SALARY SURVEY
Unemployment Is Down This Year for Chemists Salaries seem to show little or no growth from a year ago when looked at broadly, but the lack of gain may be more apparent than real so far as individuals are concerned across the board—for both men and women, a n d both minority and nonminority individuals, as well as for holders of B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees. The surprising news from the survey: Salaries, overall, seem little, if at all, changed this year from a year ago. The median salary reported by chemists who hold no more than an undergraduate degree is only 2% higher than in 1986; that for chemists with an M.S. is up 3%. For both, the increase is relatively slight, com-
The good news from this year's survey by the American Chemical Society of the economic status of its members: Unemployment among chemists is about a third lower than it was a year ago. As of last March, only 1.1% of ACS chemists were jobless but looking for work, down from 1.7% in March 1986. The rate of unemployment has not been so low since 1981, and the only year since 1971 that it has been lower is 1980, when it fell to 0.9%. Unemployment is about equally down
pared with previous gains over the past couple of decades. Even more unusual, the median salary for Ph.D. chemists is essentially unchanged, as is that for all chemists whatever their degree. Such a result is unprecedented in the nearly 20 years that ACS has been making similar annual surveys of members' salaries. Previously, the median salaries of Ph.D.s had grown steadily throughout two decades. Because growth in salaries apparently has hit a snag, chemists gen-
Unemployment is low for all ACS members, and especially so for those with Ph.D.s Chemists By highest degree
By sex Employment status8
By minority status Minority6 Nonminority
Chemical engineers
members 6
93.9%
94.0%
Total
Men
Women
B.S.
M.S.
Ph.D.
Employed full time
94.4%
95.4%
89.3%
94.9%
94.6%
94.1%
92.7%
94.6%
Employed part time
1.5
1.1
3.6
1.6
2.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
2.1
1.6
Postdoctoral or fellowship
2.0
1.7
3.0
0.3
0.1
3.2
4.5
1.7
0.4
1.7
Unemployed Seeking employment
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.3
0.8
1.3
1.1
1.6
1.4
Not seeking employment
1.0
0.7
2.6
1.5
1.9
0.6
0.3
1.1
2.0
1.2
a As of March 1, 1987. b Black, Hispanic, American Indian, Alaskan native, Asian, Pacific Islander, or other, c Includes ACS members whose highest degree and present work are in neither chemistry nor chemical engineering. Source: ACS survey
Increases in salaries for chemists were subpar or nonexistent last year Annual change $ Thousands
1987
1986
1977
1983
1986-87
1982-87
1977-87
CHEMISTS' MEDIAN SALARIES 3 , B.S. M.S. Ph.D. All chemists
$33.5 39.0 47.7 42.5
$33.0 37.9 47.8 42.5
$32.0 36.0 44.0 40.0
$30.9 34.0 42.0 38.0
$30.0 33.0 40.0 36.0
$28.5 31.6 37.5 34.7
$27.5 30.0 35.0 32.0
$25.0 26.0 31.2 28.9
$23.5 25.0 29.0
$22.0 24.0 27.4
$21.0 22.0 26.0
na
na
na
2% 3 0 0
3% 4 5 4
5% 6 6 na
a Base annual salary as of March 1. 1987. na = not available. Source: ACS survey
June 29, 1987 C&EN
33
Salary Survey An increase in responsibility brings its rewards The amount of responsibility that chemists exert in doing their work is likely to be reflected in how much they are paid. This year, for the first time, the annual economic survey of ACS members included a battery of questions designed to indicate the degree of responsibility with which individual respondents perform their assignments. Responsibilities were grouped into four categories: duties (the complexity of projects undertaken), technical decisions and recommendations (the scope of responsibility for technical matters handled), the amount of supervision received, and the amount of supervision exercised. Respondents were asked to rank the level of responsibility they exercised within each of these categories on a scale of one to five, with one being the level of least responsibility. Thus, the overall level of an individual respondent's responsibility can be ranked on a scale from four (scoring one for each of the four responsibility categories) to 20 (scoring five for each of the four categories).
A chemist with a score of four, for example, works only on simple projects or in assisting senior staff, makes decisions regarding only minor technical details, works under detailed instructions and close guidance, and has no authority over others' work. At the other end of the scale, a chemist with a score of 20 has full managerial authority over an operation, including budgeting and long-term planning, has full responsibility for projects, including the authority to delegate responsibility to others, is unsupervised except within broad organizational policy guidelines, and has full control over senior staff who, in turn, may have authority over smaller groups of employees. A chemist with a midrange responsibility score of 12 typically plans and handles projects of moderate complexity, is responsible for the technical aspects of these projects with only occasional review for effectiveness, is assigned only broad objectives and priorities for projects, and supervises a group of professional subordinates and technicians.
