Understanding Reactivity Patterns of the Dialkylaniline Radical Cation Micha Kirchgessner,‡ Kesavapillai Sreenath, and Karical R. Gopidas* Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences DiVision, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), TriVandrum 695 019, India
[email protected] ReceiVed September 1, 2006
for the generation and study of these intermediates. Radical cations are most generally prepared by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) in solution or electrochemical electron transfer at an electrode surface.10-12 PET reactions generally require elaborate experimental set up for preparing and monitoring the follow up reactions of the generated radical cations. The short lifetimes of the generated radical cation in certain cases make these approaches less attractive. The electrochemical method suffers from the disadvantage that the radical cations are formed in very high concentrations at the electrode surface, leading to their dimerization. This often hampers the reactions of the radical cations with other substrates. Although long-lived radical cations can be generated within zeolite cavities, monitoring reactions of radical cations inside zeolites are rarely reported and often times difficult to achieve.13 We have recently introduced a very simple and effective method for the generation of aromatic amine radical cations.14 The reaction involves mixing of the aromatic amine with 1 equiv of Cu(ClO4)2 in acetonitrile solution. The amine radical cation is generated as a result of single electron transfer from the amine to Cu2+ as shown in eq 1.
Amine + Cu2+ f Amine+• + Cu+ N,N-Dimethylaniline and N,N-diethylaniline react with Cu2+ to form the corresponding amine radical cations. The radical cations were characterized by their absorption spectra. In the absence of any nucleophiles, the radical cations dimerize to give tetraalkylbenzidines, and this reaction can be monitored by absorption spectroscopy. In the presence of nucleophiles such as ClQ, BrQ, or SCNQ, the radical cations undergo nucleophilic substitution to give para-substituted dialkylanilines in good yields. The generation and study of radical cation intermediates has gained considerable interest in the last two decades.1-9 Although radical cations can undergo a variety of reactions, such as bond cleavage, ring closure, deprotonation, isomerization, nucleophilic attack, and reactions with neutral reagents, the chemistry of radical cations is not as well developed compared to the chemistry of radicals or cations. Radical cations are considered to be interesting but synthetically ineffectual intermediates. The problem generally is associated with the techniques available * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: 91 471 2491712. ‡ Project student from Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Karlsruhe (TH), Karlsruhe, Germany.
(1) Roth, H. D. Top. Curr. Chem. 1992, 163, 131. (2) Schmittel, M.; Burghart, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2550. (3) Schmittel, M.; Langels, A. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 392. (4) Whitted, P. O.; Horner, J. H.; Newcomb, M.; Huang, X.; Crich, D. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 153. (5) Newcomb, M.; Miranda, N.; Huang, X.; Crich, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 6128. (6) Newcomb, M.; Miranda, N.; Sannigrahi, M.; Huang, X.; Crich, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6445. (7) Crich, D.; Neelamkavil, S. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2573. (8) Horner, J. H.; Taxil, E.; Newcomb, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5402. (9) Horner, J. H.; Newcomb, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 4364.
(1)
We proposed that aromatic amines with oxidation potential less than 1.0 V (vs SCE) are capable of forming radical cations by this mechanism. In this paper, we show that this method can be effectively explored for generating aromatic amine radical cations and studying their reactivity patterns. Taking N,Ndimethylaniline (DMA) and N,N-diethylaniline (DEA) as examples, we show that this reaction can be used for synthetic applications, as well. Addition of Cu(ClO4)2 to a solution of DMA resulted in the disappearance of the absorption due to DMA at
