenzdpyryliumchloride (CHC1,) 1545; 6 x 1 0 4 1
Gallion', 8-hydroxyquinoline (BuOH) [630;2 . 3 x l o 4 ] 4-Methyl-2-(2-hydroxy-l-naphylazo)thiazole (CHCl,, BuOH, or C,H,) [578; 3.8 x l o 4 ] Methylthymol blue (a-bromobutyric acid in CHC1,) [ 540; 0.1-3.5 p p m ] 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol,HC1, tetraphenylarsonium ion (1,2-dichlorobenzene)[510; 8 . 2 x l o 4 ] 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol,SCN-, antipyrine (CHC1,) [ 540; 0.07-6 ppm] 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, Rhodamine B (xylene) [ 565; 2-59 PPml Alizarine complexone [450; 0.5-6 ppm] 3,5-Dinitropyrocatechol, Brilliant Green (CCl,) [ 6251 Molybdogermanate, acetone [ 4301 1,5-Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-cyanoformazan[ 580; 9.3 x l o 3 ] 1-(2-Pyridylaz0)-2-naphthol [ 545; 3.86 x l o 4 ] 4-(2-Thiazolylazo)resorcinol[540; 5.8 x l o 4 ] Crystal Violet (C,H,) [ 6 1 0 ] Direct UV absorption of HgClA2-[ 230; 3 x l o 4 ]
Ref. 58 468 28 201 190 521 346 56 431 222 153 629 546 350 5 48 38 6 261 618 227 521 335 15 73 278 308 448 51 1 384 614 57 6 348 505 398 428 588 5 38 21 624 99 25 38 0 16 4 12 436 523 358 115 460 90 311 301 549 547 267 26
248R
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50,
NO. 5,
APRIL 1978
-
Table I (Continued) Constituent
Material
...
... Wastewater
...
In
Zn alloys
... . , .
Ir . * .
..
,
Li Mg
... ... Silicate materials ...
Mn
...
Alloy steel Mo Tungsten and alloys Steel
... ...
Lubricating oils Coned. NaCl s o h . Steel
... Ferromolybdenum alloys
...
Steel Nb
... ... ...
Steel
Steel Nd Ni
...
Rare earth and A1 oxides
... ... Crude oil
... Alloys
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range] Malachite Green cation, excess KC1 (PhC1) [ 6 3 0 ; 8.7 x l o 4 ] 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole, bromocresol purple [ 4 1 0 ; 3.82 x 10'1 N-Methylaminothioformyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine[ 41 5; 3.2 x 1041 Phenanthroline, bromphenol blue (CHC1,) [ 610; 0.2-2.0 ppm] l-(2-Quinolylazo)-2-acanaphthylenol(CC1,) [ 5401 Thiohenzoylacetone (C,H,) [345; 1.7 x l o 4 ] Thio-Michler's ketone. PrOH 1560, 1.51 X lo5] Bromopyrogallol red, HBr (binzyl'alc.) Gallein (BuOH) 1530; 1 . 8 x 1041 l-Phenyl-2,3-dimethylp~azalon~-5-azo-4~pyrogallol [ 460; 0.46-4.6 PPm 1 Pyrocatechol violet [ 5751 Alamine-336, SnC1, (C,H,) [322; 1.38 x l o 4 ] a-Benzil monooxime (CHCI,) [405; 1 . 3 x l o 4 ] 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (CHC1,) [ 4021 1,5-Bis(2-carboxymethoxy)-3,5-dimethylphenyl-3-phenylformazan [5901 o-Oesolphthalexon [575; 1.1 x l o 4 ] 5,7-Dinitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, Rhodamine S (C,H,) [ 5691 Eriochrome Black T, tri-n-octylamine (CHC1,) [555; 5.5 x 10'1 Eriochrome Cyanine R [ 5 7 0 ; 0.48-4.8 ppm] SPADNS [ 5701 Cacotheline [ 4901 Catalytic oxidn. of Acid Blue 45 by H,O, [595; 4-25 ppb] Diphenylcarbazide Kinetic oxidn. of Tropeolin 0002 by H,O,, o-phenanthroline (activator) [434; 0.1-12.3 ppb] PAR PAR [ 5 l O ; 4.5 X 10'1 2-Aminobenzenethiol (CHCI,) [ 7 0 0 ; 7.1 x l o 4 ] p-Carboxygallanilide [485; 1.5 X l o 4 ] 5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol (CHCl,) [ 3921 X,N-Diethylaniline perchlorate, SCN- (C,H,Cl,) [ 470; 1-10 ppm] Dithiooxamide (30% i-PrOH) [600; 2.2 x lo'] 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehydeoxime [ 370, 400; 5-70 ppm, 5-110 p p m ] KSCN (diisopropyl ether) [ 4901 2-Mercapto-3-(2-furyl)propenoic acid (CHC1,) [ 450; 8.66 x l o 3 ] o - or rn-Nitrophenylfluorone (Bu,PO,) [ 505-5151 l-Phenyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (CHC1,) [ 317; 2.5 X l o 4 ] 1-Pyrrolidinecarbodithioate[380, 385; 4.22 X l o 3 , 4.47 x l o 3 ] Sodium thiosulfate (isoamyl alc.) [475; 0-32 ppm] Sulfonitrazo E [ 5651 Tetraphenylarsonium chloride, SCN- (CHCI,) [ 470; 1.8 x l o 4 ] N-o-Tolyl-o-methoxybenzohydroxamic acid (isoamyl alc.) [ 350; 9.1 x 1031 Triethylamine, KSCN (CHC1,) [0.2-160 ppm] Triphenyltetrazolium chloride, pyrocatechol (C,H4C1,) [ 6401 Xylenol Orange, N,H,H,SO, [540; 9.2 x l o 3 ] Arsenazo I, (pyridylazo)resorcinol, H,O, [ 3651 acid [ 470; 0.4-9 Gallic acid, 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic PPm 1 2-Hydroxy-5-carboxyphenylfluorone[ 535; 6.08 X 10'1 KSCN PAR, Oxalate, Ph,AsCl (CHC1,) 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol[ 5301 Pyrocatechol Violet, tridodecylethylammonium ion (CCl,) [ 553; 4.4 x 1041 Pyrrolidinedithiocarhamate, pyrocatechol (CHC1,-propylene carbonate) [ 4453 Sulfochlorophenol S (laurylamine in n-BuOH) [660] Sulfonitrazo E [ 560; 2 x l o 4 ] Arsenazo I11 [ 6501 7-(4-Antipyrylazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline [ 485; 0.4-4 ppm] Automated:catalytic redn. of Mn0,- to MnO,'^, OH- [600] 1,3-Dihydroxydithiobenzoidacid (C,H, or CHCI,) [533; 1 . 7 x 1041 Nioxime, NaOH, K, Fe(CN), [460; 1.36 x l o 4 ] Potassium ethyl xanthate (CHCI,) [415; 2.9 x l o 3 ] 4-(2-Pyradylazo)resorcinol, tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CHCl,) [ 500; 7 X l o 4 ] 1-(2-Pyridylazo )-2-naphthol, H,O, (CHCl )-E tOH ) [ 565 ] l-(2-Quinolyazo)-2-acenaphthylenol (CCI,) [ 560; 4.4 X l o 4 ] Thiazolylazocresol (CHC1,) [ 610; 3.12 x l o 4 ]
Ref. 35 1 281 312
562 522 344 8 238 333 163 85 248 475 116 642 571 50 437 135 42 347 7 580 45 14
349 83 395 377 32 62 3 60 191
237 37 558 288 633 464 5 57 4 606 19 336 394 545 610 41 3 525 283 507 354 234 136 643 554 202 443 175 39 3 637 190 521 195
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO,
5, APRIL 1978
249R
Table I (Continued) Constituent
Material
Soil
...