As the accompanying table—which pertains only to chemists working in private industry—indicates, increased responsibility clearly pays off with increased income. Among chemists whose highest degree is a B.S., the median salary of those in the top range of responsibility scores is double that of those in the bottom range, for example. Ph.D. chemists in the top range similarly have a 6 0 % salary advantage over those at the bottom. Very few Ph.D.s, however, rank at that low level. As might be expected, in fact, the responsibility rankings of chemists with a Ph.D. tend to be well above those of their colleagues who lack a Ph.D.; 5 5 % have a score higher than 12, compared with only 4 2 % of those with an M.S. and 3 8 % of those with no higher degree than a B.S. The difference in scores between M.S. and B.S. chemists, though, is only slightly to the advantage of those with the higher degree. The table also indicates that women chemists are considerably less likely than men to hold down a highly
Length of experience is a bigger factor in determining salary early in a chemist's career I
Years since B.S. degree
Median salary ($ thousands)8 Oto 1
2 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 34
35 to 39
40 or more
Overall
NONACADEMIC CHEMISTS 90% 75% 50% 25% 10%
$28.5 25.0 23.0 18.7 18.0
$31.2 28.0 25.0 21.3 18.1
$38.0 35.0 30.0 25.5 22.0
$46.6 40.1 34.5 30.0 26.0
$53.5 45.0 39.0 33.0 28.0
$58.0 52.0 43.0 35.0 29.0
$60.0 53.0 45.4 39.0 30.3
$67.6 58.9 48.0 42.1 33.3
$70.8 59.5 50.0 40.0 33.2
$56.0 51.0 42.0 33.0 24.0
$54.0 44.0 34.0 27.0 22.3
— — — — —
39.5 32.5 29.0 24.0 22.0
40.0 35.0 31.2 27.4 23.5
48.3 43.0 37.5 32.0 28.0
58.5 50.0 42.7 35.5 31.1
62.4 52.7 44.7 37.9 30.0
70.0 61.5 50.0 42.5 37.5
66.0 58.0 48.5 39.0 32.0
84.0 64.9 52.5 41.6 32.6
95.0 62.5 53.0 48.5 38.0
61.3 50.0 40.8 32.5 27.5
— — — — —
— — — — —
47.0 43.0 40.3 38.0 35.4
55.0 50.1 45.0 40.7 37.1
65.0 58.7 52.0 45.0 40.0
74.0 65.0 56.0 49.0 42.0
87.0 70.5 60.0 51.6 44.6
89.4 73.0 60.7 50.5 44.6
92.5 76.0 63.5 52.0 44.8
80.0 73.4 60.0 51.7 40.0
75.0 62.4 52.0 43.7 39.0
M.S.
90% 75% 50% 25% 10% Phn
90% 75% 50% 25% 10%
a As of March 1,1987. How to read this table: Using, as an example, nonacademic B.S. chemists two to four years after having received their B.S. degree, 90% of these chemists have annual base salaries of $31,200 or less, 75% have annual base salaries of $28,000 or less, 50% have annual base salaries of $25,000 or less, 25 % have annual base salaries of $21,300 or less, and 10% have annual base salaries of $18,100 or less. Source: ACS survey
34
June 29, 1987 C&EN
Salaries increase markedly with level of responsibility %with score Responsibility score
All chemists
Men
Women
Median salary ($ the usands) All chemists Men Women
CHEMISTS EMPLOYED FULL TIME IN INDUSTRY R.S.
4 to 8 9 to 12 13 to 16 17 to 20
$26.0 33.0 40.0 52.2
$26.0 35.0 40.0 53.0
$26.2 30.0 35.0 35.0
18 53 26 3
32.0 38.5 46.0 58.4
32.0 40.3 48.0 58.8
32.5 34.2 43.0 55.0
6 53 37 4
42.5 47.0 55.0 67.5
42.6 48.0 55.0 68.0
41.2 42.0 47.0 60.1
16% 46 27 11
14% 44 29 14
25% 53 20 2
12 46 30 12
11 44 31 14
3 42 39 16
3 41 39 17
M.S.
