Unexpected Hard Protein Behavior of BSA on Gold Nanoparticle

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Interface Components: Nanoparticles, Colloids, Emulsions, Surfactants, Proteins, Polymers

Unexpected Hard Protein Behavior of BSA on Gold Nanoparticle Caused by Resveratrol Diego Coglitore, Nicoletta Giamblanco, agne Kizalaite, Pierre-Eugene Coulon, Benoit Charlot, Jean-Marc Janot, and Sebastien Balme Langmuir, Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01365 • Publication Date (Web): 13 Jul 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on July 13, 2018

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Langmuir

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Unexpected Hard Protein Behavior of BSA on Gold

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Nanoparticle Caused by Resveratrol

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Diego Coglitore1, Nicoletta Giamblanco1, Agné Kizalaité1, Pierre Eugene Coulon2, Benoit

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Charlot3, Jean-Marc Janot1 and Sébastien Balme1*

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1

Institut Européen des Membranes, UMR5635, Université de Montpellier CNRS ENSCM, Place

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Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France 2

Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés, École polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saclay,

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91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France 3

Institut d’Electronique et des Systèmes, Université de Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5,

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France

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Keywords : resveratrol, nanopore, FCS, gold nanoparticle

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ABSTRACT

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The understanding of the interactions between nanomaterials, biomolecules and polyphenols is

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fundamental in food chemistry, toxicology and new emerging fields such as nanomedicine. Here

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we investigated the effect of the resveratrol, a principal actor in drug delivery application on the

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interaction between BSA, employed as a vector for the delivery of polyphenol drugs, and gold

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nanoparticle (gNP), the most promising tool in theranostic applications. Through a combination

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of experimental techniques, which includes an initial evaluation by dynamic light scattering and

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surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, we were able to evaluate the evolution of the gold

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nanoparticle aggregation with increasing ionic strength and the consequences of the BSA and

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resveratrol addition. In order to investigate the mechanisms of the interactions, we pursued at the

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single-molecule level using solid-state nanopore and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Our

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results show that without resveratrol the BSA is adsorbed on the gNP in water or saline solution.

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In presence of resveratrol, the BSA is normally absorbed on gNP in water but the salt addition

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leads to its desorption. The resveratrol clearly plays a fundamental role, changing the protein

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behavior and making the BSA adsorption a reversible process in presence of salt.

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INTRODUCTION

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Nanoparticles are increasingly considered in nanomedicine providing new solutions due to

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their unique physico-chemical properties1. Together with other therapeutic agents, they can be

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formulated in a single hybrid nanocomposite, incorporating both diagnostic and therapeutic

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functions2, leading to the so-called theranostic system. Promising theranostic nanoconstructs can

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be prepared by incorporating a specific functionality into a single and efficient anticancer agent,

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for a specific organ or patient for potential personalized medicine. Gold nanoparticles (gNP) are

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one of the most promising candidate for theranostic applications3–6. They are widely studied and

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employed as imaging agent for diagnosis, imaging and monitoring, but also in the treatment of

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malignant diseases and drug delivery systems because of their biocompatibility, high binding

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affinity, high selective targeting properties and low toxicity compared with inorganic

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nanoparticles7–9. The oscillation of the conduction electrons upon interaction with light, i.e. the

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surface plasmon resonance, make them easily detectable in the visible and near infrared spectral

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regions10,11. Gold nanoparticles require a functionalization to prevent self-aggregation or non-

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specific protein adsorption when passing through various physiological environment12. When

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circulating in blood plasma one of the most common strategies used to maintain their stability is

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to graft a layer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto the nanoparticle surface, increasing the steric

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repulsion against opsonization13.