os
.. ... ...
...
...
Pb Zinc Pd
I
.
... Pt alloy
...
...
...
I
.
...
Pt Pu Rare Earths
.
Emission control catalysts Spent fuel Ga-based alloys Zeolites and cracking catalysts
...
Re .
I
.
...
...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Rh Ru
Sb
...
...
sc Rocks Sm Sn
... ... .
I
.
... ... Steel Organo tin Bronze .
Brass Ta Nb alloys
I
.
... ...
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range]
Ref.
2-(2-Thiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol, Triton X-100 [ 560; 6.5 x 1041 l-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol, Triton X-100 [ 595; 4 X l o 4 ] Thiobenzoylacetone [ 500; 0.5-10 ppm] Zinc(I1) dimercaptomaleonitrile [ 312; 2.76 x l o 4 ] 2-Amino-3-hydroxypyridine [ 600, 540; 5.2 x lo3,8.4 X l o 3 ] Catalytic redn. of Fe(CN),3- by BH,- [400] Isoniazid [420; Os(V1) 0.4-7.0 ppm, Os(VII1) 0.1-6.5 ppm] Phthalimide dithiosemicarbazone [ 450; 1.3 x l o 4 ] Thiobenzhydrazide (CHC1,) [ 3 8 5 ; 1.37 X l o 4 ] Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride [ 502; 1.67 x l o 4 ] Tetraphenylporphine trisulfonic acid [464;2.75 x l o 5 ] Thiooxine, ascorbic acid (CHCl, or PhMe:reext. aq. EDTA) [412; 1.1 x 1041 a - B e n d monoxine (CHCl,) [435; 1 . 2 5 x l o A ] Biacetyl bis(4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone)(CHC1,) [ 435, 600; 1.75 x 104, 2.1 x 1031 2-Chlorophenothiazine [ 525; 4.63 x l o 3 ] Chroma1 Blue G , cetyltrimethylammonium chloride [ 670; 1.01 x 1051 p-Dimethylaminobenzylidenerhodamine [ 515 J Diphenylcarbazone (i-BuCOMe) [ 610; 0.1-3.5 ppm] Di-o-tolythiourea, HCl (C,H,Cl,) [ 4101 Eriochrome Cyanine R, cetylpyridinium bromide p-Ethylthioethylthioglycolicacid [ 290; 1 . 9 x l o 4 ] Fluphenazine hydrochloride [ 480; 3.98 x lo'] Furacilin, diphenylguanidine (BuOH) [450; 1.42 x l o 4 ] 2-Mercaptobenzoxazole (CC1,) [ 294; 3.95 x l o 4 ] 6-Methylpicolinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone [ 420; 4.3 x 10 '1 6-Nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dithiol (i-BuCOMe) 1580; 3.8 x lo"] Picoline-aldehyde, 2-hydroxy-5-phenylanil(CHCl,) [ 627; 4.9 x l o 3 ] PAR 15131 2,2'-Diaminodiphenyldisulfide[725; 5.48 x l o 4 ] Differential spectrophotometry, SnC1,
65 105 446 128 414 184 161 272 294 57 385 3 38 35 244
Arsenazo 111, 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (xylene) [ 6651 Arsenazo 111, sulfosalicylic acid [ 6601 Arsenazo I11 [ 6501
48 2 573 41 9
Xylenol Orange (trioctylethylammonium bromide in xylene) [590-605; ca. 1 X l o 5 ] 1-Mercaptopropionic acid, SnC1, [470; 1.35 x l o 4 ] Methyl violet (C,H,) [604; 8.5 X l o 4 ] Pinacyanol (C,H,-Me,CO) [ 0.4-6 ppm] Rhodamine S (C,H,-i-BuOAc) [563; 1.14 X l o 5 ] Thiobenzhydrazide, SnCl, [560; 7.39 x l o 3 ] Catalytic oxidn. of Cu(I1) by IO,' [413] Eriochrome Cyanine R , cetylpyridinium bromide [600;1 . 2 X l o 4 ] 1-Phenyltetrazoline-5-thione (CHC1,) [ 336; 1.76 x l o 4 ] Catalytic oxidn. of methyl red by periodate [ 1-6 ppb] Ethyl-a-isonitrosoacetoacetate (benzyl alc.) [470; 1.05 x l o 4 ] Promazine hydrochloride [515; 7 . 3 3 X l o 3 ] 3-(2-Pyridyl)-5,6-diphenyl-l,2,4-triazine [ 485; 2.1 x l o 4 ] Thiobenzhydrazide (CHC1,) [520; 0.73-7.33 ppm] N,N'-2-Pyridylphenylthiourea [410; 2.96 x l o 4 ] Reduced molybodoantimonylphosphonic acid (BuOAc) [ 65 1, 728; 9 . 5 x 10'1 5,7-Dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, Rhodamine S (C,H,) [ 550; 0.3-7 p p m ] Sulfonitrazo R , diphenylguanidine (BuOH) [560; 2.0 x l o 4 ] Semiphthalexon, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide [ 5101 2,4-Dihydroxybenzeneazo-2'-naphthol-4'-sulfonic acid, antipyrine [5601 Catalytic redn. of isopolymolybdate by ascorbic acid Differential spectrophotometry, 4,5-dihydroxyfluorescein [ 5201 o-Hydroxyhydroquinonephthalein [ 515 ] Phenylfluorone (CHC1,) [510] Phenylfluorone (CC1,) Propylfluorone, antipyrine (CHC1,) [500; 5.9 X l o " ] Pyrocatechol violet, diphenylguanidine [ 5 8 2 ; 6.7 x l o 4 ] Rhodamine 6 Zh, HCl (C,H,) [530; 6 x 10'1 7-Bromo-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid [ 395; 0.5-60 p p m ] Chromethylpyrazole (PhMe) [ 5901 2-Hydroxy-5-carboxyphenylfluorone[ 525; 9.4 x l o 4 ]
5 08
228 6 17 345 223 321 259 178 197 514 180 231 616 475 174 181 600
553 225 194 287 160 569 127 441 466 397 183 246 514 313 172 275 41 277 382 457 22 340 307 339 381 497 498 494 417 610
250 R
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO. 5, APRIL 1978
Table I (Continued) Constituent
Material
... ...