4 to 8 9 to 12 13 to 16 17 to 20 Ph η
4 to 8 9 to 12 13 to 16 17 to 20 Source: ACS survey
responsible post. A mere 3 % of the women responding to the ACS survey indicate they hold jobs with a score higher than 17, compared with 16% for men. On the other hand, 1 8 % of the women but just 7 % of the men have scores less than 8. This may, at least in part, explain why salaries for
erally appear to be worse off now than they were a year ago if income is compared with living costs. Al though consumer prices last March were only 3% higher than a year earlier, median salaries, in constant dollars, for B.S. chemists are 1% low er and those for Ph.D.s are down 3% from March 1986. This year will be the first time since 1980 that the increase in median salary for Ph.D.s has not outpaced the rise in living costs. Median salaries for B.S. chem ists, on the other hand, have been down more often than not during the past 10 years, after adjustment for inflation. Consequently, the overall median for them this year is 15% lower than it was 10 years ago. This year's lack of growth in sala ries may be more apparent than real, however, at least so far as individu al chemists are concerned. A closer look at the survey results provides further insight into what may be behind the poor appearance of the broad figures. The picture certainly
women chemists tend to be lower than those for men. One reason why women may score lower, of course, is that as a group they tend to be younger, and hence less experienced. Not surprisingly, re sponsibility scores rise as length of experience increases. Thus less than
is more favorable if smaller, more discrete groups are used for year-toyear salary comparisons. For one thing, academic salaries do not seem to have fared poorly. Median salaries earned by Ph.D. chemists at universities and colleges are higher at all professorial levels— generally 5% or more—both in schools with graduate programs and in those without. A look at median salaries of nonacademic chemists, split up into smaller groups based on length of time since they received their B.S. degree, also indicates that most such groups are earning more now than a year ago. This suggests that al though median salaries for nonacademic chemists overall may have shown little or no growth, the sala ries of individual chemists in most cases actually have increased. One factor that probably has de pressed the overall salary medians is that this year's survey respon dents, as a whole, are less experi enced than respondents in 1986. For
10% of the Ph.D. chemists who earned their undergraduate degree less than 20 years ago score above 16 in re sponsibility, but 2 3 % of those who received their B.S. degree 30 or more years ago rank that high. Likewise for chemists whose highest degree is a B.S., only 6 % of those who graduated less than 20 years ago score higher than 16, but 2 5 % of those who re ceived their degree 30 or more years ago rank above 16. Even so, age and length of work experience do not appear to be the sole reason that women seem underrepresented among chemists with the highest responsibility. For example, adjusting the responses from chem ists with a Ph.D. for differences in length of experience, if women other wise were as likely as men to attain a responsibility score higher than 16, approximately 1 2 % rather than 4 % would rank that high. Similarly, about 8 % of women with a B.S. degree would have a responsibility score of more than 16, rather than the 2 % that the survey shows, if the survey re sponses were weighted for differences between men and women in years of experience.
example, among chemists working in industry—where 61% are em ployed—19% of the respondents this year had earned their baccalaureate degree 30 or more years ago, down from 21% in 1986. At the same time, 43% of the industrial chemists in this year's survey received their B.S. in the past 14 years, up from 40% last year. Staff reduction and early retire ment programs have been wide spread throughout the chemical pro cess industries during the past two or three years as companies have strived to trim costs, divest lowprofit operations, and revamp cor porate structures. Older chemists of ten have been especially hit by these moves. This, in turn, may well ac count for the decrease in the num bers of older industrial chemists, who tend to have higher salaries, relative to the ranks of their younger colleagues, who are likely to earn less. This year's survey shows no ap preciable narrowing of the gap that June 29, 1987 C&EN
35
Salary Survey Growth in chemists' salaries . . . especially after faltered last year... adjustment for inflation $ Constant 1977, thousands3
Current, thousands 3 Ph.D.
_ _J Ph.D
M.S. M.S.
^__ - _
B.S.
B.S.
Γ 1977 78
79 80
81
82
83
84
85
Ι
86 87
^ ι 79ι 80ι 81ι 82ι 83ι 84ι 85ι ι86..J 87
1977 78
a Median base annual salary for chemists employed full time as of March 1 of each year. Source: ACS survey
generally exists between salaries earned by men and those earned by women. Because women chemists, on the average, are younger and less experienced than their male counterparts, a meaningful compar ison between the two groups re quires that mean salaries for wom
en be adjusted to compensate for this age/experience bias. When salaries are so adjusted, however, a gap—typically ranging between 10 and 20%, depending on highest degree and type of employ er—still exists in favor of men. The gap, moreover, has shown no evi
dence of narrowing in recent years. And it is just as evident for women who work for government or aca demic employers as for those with jobs in private industry. As has been the case for several years, the gap between salaries of women and men chemists is quite small during the early stages of their careers. For men chemists with a B.S. and working in industry, for example, the median salary is 7% higher if they have been working for just four years or less and only 3% higher if they have been work ing between five and 14 years. But for B.S. industrial chemists with longer experience than that, the me dian for men's salaries is more than 20% higher than that for women's salaries. Similarly for Ph.D.s in in dustry, the difference between the median for men and that for wom en is very slight among those who obtained their undergraduate degree less than 20 years ago, but for those with more experience, the median for men also is more than 20% greater. The discrepancy between salaries
Ph.D.-granting schools pay higher salaries, especially for more experienced professors vo.ro d r . ^ B.S. degree
10 to 14
5 to 9
15 to 19
Median salary ($ thousands)» 30 to 34 20 to 24 25 to 29
35 to 39
40 or more
Overall
$63.4
$68.9
$61.0
Ph.D. CHEMISTS EMPLOYED FULL TIME IN ACADEMIA Ph Γ) - g r a n t i n g s c h n n l s $54.9
42.0
42.0
(41.8)
48.7
56.6
—
Associate professor
—
Assistant professor
$34.0
35.4
(36.1)
32.9
36.0
42.4
All ranks b
$61.0
$56.9
Professor
($41.5)
$62.2
42.0
(43.3)
35.0 60.5
58.7
67.1
48.8
Non-Ph.D.-granting schools (43.8)
43.6
49.0
49.0
51.2
50.0
48.2
(34.2)
36.5
38.5
(37.0)
(38.4)
(39.5)
(41.2)
37.6
28.1
30.5
32.2
(33.9)
—
30.5
27.8
30.5
35.1
40.3
Professor
—
Associate professor
—
Assistant professor Allranksb
—
— 46.4
—
—
48.2
49.7
47.6
41.0
Note: Where no salary data are shown, sample is too small to provide a meaningful figure; data in parentheses are from relatively small samples, as well, and should be viewed with caution, a As of March 1, 1987; salaries of academic chemists with nine- or 10-month contracts are adjusted to a 12-month basis, b Includes instructors, lecturers, research associates, and others not listed separately. Source: ACS survey
Women chemists are likely to earn less than men wherever they work Mean salary, $ thousands 0
Ph.D
M.S.