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Proteins also can be used as a stabilizer, physically or chemically bound to the gold

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nanoparticle surface under different conditions of pH and ionic strength, at which the

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nanoparticles tend to aggregate14. The protein adsorption on nanoparticle is a complex

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phenomenon which involves different kinds of interactions, such as electrostatics, Van der

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Walls, hydrophobics and H-bonds. In the native conformation, the protein hydrophobic residues

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allow a close packaging of the cores15. The interactions with the nanoparticle surface can induce

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a change of

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exposes the hydrophobic moieties of the polypeptide chain to the nanoparticle surface17. The

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gold nanoparticles can directly modify the performance of redox enzyme activity such as

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glucose-oxydase18,19.Nanoparticles travelling in the blood plasma can encounter more than 3500

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different proteins, with a wide range of different concentrations

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where, initially, the most abounding proteins will be absorbed on the surface and subsequently

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replaced by proteins with higher affinitiy21,22. Proteins binding with higher affinity, directly on

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the nanoparticle surface, are imputed for the formation of the “hard” corona, on the top of which

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there is a “soft” corona, consisting of less tightly bound proteins, interacting mostly by weak

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protein-protein interactions23 , and showing much higher exchange rates24.

conformation, with a consequent denaturation16, so that the unfolded protein

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, leading to a competition

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Bovine serum albumin (BSA), one of the most abundant proteins in blood plasma, is often

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used for the stability of gold nanoparticles suspensions, preventing their aggregation25. As a soft

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protein, with a week internal energy, the BSA adsorption process induces its unfolding in order

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to minimize its energy and, consequently, to optimize its interactions with the material. BSA was

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found to be the most abundant protein to be absorbed by gold nanoparticles when injected in the

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bloodstream, even though a huge varieties of biomolecules contribute to the formation of the

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corona, including the more rigid fibrinogen beta-chain and beta-globin 26.However, the debate on

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the interactions between BSA and gNP is still open, aiming to solve issues such as if (i) the

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proteins completely or partially cover the nanoparticle or if (ii) the adsorption is irreversible or

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not. Recently, BSA has been used as a shuttle to deliver polyphenol drugs to targeted tissues27.

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The use of resveratrol (RESV) as a drug has attracted interest among researchers for its

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antioxidant and chemical cancer inhibition activities28. The binding of the resveratrol with BSA

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does not induce significant structural modification on the secondary structure29, compared to the

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effect of fatty acids 30 At high concentration of resveratrol, a conformational change of the BSA

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occurs, typically a reduction of the α-helix and increase of the β-sheet and random coil content31.

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It was recently suggested that the conformation of the adsorbed BSA on a clay mineral changes

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in presence of RESV32 . According to these reports, we can assume that the RESV modifies the

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type of interactions which govern the BSA adsorption on gNP and therefore their aggregation

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induced by the salt.

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Here we investigated the role of the RESV on the BSA adsorption by gold nanoparticles. We

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initially evaluated the impact of RESV binding the BSA on the gNP aggregation, in presence of

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salt, by surface plasmon resonance. After, we investigated the mechanism of interaction between

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the BSA and gNP by the combination of two single-molecule techniques. First, we used solid-

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state nanopore technology for sensing the populations present in solution in presence of salt. We

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pursued the investigation by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, a particularly suitable

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technique to track proteins after labeling. Combining different techniques, we were able to

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characterize different aspects of the absorption of bovine serum albumin to the gold nanoparticle

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surface and the impact of the polyphenol on the protein-particle interaction.

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EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

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Materials

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Gold nanoparticles suspended in water with a nominal diameter of 10 nm (ref 752584 lot

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MKBX1673V),

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SLBS8228) sodium chloride (S753), sulfuric acid ACS reagent 95%- 98% (32051), hydrogen

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peroxide wt 30% (216763) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Alexa-fluor 594®

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succinimidyl-ester tri(ethylamine) salt (A37572) was purchased from Molecular Probes. Silicon

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nitride grids (SiN) (10 nm thick and 50 x 50 µm windows) were purchased from Nanopore

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solution. Ultra-pure water was produced from a Q-grad®-1 MilliQ system (Millipore).