Th
... Minerals and rocks
... Steel Ilmenite and alloys
... ...
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range] Ref. Nitrochromepyrazole, HF [550; 8 . 3 x l o 4 ] 41 6 Arsenazo I11 (N-butylaniline in CHC1,:reext. aq. 8-hydroxyquinoline) 254 16001 p-Dimeihylarsenazo I11 [690; 1.30 x l o 6 ] 295 Semimethylxylenol Blue [559-564; 5.97 x l o 4 ] 597 Thoron (trioctylphosphine oxide) [ 5451 420 0 - orp-Anise green, HBr (C,H,) [615; 1 . 9 6 x l o 4 , 2.30 x l o 4 ] 95 Benzohydroxamic acid (hexanol) [ 370; 2.4 x l o ' ] 13 Benzoylphenylhydroxylamine, phenylfluorene, HC1 (CHC1,) [ 550; 41 3 7.5 x 1 0 4 1 Bromopyrogallol red, 4-aminoantipyrine [ 630; 3.75 x l o 4 ] 162 Diantipyrylmethane [ 3951 61 2,2'-Diquinoxalyl [ 680; 2.9 x l o 4 ] 43 Hematoxylin, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cupferron in 290 4-methyl-2-pentanone)[655; 3.50 x 10'1 Monooctyl-a-anilobenzylphosphonate,SCN- (CHC1,) [ 420; 2.2 555 x 1041 l-Phenyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone, C10,- (CHCI,) [ 355; 609 1.3 x 1041 cetyltriSodium 2-bromo-4,5-dihydroxyazobenzene-4'-sulfonate, 61 3 methylammonium chloride 1515; 6.2 x l o 4 ] 2- (2-Thiazolylazo)-5-dimethy~minophenol (1;3-diphenylguanidine 592 in PhCH,OH) 1583: 3.59 x 1041 Tiron [ 3661 130 1-(l-Benzylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-3-methyl-5-p-nitrophenylformazan 1 1 2 (CCl,) 1670; 2.45 X 1041 Brilliant Cresyl Blue, HBr (C,H,) [640; 0.2-2.3 ppm] 488 Dithiopyrilmethane [375; 1.9 X l o 4 ] 17 1-Naphthalenedithiocarboxylate(CHCl,) [ 310; 1.18 x l o " ] 239 Arsenazo I11 [ 6651 376 Arsenazo I11 (dibenzoylmethane in C,H6:reext. aq. HC1) [ 6501 72 Arsenazo 111, Zephiramine (CHCl,) [655; 6.2 x l o 4 ] 48 5 p-Carboxyphenylazochromotropic acid [ 595; 1 . 1 3 x l o 4 ] 260 Chromazurol S, quaternary ammonium salts [ 625; 0.09-2.29 ppm] 141 Cyclopentanone-2-carboxyanilide(i-BuCOMe) [ 360; 10-60 ppm] 300 Hydroxynapthol blue [ 530; 4 . 1 x l o 3 ] 69 Malachite Green, benzoate (PhC1) [635; 8 . 3 x l o 4 ] 126 2-Mercaptopyridine-1-oxide(Bu,PO,) [ 4901 133 4-(2-Pyridylazo)naphthol(trioctylphosphine oxide) [ 5301 420 l-(4-Tolyl)-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (CHC1,) [ 319; 3.1 x 559 io4] N-p-Tolyl-o-methoxybenzohydroxamic acid (CHCl,) [ 360; 2.1 x 5 io3] Zephiramine, KSCN (CHCl,) [ 305; 1.5 x l o 4 ] 204 N-p-Chlorophenyl-p-methoxybenzohydroxamic acid (CHCl,) 31 0 1545; 0.5-15 ppml N-(p-N,N-Dime~hylanilino-3-methoxy-2-naphtho)hydroxamic acid 2 (CHC1,) 1570: 1.2 x 1041 Ferron, dithionite (tribenzilamine in CHC1,) [ 4301 631 8-Hydroxyquinoline, dithionite (CC1,) [ 4201 632 8-Hydroxyquinoline, HC10, (PhNO,) [640; 6.02 x l o 3 ] 24 N-o-Methoxyphenyl-2-thenohydroxamicacid (CHC1,) 545; 7.2 3 x 1031 3-Methylcatechol (C,H4C1,) [625] 357 2-Nitroso-5-dimethylaminophenol[ 410; 1 . 4 x l o 4 ] 596 l-Phenylazo-2-hydroxy-3-naphthylhydroxamic acid (C,H, ) [ 545; 6 6.54 x 1041 l-Phenyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (CHC1,) [ 497, 625; 4 . 1 608 x 103, 5.6 x 1031 1-(2-Pyridylaz0)-2-naphthol (CHC1,) [ 6151 189 Salicylhydroxamic acid (isoamyl alc.) [ 4 7 0 ; 6 . 4 x l o 3 ] 387 Salicyloyl hydrazide [415; 4.0 x l o 3 ] 184 Sulfonitrazo [ 5821 465 Sulfonitrazo [ 5801 423 Bromopyrogallol red, zephiramine [ 6 2 1 ; 6.5 x 10'1 110 Diantipyrylmethane, SCN- (CHC1,) [404; 1.5 x l o 3 ] 120 o-Hydroxyphenylfluorone [ 5301 359 o-Nitrophenylfluorene [502; 3.5 x l o 4 ] 334 l-Phenyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone, SnCI,, SCN- (CHCl,) 556 14061 Tetraphenylarsonium chloride, SCN93 Quinalizarin (Bu,P04) [ 5401 150 2-(2-Thiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol, zephiramine [ 575 ; 593 7.2 X l o 4 ] Alizarine Complexone [500; 5.7 x l o 3 ] 566 I
Chromites T1
...
... U
Seawater
...
... ... Ores
...
... V
... ... Steel
...
... Concd. NaCl s o h . Soil
... W
Fe and Si alloys ... Ores and steel Zr and Zr salts Steel
...
Y Yb
Steel
_
A N A L Y T I C A L CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO. 5, APRIL 1978
251 R
Table I (Continued) Constituent
Material
... Zn
Cadmium
Serum
...
... Zr Cast iron and steel
...
... ...
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range]
Ref.