B.S. All chemists
Men
Women
Women as % of men
87%
All chemists
Men
.
Women
Women as % of men
All chemists
Men
Women
Women as % of men
87%
87%
FMPI OYFR $37.4
$39.4
$34.3
$43.8
$45.4
$39.7
$55.7
$56.4
$49.2
Academic
24.4
26.6
22.3
84
29.9
31.9
27.4
86
41.3
42.3
36.1
85
Government
34.5
36.5
30.6
84
35.9
36.8
33.7
92
50.2
50.9
41.8
82
Other
33.6
36.9
28.4
77
42.0
46.7
35.9
77
53.5
54.5
50.2
92
Private industry
a As of March 1, 1987 to facilitate comparison, women's salaries are adjusted for the difference ir average length of experience between them and men. Source: ACS survey
36
June 29, 1987 C&EN
Amoco Chemicals' new angle on aromatic acids production
m
ma ÊÊÊ, ·:ΜΜ
'&/ yfijuii
A company in pursuit of excellence. As the uses for hydrocarbons expand with time, Amoco Chemicals Company, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, continues to pursue its goal of providing chemical materials that meet the highest standard of excellence. Manufacturer and marketer of petroleumbased chemicals, plastics, and products made from them, Amoco Chemicals participates in numerous industrial development projects throughout the world. The corporation and its affiliates have thereby grown to be a valued supplier to such diverse industries as textiles, recreational equipment, packaging, electronics, transportation, construction and home building, automotive and petroleum production.
Together with its affiliates, Amoco has some 60 plant locations and 100 sales offices and distributors worldwide. Contributing to the company's growth are major research and development facilities in the U.S., as well as technical facilities in Europe. At the Amoco Research and Development Center in Naperville, Illinois, over 600 research professionals and technicians are dedicated to generating ideas that enhance the value and use of chemicals. The Amoco Chemicals of today has come a long way since its founding in 1957. But its basic commitment to the customer has never changed. Improving its products and services is still the company's most basic objective. This dedication to quality over the years has made the chemistry right at Amoco.
Located in Decatur, Alabama, USA, Amoco Chemicals' fine acids facility is the largest of its kind in the world. Utilizing Amoco's proprietary MidCentury oxidation process, the unit has the flexibility to produce a variety of different multifunctional aromatic acids in quantities up to several million pounds. Since the beginning of 1986, trimesic acid (1,3,5benzenetricarboxylic acid),PIDA(trimethyl-3phenylindan-4',5-dicarboxylicacid),2,6-NDA (2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid), its dimethyl ester - DM-2,6-NDC, and 5-tBIA (5-t-butyl isophthalic acid) have been introduced to the marketplace. The production of two other products, PMDA (pyromellitic dianhydride) andOBBA(4,4'-oxybisbenzoic acid), is being considered for 1987.
Amoco's fine acids facility is largest in the world. Already the world's leading manufacturer of purified terephthalic acid, trimellitic anhydride and isophthalic acid, Amoco Chemicals is now entering the market for fine acids. Fine acids can undergo the typical chemical reactions associated with aromatic acids to produce polyester, alkyds, polyamides and other materials. In addition, they can be used as intermediates in a wide range of specialty polymers for fibers and fabrics, high performance coatings, electronic chemicals, engineering resins and composites. This new line of multifunctional aromatic acids can be the starting point for producing the tailormade high performance materials needed in a competitive marketplace.
expands the universe of accessible chemical intermediates:
jor-Q*
JHL.,0
uou» Ν Ο
CH 3
HO„
OH
H3C'\
CH
3
I OH
flow Amoco Chemicals fclilprpduce on a large scale Tfce.se.specialty acids for B ^ n g high performance •BUiiis:;:,ust us know VOurSt«cific needs. For more information on pricing and delivery of these,, chemical intermediates, call M t e e 1-800-621 -8888* • H f t r t e Amoco Chemicals, 2dOE.RàHdSlphDriv^ Chicago, IL 60601.
frT*vM*i*. Amoco Chemicals * In Illinois and Canada, call 1-312-856-3806.