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albumin from bovine serum (BSA, A2153), resveratrol (ref 5010 lot

Preparation of the gold nanoparticle-protein and gold nanoparticle-protein-polyphenol mixtures

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BSA was directly added to the gNP dispersed in water at 6x1012 particles mL-1. Different

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proteins to nanoparticle ratios (1:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 50:1) were investigated to test the effect

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of the BSA on the colloidal stability in a range of NaCl concentrations from 0 to 200 mM. To

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study the effect of the RESV on the BSA-nanoparticle interaction, the polyphenol was directly

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injected in the BSA solution (REVS-BSA ratio 5:1) and, afterwards, the REVS-BSA solution

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added to the gold nanoparticles, repeating the experiments with the same protein-nanoparticle

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ratios as mentioned before.

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Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy

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The spectra generated by the light absorbed in the visible region by bare gNP, BSA/gNp and

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RESV-BSA/gNp have been measured using Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy (SPRS)

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(JASCO UV/VIS/NIR spectrophotometer model V-570). Experiments were performed at room

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temperature (T = 25°).

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Dynamic Light Scattering Measurements

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The diffusion coefficients of bare gold nanoparticle, BSA/gNp and RESV-bsa/gNP have been

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measured using Photon Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (PCCS) (Nanophox Sympatec, France).

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The experiments were performed at 25 °C. The diffusion coefficients were obtained fitting the

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raw data with the Quickfit software. The experimental data were fitted with a Liverberg-

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Marquardt non-linear algorithm without the constraint box.

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Confocal fluorescence spectroscopy

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The kinetics of the protein adsorption and the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)

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were performed using a lab-made confocal fluorescence setup previously described [24], [25].

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The light beam was provided by a laser (SuperK EXTREME laser NKT Photonics, model EXR-

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15, wavelength 594, power 100 to 500 nW,; Dream Lasers Technology) and an objective

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(UPlanaApo 60x/1.20 w, Olympus). The confocal volume was about one femtolitre. The detector

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was an HPM-100-40 Becker& Hickl PM tube; the absence of after pulses for this detector

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permitted a better resolution for the FCS studies. The BSA was prior labeled with alexa fluor

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succinimidyl ester 594 following the method suggested by the manufacturer. The BSA/alexa

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fluor labeling ratio was 0.33 and it was calculated from the absorption spectra of the solution as

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well as verified by FCS.

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Measurements of the diffusion coefficient by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

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The diffusion coefficients of the labeled proteins and the labeled proteins interacting with gold

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nanoparticles and resveratrol have been measured by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

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(FCS). The measurements have been performed labeling all the proteins with the alexa fluor 594,

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at a concentration around 5 nM, in 100 mM NaCl buffer. Data were recorded for 400 s at a count

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rate of 2-4 kHz (6 µW laser excitation). The coefficients of diffusion were calculated from the

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autocorrelation curve using the Quickfit software. The confocal volumes and the calibration of

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the coefficients were determined using the alexa fluor 594 as standard (D=370 µm2 s-1).

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Kinetics of protein adsorption on SiNx surface

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The kinetics of the protein adsorption was obtained from the fluorescence profile of the labeled

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BSA solution, recorded step by step (Detector APD id100-50 from IDQ, electronics SPC-130EM

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Becker & Hickl) from the SiNx interface to the bulk solution (at least 50 µm from interface) by

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normal scanning (100 nm to 1 µm steps, collection time 50 to 100 ms). From the analysis of the

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profile, the amount of the adsorbed protein was extracted34. The adsorption experiments were

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performed on a SiNx layer (100 nm) deposited on a microscope cover-glass (diameter 25 mm)

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by PECVD35,36 after immersion in piranha solution (H2SO4/H2O2 with a ratio 3/1) for 30 min,

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rinsed with milliQ water and dried at 60°C. The protein concentration was the same than the one

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used for the nanopore experiments. A typical experiment consisted in adding 200 µl solution of

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the labeled proteins to a Teflon cuvette (6 mm diameter) obstructed at its bottom by the studied

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glass interface.