535 Bromopyrogallol red [620;1.98 X l o 4 ] 18 Cobalt thiocyanate 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride ion assoc. (C,H4C1,) [ 5901 14 PAR 368 PAR, cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CHC1,) [ 505;9.2 x 1041 240 PAR [497] 522 l-(2-Quinolylazo)-2-acenaphthylenol[ 5401 463 7-(2-Thiazolylazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid [ 510;8.5
x 1041 Thiodibenzoylmethane (C,H,) [ 410; 3.27 X l o 4 ] Arsenazo I11 [665;1.58 X l o 5 ] Pyrocatechol violet Pyrocatechol violet, tridodecylethylammonium bromide (BuOAc) ~ 5 8 6 3.9 ; x 1041 2-(2-Thiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol, zephiramine, MeOH [595;1.05 x 1051 4-(2-Thiazolylazo)resorcinol[ 550;6.4 X l o 4 ] Xylenol Orange, papaverine, HCIO, (CHC1,) [580;5.1 X lo4]
shape was used t o produce tables for calculating true absorbances and molar absorptivities ( 5 4 4 ) . T h e importance of signal-to-noise ratios and spectral bandpasses in spectrophotometry has been discussed (86). A statistical method was used to examine errors due to the method of preparation of standards in multicomponent spectrophotometric analysis (392). Several papers have appeared dealing with standards, including a general discussion of standards for transmission spectrophotometry (459),the use of semitransparent metallic thin films as potential transmittance standards (316),and the use of acidic potassium dichromate as an ultraviolet absorbance standard (77, 78, 329). A figurine method for establishing the stray light profile of a spectrophotometer has been described (564). T h e importance of sample handling techniques specifically (5.50) and of instrumental and operational parameters in general (238) on accuracy and precision has been discussed. Improved precision of absorbance measurements has been reported by using neutral filters as references (306). The relative pK's of polybasic acids can be determined from absorbance vs. p H data a t two or more distinct wavelengths without highly accurate p H measurements (170, 421). Equations for calculating the formation constants of ternary complexes from spectrophotometric data have been reported (271). A double-beam dual-wavelength spectrophotometer has been used to determine 2- and 3-component mixtures even when all components are mutually interfering (212). T h e theoretical and practical aspects of operating a derivative spectrometer have been discussed in regard to concentration limits and real-time measurements (536). Second derivative absorption spectra are reported to offer more easily interpreted qualitative and better quantitative information from samples with overlapping absorption bands (67). Derivative spectrometry using a Vidicon detector has been accomplished by superimposing a low amplitude periodic waveform on the horizontal sweep signal of the Vidicon (96). Equations have been derived for differential spectrophotometric determination of multicomponent mixtures with overlapping absorption bands and can be used to estimate the amount of standard which should be added to the reference solution (187). An iterative mathematical routine has been developed for the determination of multicomponent samples in which the individual constituents do not obey Beer's law (620). Combination of differential and absorbance ratio methods proved very efficient for determining substances having absorbances less than 0.1, especially when in mixtures with overlapping bands (188). Visible Fourier transform spectroscopy using a Michelson interferometer has been used to obtain reflectance qpectra of various semiconducting materials (107). T h e application to analysis of a Fourier transform interferometer system using polarization interference has been described (299). I'ltraviolet and visible optoacoustic spectra of some inorganic, biochemical, and phytochemical samples have been
427 64 145 506 590 547 515
obtained and compared, where possible, with conventional transmittance or reflectance spectra (9). A study of the performance of a stopped-flow spectrometer with viscous solutions showed that complete mixing occurs within 10 ms after the flow has stopped, provided that a high driving pressure is employed and the viscosity of the solution does not exceed 18 m P a (495). Absorbance ratioing with a variable-wavelength, spectrophotometric, liquid chromatography detector has been shown to be very reliable for peak identification (636). T h e present state of diode arrays used as detectors for simultaneous wavelength measurements has been discussed (214). A commercial linear diode array detector was used to replace the exit slit and photomultiplier tube in constructing a rapid-scan spectrometer (630). In instruments where dark current noise is the limiting factor a t room temperature, cooling the photomultiplier tube detector to -60 "C can improve the detection limit by a factor of 2 to 8 (215). T h e Hamamatsu Corporation has marketed an S996 silicon photocell that can be inserted into circuit boards quickly and easily and whose spectral response covers the visible and near infrared. Polycrystalline cadmium sulfide photoresistors have been suggested as possible detectors of ultraviolet and visible radiation (273). T h e use of microcells in spectrophotometry has been discussed and a patented, microsampling beam geometry described (118). A compact water-jacketed cell for photochemical studies has been described (152). A cell that can withstand pressures up to 25 x lo5P a and temperatures up to 230 "C has been used to measure the ultraviolet and visible spectra of numerous materials (84). Size considerations in the design of cells for photoacoustic spectroscopy have been discussed ( I ) . The specifications of nearly 800 colored glasses made by 13 manufacturers have been examined and intercompared (119). The selection, preparation, certification, and use of glass filters as reference materials has been discussed (317 ) . Spectrophotometers. The Beckman Instrument Company announced production of the last DU-2 spectrophotometer in 1976. T h e model DU will be remembered by many for its might) role in the development and growth of spectrophotometry as an important analytical technique. The Perkin-Elmer 57 series UV-vis spectrophotometers use a digital monochromator linked to a 3-phase chopper which measures the sample, reference, and dark signals at the same wavelength (67). T h e Perkin-Elmer 556 dual-wavelength, double-beam instrument features two separate monochromators, automatic source lamp switchover during scanning, built-in baseline compensator, 240-Hz chopping frequency for fast kinetics measurements, and a wide range of sampling accessories (403). GCA/McPherson has introduced the Super 700 model, a completely digital, interfaced instrument with a programmable statistical calculator that provides for unattended data acquisition, storage, and calculation, first and second derivative spectra, peak location, and peak area integration (165). Five
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO. 5, APRIL 1978
-
Table 11. Spectrophotometric Methods for Nonmetals Method o r reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range] Constituent Material
... ...
As
Sea water Biological materials W-Re alloy
...
...
B
Steel Ferrosilicon Br
...
c1c12
Plant material Air Tap water
(210,-
...
co
.. Plant material
...
CN-
... ... ... FOrg. and inorg. compounds
0-free org. solvs. Inorg. peroxo monoacids Org. peroxides
...
1-
...
...
Human breath
...