CIRCLE 4 ON READER SERVICE CARD June 29, 1987 C&EN
37
Salary Survey Industrial chemists earn more if they work as managers r
Years since B.S. degree
Oto 1
2 to 4
Median salary ($ thousands 15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34
5 to 9
10 to 14
$26.0
$30.8
$34.8 38.0 45.4
$40.9
32.0
33.7
35 to 39
40 or more
Overall
$50.0 54.9
$43.2
$36.4
56.0
42.5
65.5
53.0 30.0
CHEMISTS EMPLOYED FULL TIME IN INDUSTRY Se*
Men
B.S. $23.5 M.S. — Ph.D. —
Women
Work function General management
R&D management
Basic research
Applied research 5
Production
0
Marketing d
Work specialty Agricultural and food chemistry Analytical chemistry
Biochemistry
Environmental chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Materials science
(22.0)
24.4
— —
(27.0)
31.5
38.0
32.0 40.1
(43.8)
—
40.0
44.6
53.2
47.0
(51.2)
—
B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
— — — — — — — — —
(28.0)
36.0 (34.0)
(36.9) (41.9)
(47.4)
(50.0)
(52.9)
(55.0)
70.6
(63.0) (61.8)
—
—
(70.0)
(67.7) 52.2
(60.0) (51.8)
— —
60.0 65.5
62.0 75.5
(60.0) (62.5) 70.0
(45.4)
—
—
—
55.5
58.0 42.0
(62.0)
(68.5) 48.4
B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
Polymer chemistry
— — — — —
—
—
(38.0)
(45.0)
—
(46.5) (53.0) 59.2
24.3
(50.0) 29.7
44.0 52.0 (34.0)
— —
32.5 41.0
(37.5) 45.0 32.0 40.0
51.2 40.0 41.6
—
45.0 59.0 (38.7)
B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
(23.7)
26.4
30.0
— —
(31.5)
—
33.1 40.3
B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
(22.0)
23.0 (29.8)
27.5 27.4
44.9 34.0 33.5
49.2 35.5 42.0
— — — — — — —
(40.4)
(45.0)
33.0 (34.5)
37.5 (40.9)
(44.2) (40.0)
—
(44.8)
—
(43.0) (55.2)
(28.3)
(43.5) (39.0)
(33.5)
—
—
(30.3)
—
44.1
(53.0)
30.0 30.4
32.0
(52.2) 36.4
39.9
(65.7) 45.7
36.5 45.0
41.0 52.8
41.0 56.0
47.3 60.0
(29.1)
—
—
— —
— —
(39.6) 28.0 (32.1)
(33.3) 46.0 34.4 34.1
54.0 (39.8)
B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S^ M.S. Ph.D.
B.S. pharmaceutical chemistry M.S. Ph.D.
Physical chemistry
$49.0 51.0
B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
Medicinal and
Organic chemistry
$46.8 51.2 63.1 (39.0) (45.0)
—
43.8 52.0
$47.5
33.0 41.0 30.0
B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D. B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
— — — — — — — — (23.4)
24.5
— — — — — — — — —
(29.1)
— — — — — — — — — —
—
— — — —
— — — — 22.5
— — — (26.9)
— — 24.2
— — (26.5)
— — —
41.0
(48.4)
43.5 41.0 54.1 34.0 (39.0) (51.0)
—
45.1 60.0
64.0 (40.5) (38.0)
48.3 49.0
66.9 (47.2)
— —
(65.0) 56.1 (55.5) 81.5
51.1 62.0 (41.0)
43.0 (48.0)
59.1 (43.5) (38.5)
—
—
— —
(49.0) (51.2)
(46.8)
(49.9)
— — —
— —
(58.5)
(48.8)
43.2 (52.5)
(74.8) 45.0 (55.0)
59.5
62.3
— —
— —
56.0 (44.0)
(53.3) (44.2)
(67.5)
—
—
(44.6)
57.8
(46.0) (55.0)
(54.5)
(30.1)
(43.0)
—
—
—
—
(53.5)
(40.0) (34.7)
45.6
(51.0) (53.5)
(62.5) (50.2)
—
—
(37.5)
(41.5) 48.0 (38.8)
—
(47.3) 57.5
— — —
43.0 28.9 32.5 40.4
26.4
(39.0) 32.0
— —
36.0 40.3
(35.1) 45.3 34.5 (36.0) 45.0
(46.4) 36.0 42.5 45.0
(60.0) (60.0)
— — (42.8) (55.5)
(55.0) (44.0)
35.0 44.8 45.0 48.5 63.5 50.5 55.0 65.0 28.0 36.0 48.0 33.1 40.6
(58.3)
49.0
— — — — — — —
31.0 35.5 46.1 42.1 44.2 52.0 32.3 42.5
—
(46.4) 51.0
(42.0) 28.6 (30.4)
— — — —
(44.8)
— — — — — —
—
— — —
69.0
— —
(48.2)
(56.0)
(49.0) (65.5)
70.5
(42.0) (74.4)
(64.4)
—
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
52.6 32.2 38.0 50.0 28.7 36.8 50.0 31.0 39.5 52.0 36.0 48.8 49.8 38.9 45.0 55.0 32.6
—
—
(50.0) (70.0)
50.6
(45.8) 58.0
— — — —
66.0
63.0
67.0
(67.5)
56.0 (43.9)
56.0 47.2
(71.5) 45.2
(66.0)
(75.0) 54.3
— (53.5)
48.0 52.0
(48.0) 59.0
(56.0) 60.0
(52.0) 63.6
—
46.5 56.0 40.2 46.0
(54.7)
53.0
(43.4) 49.0 40.0 (41.1)
—
—
60.0
74.0 (50.0)
(52.0)
(51.5)
50.0 (52.2) 60.0
—
39.5 52.2 35.3 40.0 52.0 35.0
Note: Where no data are shown, sample is too small to provide• meaningful figure; data in parentheses are from relatively small samples, as well, and should be viewed with caution. a As of March 1, 1987. b Includes development and design, c Includes quality control, d Includes purchasing, technical service, and economic evaluation. Source: ACS survey