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Nanopore drilling

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The SiNx membrane (thickness 30 nm) of a TEM grid was drilled by the electron beam (beam

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current 11 nA) of a transmission electron microscope (JEOL 2010F) to obtain a nanopore with a

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diameter of about 20 nm. The process to obtain the nanopore consisted of two steps. The

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membrane was first drilled with a 1 nm probe during 60 seconds. Afterwards, a 20 nm electron

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beam was employed during 120 seconds to illuminate and enlarge the previous hole until

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reaching the desired diameter. The resulting nanopore had a diameter of 19.5 nm ± 2 nm. The

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silicon surface was cleaned in a piranha solution (H2SO4/H2O2 with a ratio 3/1 for 30 min at

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room temperature) to ensure the hydrophilicity and to remove potential organic contaminants,

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then rinsed with milliQ water and dried at 60°C for 5 min to remove residual water droplets.

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BSA-nanoparticle and RES-BSA-nanoparticle detection through SiNx nanopore

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The single nanopore, previously cleaned by piranha, was placed in a Teflon cell containing 100

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mM NaCl solution. Two Ag/AgCl electrodes were used to measure the current due to the

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presence of the ionic medium. One electrode was plugged to the positive end of the amplifier

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(trans chamber) and the other electrode connected to the ground (cis chamber). Initially, the

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BSA/gNp or REVS-BSA/gNp (nanoparticle concentration of 1.5 x 1018 particles m-3, a BSA:gNP

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ratio 20:1) were injected in the cis chamber just before the transport experiment through the

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nanopore. A constant voltage (from 100 to 500 mV) was applied to generate an electric field

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between the trans and cis chamber and favor the translocation of the BSA-nanoparticle

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complexes through the nanopore. The ionic current was recorded using a patch-clamp amplifier

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(EPC 800, HEKA electronics, Germany) at a sampling frequency of 100 kHz. A 10 kHz filter

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was applied. The data acquisition was performed with a HEKA LIH 8+8 acquisition card using

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patch master software (HEKA electronics, Germany). The event analysis was performed using

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the Matlab (Matworks, USA) code developed by Plesa et al.37. The events detection was carried

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out defining a threshold by multiplying a peak detection factor and the rms noise level calculated

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by the global standard deviation methods. In this work, the peak detection factor has been fixed

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at about 5. The SiNx nanopore was cleaned again with the piranha solution to remove residuals

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and reuse it for further experiments.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Influence of BSA and resveratrol on nanoparticle aggregation

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The surface plasmon resonance of gNPs generates an extinction spectrum which depends on

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the size, shape, and aggregation of gold nanoparticles38. Since the change in the optical

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properties of the gNPs is a consequence of their aggregation, we monitored it with UV–VIS

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absorbance spectroscopy and diffusion light scattering. When the NaCl concentration increases,

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the bare gNPs in solution (6 x 1012 particles mL-1) tend to aggregate and the characteristic

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surface plasmon band at ∼520 nm (Fig SI-1) shifts up to∼670 nm. Consequently, the color of the

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solution changes from red to blue (Figure 1c-d). The autocorrelation functions of bare gNPs

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obtained by DLS confirm the aggregation, already observed in the spectra analysis (Figure 1a-

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b), even at low ionic strength.

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As demonstrated in previous studies, BSA can be used to stabilize gNP suspensions25,39. We

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tested different protein to nanoparticle ratios to find the best condition to prevent the nanoparticle

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aggregation. Upon contact, the BSA changes its structure to minimize its internal energy40,41.

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The BSA was directly added to the nanoparticle suspension at different protein to particle ratios

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(Figure SI-1a). At a ratio 1:1 the BSA does not guarantee a full coverage of the 10 nm gNP,

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avoiding the particle aggregation only at 10nM NaCl. Similar situations are observed for protein

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to nanoparticle ratios of 5:1 and 10:1. The optimal ratio was found at protein/particle 20:1. In this

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case the absorbance spectra, as well as the autocorrelation functions, do not shift to higher

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wavelengths or longer decay times, respectively. Thus, the nanoparticle suspension remains

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stable over the whole range of NaCl concentrations. Here, we assumed the optimal coverage of

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the 10 nm gNP by the unfolded BSA, that eludes the particle aggregation.