Ce(1V) excess, fluphenazine hydrochloride [ 5001 Molybdoarsenate-Crystal Violet ion assoc. in Me,CO [ca. 8 Reduced molybdoarsenic acid [866] Reduced molybdoarsenic acid [ 8401
X
Ref. 10'1
Reduced molybdoarsenic acid [ 6401 Redn. of Ag diethyldithiocarbamate, pyridine [ 536; 1-20 ppm] Redn. of Ag and Fe(III), ferrozine [0.02-0.3 ppm] Tetramethylammonium-a-naphthodithioate(CHCI,) [ 392; 1.7 X l o 4 ] Carmine (2-ethyl-1,3-heptanediol and CHCI,) Carminic acid [ 585; 0.1-0.5 ppm] Curcumin [ 5451 Quinalizarin [ 6201 Kinetic inhibition of oxidn. of 4.4'-dihgdroxydiphenyl . . . by . TI(II1) [339; 0.8-3.2 ppm] Kinetic inhibition of oxidn. of methvl orange bv KBrO, Oxidn: H,SO,, V,O,; measured as gaseous-Br2-[410] Oxidn: K,Cr,O, in H,SO, (CCI,) [300, 415; 3.8 x lo3, 2.8 x l o ' ] Kinetic inhibition of oxidn. of 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl by TI(II1) [ 339; 0.18-11 ppm] Mercury chloranilate [ 3321 p-Nitroaniline, OH' [485; 1 . 9 X l o 4 ] Phenolphthalin, ferrocyanide, OH- [ 5531 Iodide, (Rhodamine S in C,H,) [ 566; 6 x l o 4 ] Excess sodium amminepentacyanoferrate(II), Ai-methylpyrazinium ion [658; 1 . 2 5 X 10'1 Indirect: sodium argentiosulfamoyl benzoate [ 4201 Catalytic complexation of Cr(II1) with Xylenol Orange [ 5501 Zr(IV), 3,4-dihydroxyazobenzene-2'-carboxylicacid Zr(IV), Xylenol Orange [550] Cu(II), o-cresolphthalein [ 568; 6.5 x l o 4 ] 1,3-Dimethylbarbituric acid [ 5881 Indirect: Cu(II), SCN-, pyridine (CHCI,) [410;0.96-14.4 ppm] Catalytic: p-nitrobenzaldehyde, o-dinitrobenzene, OH- [ 5551 Sodium aminepentacyanoferrate(I1) in excess, N-methylpyrazinium ion [ 6 5 8 ] Al(III), sulfochrome [ 0.04-0.6 ppm] Alizarin-3-methylamine-N,N-diacetic acid, L a ( N 0 ,),
184 563 207 134 496 626 255 166 221 141 38 3 253 325 206 362 176 325 291 158 490 472 57 9
91 389 98 89 155 146 274 37 8 579 29 266 476
Zr(IV), Methylthymol Blue or Xylenol Orange [590, 560; 1.7 >: lo4, 3.5 x 1041 Conv. to Ferroin in pres. of Hg(I1) and 1,lO-phenanthroline (Ph,PPr)Cl, H,SO,, FeSO, (1-pentanol) [ 7 2 0 ; 20-90 ppm] NH,AI(SO,), 12H,O, KI, KIO,; meas. liberated I, [530]
635 487 243
Iodometric with catalase and without enzyme [400; 6.4 x l o 3 ]
480
KI, Ti(SO,), (pentane) [ 4 2 0 ] Oxidn. Mn(OH), t o Mn(H,P,0,),3- [ 521 ] TiQV), Xylenol Orange [520; 1.32 x l o 4 ] Diantipyrylmethane in HCl (CHCI,) [ 4001 Oxidn: H,SO,, V,Oj: measured as gaseous I, [530] SCN-, H 2 0 , [302; 4.11 X l o 4 ] Carbon disulfide [321; 7.8 X l o 3 ] C ~ I I ~) 3 7 51; . 6 x i o 3 ] Direct: second deriv. spectrum [ 204.61 NaOC1, Na,[Fe(CN)jH,O], 2-chlorophenol [650; 1.7-170 ppb] Ag, Ag', p-sulfonamidobenzoate, OH' [420; 2.45 X l o 4 ] Diazotize n-aminoacetoDhenone. couDle with rn-Dhenvlenediamine ~~ 4 5 02; . i x 1041 Diazotize sulfathiazole, couple with 1-naphthol, OH' [ 530; 0.4-1.4 PPm I Ce(1V) excess, Fluphenazine hydrochloride [ 5001 Cr ,O , - I58 0 1 Diiect U? absorption using std. addtn. Re, dimethylglyoxime [ 4421 Thymol (Bu0Ac:reext. aq. NaOH) [395; 6.2 X l o 3 ] Redn. to NH, with Ti,(SO,),, meas. gaseous NH, [ 2011 2,4-Xylenol [ 4551 Indigo carmine [555] Crystal Violet (C,H,) [616; 6.97 X l o 4 ] Reduced molybdophosphoric acid [ 8151 Molybdophosphate-Crystal Violet ion assoc. [ca. 8 x l o 5 ] Molybdophosphate-Crystal Violet ion assoc. (polyvinyl alc.) [ 5601
200 52 605 263 362 92
I
-
151
361 21 7 399 518 574
~
... NO;
Wastewater
...
... Dissolved 0, PF,PO,,-
Water
... Silicate rocks
Blood serum
442 184 319 140 209 220 100 37 0
337 173 622 563 148
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50. NO. 5, APRIL 1978
253R
Table I1 (Continued) Constituent
Material
...
S2-
...
S0;Z-
so,:-
Plant materials
...
s,o,2-
... ...
s,o,*-
.
.
I
...
Se
Germanium Gallium
...