38
June 29, 1987 C&EN
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On the left, a superb wetting agent. On the right, a tremendously effective defoamer. No. You're not seeing double. A Surfynol® surfactant is unique. The molecule on which our surfactants are based is not only an excellent wetting agent, dispersant and viscosity stabilizer, but an effective defoamer, as well. While providing a multitude of benefits, Surfynol surfactants can also solve quite a few problems. Depending on application, these surfactants provide coverage over difficult-to-wet surfaces, reduce fisheyes, pinholes, and craters, improve dispersability and enhance leveling and flow properties. Simplicity is the key. Because Surfynol surfactants accomplish many tasks at once, formulations are much
less complex, easier to manage and control. For literally thousands of waterbased systems including paints, inks, dyes, paper coatings, adhesives, agricultural chemicals, and metalworking lubricants, a Surfynol surfactant may be just the additive you need. Send in the coupon for more data and free samples. Surfynol 104 surfactant dissolved in ethylene glycol is pictured above—but just tell us a little about your application and we'll supply the grade you need. Or call us at 800-345-3148 (in PA 215-481-6799). In Europe call 31-30-511828, Telex 76111 apcge.
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Name Title Company. Address City Tel:
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SURF7N0L104
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More than chemicals. Chemistry.
AIR PRODUCTS
©Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 1985
CIRCLE 1 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Performance Chemicals Box 538 Allentown, PA 18105 I'd like to sample Surfynol surfactants for
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UNITHOX™ Ethoxylates: New solutions for the puzzles in your water-based system. So UNITHOX ethoxylates are ideal for use in inks, coatings and metal-working fluids.
Introducing UNITHOX ethoxylated alcohols. The new family of ethoxylates derived from our breakthrough chemical intermediates, UNILIN™ alcohols. Now you can benefit from our exceptionally long hydrocarbon chain reacted to provide new and unique surface active properties. Your challenge is to discover the puzzles it can solve in a water-based system.
UNITHOX ethoxylates yield HLB values from 4 to 16 for use as nonionic emulsifiers/ surfactants/wetting agents.
UNITHOX ethoxylates also give you unique properties for emulsification, or as wetting agents in special processes. And they can be blended with other nonionic, cationic or anionic emulsifiers to fine tune a difficult system. They can help emulsify high molecular weight oil phases, such as vegetable oils. Become a dispersion aid for paints or color concentrates. A "solid surfactant" to modify various polymer systems. Or an additive for your emulsion polymerization process.
How To Fine Tune Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance (HIM UNITHOX ethoxylates, like all surfactants, are dual function molecules. They contain the same long hydrocarbon as the original UNILIN alcohols, which is ! completely linear and satura ted from C30 to C50 and beyond They're the highest molecular weight primary alcohols, with 80to85%functionality. When reacted with various amounts of ethylene oxide, the UNILIN alcohol series produces a wide range of high molecular weight, high melting nonionic emulsifiers, surfactants or wetting agents. Eight new ethoxylates dispersible in water as well as organic media. Now you can have a long carbon chain and fine tune your dispersion for the solubility/lubricity you need.
They can also withstand higher temperature processes than ordinary, lower molecular weight ethoxylates. Which makes them particularly suitable for pulp, paper and textile applications, to name just a few.
Two benefits in one for " water-based systems: UNILIN alcohol's long carbon chain from C30 to C50 and beyond, and self-emulsifying capability.
Bring New Possibilities To Your Water-Based System. As an additive, UNITHOX ethoxylates help provide "slip" or lubricity. With superior film-forming characteristics, they impart good antiblocking or release properties to various materials. This is due to their long carbon chain, which is easily dispersed in water-based systems.
Call the UNITHOX Solution Line. The applications for UNITHOX ethoxylated alcohols are limited only by your imagination. You may have tried to use a waterbased system before, and simply couldn't. Now there's a new opportunity. Bring us your puzzles. Call 1-800-331-5516 today. Petrolite Specialty Polymers Group, 6910 East 14th St., Tulsa, Oklahoma 74112. Unique Chemistry For Tomorrow's Technology. PETROLT
UNILIN and UNITHOX are trademarks of Petrolite Corp. *• 1986 Petrolite Corp.
CIRCLE 17 ON READER SERVICE CARD 40
June 29, 1987 C&EN
Petrolite Specialty Polymers Group
Salary Survey earned by men and those for women can be at least partially explained by the relatively larger number of men who hold positions of high responsibilty and authority. Even when allowance is made for their younger-than-average age, women are underrepresented in such jobs, where salaries are typically the highest. This year's decline in unemployment largely is a result of an improved situation for chemists in industry. The jobless rate for industrial chemists dropped this March to 1.4%, from 2.2% a year earlier. Employment remains relatively high
Industrial chemists are most likely to be unemployed % of % chemists unemin category ployed 8
MOST RECENT EMPLOYER Industry 61% Academic 24 Government 9 Other 6
1.4% 0.8 0.4 1.0
for chemists who had been working in production (1.5%) or marketing (1.3%), but nevertheless it is down markedly from last year, when the rate for both groups was 3.5%. The rock-bottom unemployment rates this year for chemists most recently employed in academia (0.8%) or in government (0.4%) are essentially unchanged from those that were reported in 1986. Although the number of chemists who are unemployed this year is very small, many of those who are out of work have found that the search for a new job is a long one. In fact, 43% of the jobless seeking work last March had been doing so for more than six months and 22% for more than a year. Ph.D.s especially seem to take a long time to find a new position they think suitable; slightly more than half of the relatively few Ph.D. chemists who were looking for a job in March— when the unemployment rate for Ph.D. chemists was a mere 0.8%—
MOST RECENT WORK FUNCTION R&D 46% 1.3% Teaching 13 0.5 12 R&D management 1.0 Marketing6 8 1.3 General management 6 0.7 Production0 4 1.5 Other 12 1.7
had been without work for more than six months. The same is true for chemists who were unemployed any time during 1986. (This year's survey is the first to inquire whether respondents were without work any time in the previous year, rather than just at the time the survey was being made.) All told, of the chemists who were in the labor force as of last March, 9% had been jobless sometime during 1986. Women were more likely to have been unemployed than men, and chemists who do not have a graduate degree more likely than those who do. On the other hand, chemists with a B.S. tended to obtain a new position more quickly; about 70% of them found employment in six months or less but slightly fewer than 60% of the unemployed Ph.D.s were able to obtain new work that fast. These statistics on the current salaries and employment status of
Oil industry offers highest salaries for industrial chemists % of industrial chemists All chemists M.S. Ph.D. B.S.
Industry 1
Pharmaceuticals' Specialty chemicals Basic chemicals Plastics Petroleum and natural gas Agricultural chemicals Coatings Electronics Food Metals and minerals Rubber Biochemical products Soaps and detergents Paper Other manufacturing Nonmanufacturing
MOST RECENT WORK SPECIALTY Analytical 21% 1.2% Organic 13 0.7 Polymer 12 1.6 Biochemistry 8 0.8 8 1.1 Environmental 7 Physical 0.4 6 Medicinal·1 0.8 Inorganic 4 0.6 Agricultural and food 4 0.7 Other chemistry 16 1.9 a As of March 1, 1987; excludes chemists who are not employed but not seeking employment, b Includes purchasing, technical service, and economic evaluation, c Includes quality control, d Includes pharmaceutical and clinical chemistry. Source: ACS survey
18% 15 7 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 17 10
17% 13 4 5 3 2 5 3 5 4 3 1 1 1 20 13
20% 17% 12 16 5 9 6 6 4 6 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 17 16 12 7
Mean salary ($ thousands) 9 B.S.
M.S.
Ph.D.