Si
Dissolved silica Natural fresh water
Te
Ferrophosp horus materials Sulfide ores Brass
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range] Molybdophosphate-Methylene Blue ion assoc. (i-BuCOMe) [ 655; 4.8 X l o 4 ] Fe(III), Na,SO,, sodium citrate [ 632; 4.1 x l o 3 ] hexadecyl1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzaldehyde, trimethylammonion bromide [ 0.08-5.6 ppm] Barium chloranilate [ 332; 1.82 X l o 4 ] Indirect: pptn. with excess 2-aminoperimidine, HNO,, NaOH [ 525; 1.4 X l o 4 ] Chlorpromazine, o-iodosobenzoic acid, H,PO, [ 530; 9.7 X l o 3 ] Alk. cyanolysis, Cu(II), iron(II1) thiocyanate [ 4601 Mercury(I1) chloranilate [ 5301 Alk. cyanolysis, iron(II1) thiocyanate [ 4601 Se(1V)-catalyticoxidn. of p-hydrazinobenzenesulfonicacid, couple with rn-phenylenediamine [ 1 . 2 x l o 6 ] 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (PhMe) 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (PhMe) [ 4201 o-Hydroxythiobenzoic acid hydrazide (CHC1,) [ 380; 0.8-8 ppm] Molybdosilicate-Methyl Green ion assoc. [ca. 8 X l o s ] or-Molybdosilicic acid [ 330, 4001 Molybdosilicic acid
Molybdosilicic acid [ 0.02-0.1 ppm] Reduced molybdosilicic acid, ascorbic acid [ 8101 l-Benzyl-5-methoxybenzimidazole-2-thione (C,H,) [440, 510; 2.9 x 1 0 4 , 2 . 1 x 1041 Bromopyrogallol red, diphenylguanidine [ 545; 5.7 x l o " ] Diantipyrylmethane, HBr (CHCl,) [ 336; 1 . 8 2 x l o 3 ] o-Hydroxythiobenzoic acid hydrazide (CHCl,) [ 470; 1.95-14.6 ppm]
new Superscan instruments have been introduced by Varian with options including integral recorders, A , 7 c T,or direct concentration readout, and a control system for quick instrument parameter optimization (603). Gilford has marketed Stasar I, 11, and I11 models with features such as automated sample handling and digital LED readout to 2 A and 6000 concentration units (169). The Haake Spectroplus combines spectrophotometry (260-750 nm), fluorimetry, p H , and dissolved oxygen in a single instrument (198). A new model 6000 photoacoustic spectrometer is available from Princeton Applied Research (342, 432). A microprocessor-controlled spectrophotometer using up to 16 tunable dye lasers has been described (404). The wavelength region from 360 to 650 nm can be scanned a t speeds up to 2 n m i s with 5 s breaks required for changing dye solutions. A computer-controlled Vidicon-detector spectrometer has been developed with signal-to-noise ratios ranging from 220 with a single scan to IO4 with signal averaging, linear response over 3.5 orders of magnitude, and 4-nm resolution with a 230-nm wavelength range (363). A Vidicon-based derivative spectrometer has been devised which operates over a selectable range of 40 to 400 nm and simultaneously generates first derivative and intensity spectra (97). A diode-array, rapid-scanning spectrometer has been developed and used for regular absorption measurements, as a liquid chromatography detector, and a multiwavelength detector for simultaneous absorbance measurements (199). -4utomatic compensation for source fluctuations has been reported using a dual-detector, ratio measurement system (108). ,4high precision reference spectrophotometer capable of accurate measurements to 0.0001 T has been described (131). A 1-kW mercury-xenon arc source and capacitor microphone detector have been used in construction of a single-beam optoacoustic spectrometer ( I I). A rapid scanning spectrophotometer has been described in which the scanning mirror is under closed loop control and thereby forced to follow the input drive signal rapidly and accurately, imparting considerable versatility to the instrument (375). For example, the instrument can be operated as a dual-wavelength spectrometer by using a square wave as the mirror-drive waveform. A 14-channel, recording UV-vis spectrophotometer requiring only 100-gL sample volumes has been devised using a miniat tire centrifugal analyzer concept (31). S p e c i a l Application I n s t r u m e n t s a n d Accessories. A Varichrom UV-vis liquid chromatography detector with
Ref. 315 445 208 292 27 289 369 320 369 25 2 360 104 159 563 250 586 48
70 322 513 121 159
dual-beam optics, micro-flow cells, four selectable bandwidths, three selectable time constants, and continuously tunable between 200 and 700 nm is available from Varian (604). Pierce Chemical Co. has marketed its ChromatoFlo 2925 dual-beam, dual-wavelength (254 and 280 nm) flow-through UV filter photometer for use in continuous monitoring of liquid chromatography effluents and density gradient profiles (410). A diode array has been used as a rapid-scanning, multiwavelength detector for liquid chromatography (328). A computer-controlled monochromator with programmable entrance and exit slits, developed for atomic absorption spectroscopy but applicable to UV-vis spectrophotometry, has been described (533). An automatic absorbance calibration routine for a computerized, rapid-scanning spectrometer has been developed (627). .4Turner 360 Concentration Computer will connect to Coleman Jr. (11),Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20, and all Turner spectrophotometers to give direct digital readout of concentration (595). A 17-00 Digital Wavelength Programmer marketed by Nanometrics will attach to any monochromator to allow convenient and reproducible recording of data a t five scan speeds in either direction (355). A cylindrical cell attachment has been devised for a Zeiss PMQ I1 spectrophotometer which eliminates the need for forward scattering corrections in transmittance measurements of polyethylene films (256).
APPLICATIONS Methods of Analysis. The application of spectrophotometry to analysis continues to be extensive. While some determinations are better done by atomic absorption spectroscopy or ion-selective electrode potentiometry, many new applications have appeared which utilize recently developed instrumental techniques such as dual-wavelength, derivative and rapid-scanning spectrometry. The Chemistry and Physics sections of this review survey the recent developments in methodology. This section summarizes in Tables I, 11, and I11 the many spectrophotometric methods used to determine specific constituents in both real and sbmthetic samples. Given the nature of the tables, it is impossible to note unique preliminary sample treatments, tolerances to diverse constituents, and other noteworthy features of the methods.
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5. APRIL 1978
Table 111. Spectrophotometric Methods for Organic Compounds Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range] Constituent Material Acetylene Adrenaline, unreduced Alkylbenzenesulfonate Amides, prim.
Oxygen
...
Water
...
...
Amines, prim. and sec. Amines, prim. and sec., arom. and heterocyclic Amines, tert.
Indust. wastes Amines, ter. arom. Amines, arom.
...
p.Aminobenzoic acids Aniline
Blood, urine
Anthraquinone Ascorbic acid
Anthracene
Atropine sulfate Benzaldehyde Benzidine Benzoic acid and 0 - , m - , p-hydroxy isomers Bilirubin Butylated hydroxytoluene Caffeine Capsaicin Carbaryl Carbazole Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids, arom. Catechol Chloramphenicol Chloropromazine Cholester ol Choline-contg. phospholipids Codeine Creatinine Cyanamide
...
Citrus fruits Plants Drugs Benzyl alcohol
...
Mixed feeds Instant tea Air ...
Pharmaceuticals
...
Dairy products Serum Pills Pharmaceuticals Serum
Cysteine, free 17-Deoxycorticoids Dianisidine Diethyl and dimethylamine DNA
0-
Adsorption; desorption into NH, soln. with Cu(1) FeCl,, pyridine [ 5901 Methylene blue (C,H,CI,:reext. with H,O) [ 222 1 Indirect: excess NO,- by diazo-coupling with sulfanilamide, N-1-naphthylenediamine [ 5431 Fluorescamine [375-410, 310-320; (6-17) X IO3, (1.8-2) X l o 4 ] p-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde [ 510-600; (3.9-56) X l o 3 ]
645 584 444 137
cis-Aconitic anhydride [ 1-10 ppm] Co(NO,),, NH,CNS, ascorbic acid, nitroso-P salt [ 5201 p-Sulfophenyldiazonium salt, MeOH Fluram, glacial HOAc 4-Aminoantipyrine (CHCI,-isoamyl alc.) [ 5401 Excess NaNO,, Rivanol [505; 13.7-137 ppm] acid Diazotization; coupling 8-amino-l-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic (C,H,) [ 530; 9-28 ppm] Redn. with thiourea dioxide, OH- [ 4171 Chlorpromazine, o-iodosobenzoic acid, H,PO, [530; 9.7 x l o 3 ] Dimethoxydiquinone (CHCI,) [530; 1.62 X l o 3 ] 2,6-Dichlorophenol, indophenol Bromthymol blue (CHCI,) [ 4501 Redn. with NaBH, in MeOH [ 2461 Oxidn. with Mn(PO,),,-, Mn,(SO,), [425; 6.18 x l o 4 ] Fe(II1) [ 300, 260, 225, 5251
628 264 132 458 27 9 471
Diazotized sulfanilate coupled to bilirubin, cysteine, HC1 Direct UV absorption after column sepn. [283]
106 453
Direct UV absorption after pptn. of interferants with lead subacetate [ 2 7 2 ] VOCI, (EtOAc) [ 7201 Couple with diazotized 2,5-dichloroaniline [ 5301 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone, FeC1, [ 5801 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine(n-C,H I ,-CCl, ) [ 4 301 HONH, +,carbodiimide coupling reag., Fe(II1) salt [ 500-5501 Safranine T, acridine yellow, methylene blue (CHCI,)
491
Extn. of catechol ferrates with liq. resins [480;8.8 x l o 3 ] ",OH, Fe(C10,), [ 5 0 5 ] As tetraiodoantimonate complex (CHCI,) [ 4381 o-Phthalaldehyde reagent (hexane) Phospholipase D, choline oxidase, peroxidase, 4-aminoantipyrine, PhOH [ 5001 Direct UV absorption (CHCl,:Al,O, co1umn:reext. aq. HC1) [2841 Oxidn. with V,O, [ 5001 Picric acid, NaOH [530; 3.1-12.2 ppm] Kinetic: formation of sodium pentacyanoammineferrate(I1)cyanamide complex [ 5301 Methyl glyoxal [ 2701 Oxidn. folld. by condensation with .. pyrrole, HC1 (C,H,) . " " . [570; . (2.97-4.26) l o 4 ] Mn(PO,),'+, Mn,(SO,), [441;2.98 x 10'1 [Cu(NH,),ICL CS,(CHCl,) [435 1
x
...
Disulfide groups
Plant material ... Proteins
Epinephrine Ethanol and methanol Ethanol Ethyleneglycol Fatty acids, free
Acetone Biol. fluids Water Blood
Folic acid Formaldehyde
Dosage forms
Fructose Furfural Glucose He par in
Blood plasma
...
Ref.
Basic fuchsine Diaminobenzoic acid dihydrochloride [ 4201 Electroreductive cleavage, guanidine, 5,5'-dithiobis(2nitrobenzoate) Oxidn. with H,O, [ 4 8 5 ] NH,VO,, 8-hydroxyquinoline, [480; 1-5%(v/v)] Alcohol dehydrogenase, NAD, Tris [ 3401 Indirect: iron thiocyanate complex [ 4 9 5 ; 0.6-3 ppm] CuNO,, t,riethanolamine, NaOH, 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (CHC1,-heptane-MeOH) [ 5501 Redn., ninhydrin [ 5 5 5 ; 4.5-45 ppml 4-Amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-l,2,4-triazole [ 550; 0.2-2.0 PPm 1 ZrOC1, [334] Molybdic acid [331] Phloroglucinol reag. [ 4 0 5 ; 5-25 ppm] Methylene blue [ 569; 1-6 IU]
581 439
88
37 3 289 245 87 124 177 44
302
447 551 157 486 560 37 1 51
435
111 34 552 125 612 185 364 108
577 44
269 55 489 619 625 391 71 356 433 449 332 47 9 516 122 196
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO. 5, APRIL 1978
255R
Table 111 (Continued) Constituent
Material
Hydrazides 17-Hydroxycorticoids 8-Hydroxyquinoline Iminodiacetic acid Isoprenaline sulfate Ke tohexoses Lactic acid Lipids, total Malonate Methylene blue Methyl glyoxal rn-Nitro compds. Nitroglycerin Novacaine Phenols Phenolic hormones Phenylalanine residues Phenylhydrazine Promethazine Protein
...
... ...
...
Pharmaceuticals
...
Blood Serum
... ... ... ...
Tab lets Celnovocaine
... ... ...
Protein
... ... Plant material Urine
...
Pyridine Polychlorinated biphenyls Pyruvic acids Pyrrole, derivs. Quinones Resorcinol
...
RNA Saccharin Streptomycin Strychnine Sucrose Sugars, reducing
Plant material
... ...
Ice cream
...
Sulfanilamide Tetraphen ylarsonium salts Tetraphenylarsonium and tetraphenylphosphonium salts Tetraphenylborate Thiols Thiourea Tocopherols o-Tolidine Triglycerides
.. ...
...
...
Serum Serum
Urea Nitrogen Uric acid Vitamin E
Serum Blood serum Blood plasma
Vitamin K compds.
...
Method or reagent [Wavelength; molar absorptivity, or concentration range]
Ref.