$40.3 41.8 40.8 42.3 45.1 37.8 41.6 41.2 39.8 40.2 40.7 35.1 36.3 37.2 41.2 40.7
$42.4 45.7 43.8 47.6 49.4 46.0 47.7 46.2 46.2 38.8 37.8 35.5 47.2 37.8 44.1 41.0
$57.2 53.3 58.2 56.6 63.6 54.4 50.6 56.9 56.5 47.0 54.7 57.5 59.8 54.8 55.1 50.1
a As of March 1, 1987; to facilitate comparison, mean salaries are adjusted for differences in average length of experience for each group, b Includes personal care products. Source: ACS survey
Unemployment this year has not been so low for chemists since the early 1980s Employment status 8
Employed full time Employed part time Postdoctoral or fellowship Unemployed
1987
1986
95.4% 1.5 2.0 1.1
94.8% 1.5 2.0 1.7
95.2% 1.5 1.9 1.4
93.7% 1.7 2.9 1.7
93.5% 1.7 2.6 2.2
94.9% 1.4 2.2 1.5
1981
1980
1979
95.6% 1.1 2.2 1.1
95.9% 1.0 2.2 0.9
95.0% 2.0 1.9 1.1
95.7% 1.0 1.9 1.4
95.4% 1.1 2.1 1.5
a As of March 1, 1987; excludes chemists who are not employed but not seeking employment. Source: ACS survey
June 29, 1987 C&EN
41
Looking for a Polyamide adhesive as tough as your toughest requirement?
Union Camp produces a broad line of high performance, thermoplastic Uni-Rez® polyamide resins that bond to a wide range of substrates. Some of these polyamides are flexible at temperatures as low as - 45°C, while others offer nonload bearing bonds above 150°C... but that's just part of our capability. Our greatest strength lies in our ability to manufacture high performance polyamides to meet your specific application. Our technical specialists are available to help you find a solu-
tion for problem bonds with wood, metal, leather, or even difficult plastics. They will recommend a product based on your application, substrate material, performance requirements of the bonded assembly, and the environment in which the assembly must perform. The result will be an adhesive that meets your needs and is cost effective. So the next time you're looking for a tough polyamide adhesive, talk to Union Camp...we can make it just right for you.
Talk to Union Camp! We can make it just right for you.
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1600 VALLEY ROAD, WAYME, MJ 07470 CIRCLE 19 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Salary Survey
Nearly 10% of chemists were unemployed sometime in 1986
Chemists who were unemployed last year often were jobless more than six months
% unemployed
Months unemployed in 1986
Less than 1
1 to 3
4 to 6
7 to 12
All chemists Men Women Highest degree B.S. M.S. Ph.D.
9% 8 12
35% 35 37
17% 17 19
38% 40 32
11
37 39 32
20 15 16
32 39 43
15
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Note: Excludes chemists not in the labor force March 1, 1987. Source: ACS survey All chemists
Men
Women
B.S.
members of the chemical profession are based on more than 12,000 re sponses to a mail survey of a ran dom sample of ACS members taken this past March by the ACS Office of Statistical Services, under the ae gis of the ACS joint board-council Committee on Economic Status. The survey was limited to U.S. residents who are not students, retired, nor emeritus members and who are less than 70 years old.
M.S.
Ph.D.
Detailed results of the survey will be published by August as four sep arate reports: "1987 Salaries of Nonacademic Chemists" (price: $75 for ACS members, $150 for nonmem bers), "1987 Salaries of Academic Chemists" (price: $50 with no mem ber discount), "1987 Salaries of Nonacademic Chemical Engineers" (price: $50 for ACS members, $100 for nonmembers), and "1987 Em ployment Status and Demographic
Characteristics of ACS Members" (price: $10 with no member dis count); all four publications can be purchased at a price of $100 for ACS members or $200 for nonmembers. Orders should be placed with the ACS Distribution Office, Room 210, American Chemical Society, 1155— 16th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036; ACS members should include their m e m b e r s h i p n u m b e r with their orders. D
Now you can make UV-VIS-NIR analyses in situ with fiber optics Researchers and Process Engineers! Wouldn't you like to monitor chemical reactions in situ in real time without extracting or transporting samples for composition analysis? Now you can - with the unique new technology developed by Guided Wave. By using advanced spectrophotometries com bined with fiber optics, light is taken to the sample rather than taking the sample to the light, as in a conventional spectrophotometer. Guided Wave analyzers offer analyses right where you need it most - directly in the reaction media in real time.
New Possibilities in Chemical and Process R & D
The Guided Wave Analyzer is run via menu driven software on a PC. Fiberoptic cables guide the light to the measuring point and return it to the detector in the Analyzer.
GUIDED WAVE
Consider running UV-VIS-NIR spectra between 200 and 2200 nm in these situations: • Bench scale reactors and autoclaves under high pressures and temperatures. Or in vacuum. • Gloves boxes - especially in toxic or "hot" atmospheres. • With a robot to "take the light" from one sample to another, e.g. permeation and tablet dissolution tests. • Measurement of polymer films and melts. • Where the analyzer and measurement point are up to 200 meters apart - with intrinsically safe fiber connecting them. •
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COLOR - especially in-line for liquids with APHA and CIE units. The possibilities for new applications are only limited by your imagination. Fill in the Reader's Service Card or call us to receive comprehensive literature on this innovative technology.
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June 29, 1987 C&EN 43