Acridine orange [492] 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone Cu(OAc),, pyrrole, MeOH (C,H,) [ 587-6001 N-2,6-Trichloro-p-benzoquinoneimine [ 625; 2-7 p p m ] Dual wavelength tech.: Ferric alum [ 250, 3001 Thiosemicarbazide 1490; . 2-1 6 _ppml _ HCIO,, urea [ 6051 Lactate dehvdrogenase t o form NADH 13401 p-(Dimethyiamin-0)benzaldehyde [ 5401' Diazotized p-nitroaniline [ 445 ] Ammonium hexanitratocerate (nitrobenzene) [ 54.53 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine[ 432; 3.4 X l o 4 ] Sodium borohydride in EtOH [520-5301 NaOH to form NO,-, proflavine or flavacridine-HC1 [540] Dual wavelength tech: direct UV absorption [266, 2911 Diazotized 4-nitroaniline [490] Chloranil Nitration, OH- [380-430; 10-50 ppm] Direct: second derivative spectrum [ 245-2701 Ammonium molybdate (BuOH) [510] As tetraiodoantimonate complex (CHCI,) [434] Coomassie brilliant blue G250 [620] Ninhydrin, SnCl, Pptn. with tannic acid, disslvd. in aq. triethanolamine, FeCl, [510; 0.05-1.5 g/L] KSCN, l-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazalone [ 610; 0.5-7 ppm] Sodium fluorescein (CHCl,) [ 2461
241 41 5 578 242 59 469 594 123 434 481 343 168 534 232 425 276 40 205 219 451
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine,OH' [ 4501 H,S04, acetic anhydride (CHCI, or CC1,) [290-3501 Thiourea dioxide 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide NH,OH.HCl, sodium nitroprusside, NH, [ 6201 Orcinol Phenothiazine, Cu(OAc), (xylene) [ 510; 20-400 ppm] KIO,, NaAsO,, Thiobarbituric acid [ 4121 Solochrome Green V 150 (CHC1,) [520; 3.72 x l o 4 ] Resorcinol, HC1 [ 4901 1,5-Dihydroxy-4,8-dinitroanthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid, Seignette salt [ 6 5 0 ; 25-80 ppm] o-Nitrobenzoic acid, KOH, sodium potassium tartrate [ 4101 Chloroamine T [ 5251 V(V), PAR (CHC1,) [ 560; 9.3 x l o 4 ]
528 493 37 2 192 429 55 561 156 450 390 531
Tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester (C,H,Cl,) [ 61 51
587
Ligand exch.: solid mercuric chloranilate [ 5301 Cu(I1) in N,N-dimethylformamide [435] Catalytic oxidn. of I- by NaN,, starch [ 0.01-0.1 ppm] Cu(II), bis(diisopropy1oxythiophosphate)disulfide [ 422; 1.05 x 1041 Mn(P0,),3-, Mn,(SO,), [ 4 3 7 ; 6.04 x l o 4 ] Glycerol kinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase Lipoprotein lipase, glycerol dehydrogenase, phenazine methosulfate, Nitro Blue Tetrazolium [ 5601 Urease, phenol, sodium nitroprusside, NaOC1, NaOH [ 5401 Uricase, peroxidase, phenol, 4-aminoantipyrine [ 5001 Pyrogallol in abs. EtOH, KOH, bathophenanthroline, FeCI,, H,PO, (hexane) [ 5321 Redn. with Ti(II1) t o form Ti(1V) complex
320 541 455 537
LITERATURE CITED
(1) Aamodt, L. C . , Murphy, J. C., Parker, J. G.. J . Appl. Phys.. 48, 927 (1977). (2) Abbasi, S. A . , Anal. Chem, 48, 714 (1976). (3) Abbasi, S. A , , Anal. Lett., 9. 113 (1976). (4) Abbasi. S. A , , Sep. Sci., 11. 293 (1976). (5) Abbasi, S. A., Ahmed, J., Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem., 280. 222 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 85, 103432b (1976). (6) Abdusalamova, E. K., Ostrobrod, B. G., Tr. Tashk. Politech. Inst., 119, 17 (1974): Chem. Abstr., 84, 159197a (1976). ( 7 ) Abe, S., Takahashi, K.. Matsuo, T., Anal. Chim. Acta, 80, 135 (1975). (8) Ackerman, G., Roeder, H . , Talanta, 24, 99 (1977). (9) Adams, M. J., Beadle, B. C., King, A. A , , Kirkbright, G. F., Ana/yst(London), 101, 553 (1976).
111
48 3 55 634 226 251
567 583 524
44 409 262 598 236 258 607
Adams, M. J., Beadle. B. C.,Kirkbright. G. F., Trends Biochem. Sci. (Pers. Ed.). 1, "278 (1976). ( 1 1 ) Adams, M. J., King, A . A . , Kirkbright, G. F., Analyst(London), 101. 73 (1976). (121 Agrawal, Y. K . , Mikrochim. Acta, 1976, (2) 595. (13) Agrawal, Y. K.. Patke, S., Sharma, T. P., Verma, P. C., Maru, P. C., Fresenius' Z . Anal. Chem., 280, 30 (1976); Chem. Abstr., 85, 8 6 7 6 6 ~(1976). (14) Ahrland, S., Herman, R . G., Anal. Chem.,47, 2422 (1975). (15) Akaiwa, H., Kawamoto, H., Izumi, F., Talanta, 23, 403 (1976). (16) Akhmedli, M. K., Gluschchenko, E. L., Kyazimova, A . K . , Uch. Zap. Mlnist. Vyssh. Sredn. Spets. Obraz. Az. SSR, Ser. Khim. Nauk., 1975, 18; Chem. Abstr.. 86, 25534r (1977). (17) Akimov, V. K., Zasorina. E. V . , Busev, A . I . , Nenning. P.. Z . Chem., 17, 186 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 87, 77912c (1977). (10)
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL. 50, NO. 5, APRIL 1978
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Enzymes in Analytical Chemistry Myer M. Fishman Department of Chemistry, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 1003 1
Enzymes continue to enjoy widespread use and importance as analytical tools in the industrial, medical, food, and clinical fields. T h e importance of these applications and their acceptability was accentuated by the symposium which was held in J u n e of 1977 ( 1 ) . Much needed information has also appeared in the form of reviews, from time to time. Three such reviews were published from our laboratory (2-4). This. the most recent, covers the period January 1976 through December 1977. In recent years, the phenomenal development in the science and technology of immobilized enzymes has contributed to the rapid expansion of their use in the analytical field. Their most desirable features continue to be increased stability, reusability, and, of course, the greatly reduced cost for routine use. Along with these features, they have retained the specificity and sensitivity of the soluble enzymes. A great deal of information on the subject has appeared recently in the form of reviews and monographs (5, 6, 7, 9). Developments in this field ha\e also led to intensive efforts to produce electrochemical sensors, namely, enzyme electrodes. These have included gas-permeable electrodes, single and double membrane electrodes, air-gap electrodes which separate the electrode from the sample solution. and enzyme reactor electrodes. These have also been reviewed (8, I O ) . Along with the electrodes, there has also been the remarkable growth in the development of high-speed automated equipment which allows for the analysis of, literally, hundreds of samples within short periods of time. Saunders and Burns 0003-2700/7810350-261R$01.00/0
Myer M. Fishman is Professor of Chemistry and Chairman of the Biochemistry Division of the Chemistry Department at the City College of the City University of New York. He received his B.S. degree in Chemistry from the City College and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Minnesota. His research interests have included the use of dextran as a plasma expander, intravenous infusion of fat emulsions, carcinogenesis of plastics, and the interaction of macromolecules with antibiotics and dyes. He is a member of the ACS, Sigma Xi. the American Association for Cancer Research, and the American Society of Biological Chemists.
1 1 2 ) have surveyed the use of Reaction Rate Analyzers, especially those in use in the United Kingdom. Most of the papers which are included in this review have introduced very little t h a t is new in the nature of the chemistry. Most of the efforts have been directed toward the use of a particular type of electrode or the application in some automated process. This review has not included any references to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA) and the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay (EMIT) which are in wide use in clinical laboratories. In the ELISA method, an enzyme is covalently linked to some antigen or antibody. After C
1978 American Chemical Socletv