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The following step was the study of the effect of the RESV binding the BSA on the gNP

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aggregation. RESV was directly added to the BSA solution, and subsequently the RESV-BSA

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solution was injected in the nanoparticle suspension. UV spectra collected for different

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RESV/BSA ratios, in a range from 0.2 to 10, show that there are no significant differences on the

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aggregation of the gold nanoparticles (Figure SI-2). The protein-nanoparticle ratio was fixed to

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20:1, which represents the best situation to avoid the nanoparticle aggregation. On the contrary

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than the BSA, the complex RESV-BSA induces the nanoparticle aggregation by NaCl, as shown

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by the autocorrelation function and absorbance curves. The plot in Figure 2 shows a summary of

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the absorbance experiments. Following the shift of wavelength, dependent on the increase of

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ionic strength, two regions can be identified to describe the protein/nanoparticle interactions and

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the effect of the resveratrol. In the low-ionic-strength region no aggregation occurs, probably

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because of the steric repulsion. Out of this area, the increase of ionic strength generally led to

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aggregation, which can be avoided only reaching an optimal coverage of the nanoparticle by the

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protein. When resveratrol is added to BSA, it causes the nanoparticle aggregation even at the

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concentration that guarantees the optimal coverage. A similar trend was reported for the

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Lysozyme which is a hard protein42.

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One explanation to interpret our results is that the binding of the resveratrol to the BSA

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increases the energy required by the protein to unfold. Thus the conformation of the BSA

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adsorbed onto gNP is non-optimal to minimize its energy. However, the mechanism has to be

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clarified and several assumptions can be proposed. The first is that the resveratrol inhibits the

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BSA adsorption on the nanoparticle. The second one is that the NP coverage is not optimal

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because the BSA is not unfolded. The last is that the adsorption of RESV-BSA by the

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nanoparticles occurs in water but the salt addition induces a desorption of the protein.

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Characterisation of the species by single nanopore technique

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It is essential to know which the species are in solution after salt addition, for an understanding

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of the effect of resveratrol on the BSA-nanoparticle interaction. To do so, we used single

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nanopore for the detection of proteins and nanoparticles in solution (SI-3). The experiments were

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performed for a NaCl concentration of 100 mM. Two sets of experiments were performed to

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consider the effect of resveratrol. In the first place, gold nanoparticles (c = 1.5 x 1012 particles

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mL-1) with BSA (ratio 20:1) were directly injected, in the cis chamber before the beginning of the

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transport experiment. As previously shown, under this experimental condition, no aggregation of

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gNP occurred. In the second set of experiments, the gold nanoparticles, together with RESV-

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BSA complexes, were added in the cis chamber. In this case, as shown in the previous section,

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the nanoparticle aggregation occurred. In Figure 3, selected current traces recorded after

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addition of BSA-nanoparticle and RESV-BSA-nanoparticle are reported. Current blockades

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generated from the translocation across the nanopores were detected. The intensity of the relative

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current blockade ∆I/I0, the dwell time ∆t and the capture rate f were extracted. The histograms

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and events maps are reported in Figure 4 and SI-4.

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The relative current blockade (∆I/I0) is the ratio between the nanopore conductance with and

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without object inside. The histograms can be represented by Gaussian distributions, where the

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position of the center depends on the volume of the object passing through the single pore

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according to equation 1 43. The model assumes that the relative current blockade is only due to

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the exclusion of mobile ions due to the presence of the object in the channel, neglecting its

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charge and the one of the nanopore inner surface; however, it efficiently predicts the current

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blockage caused by the protein translocation.

246 247 248 249

୼ூ ூబ

ସఊஃ

= గௗమ ൫௟

೛ ೛ ା଴.଼ௗ೛ ൯

௥೛

ܵௗ



(1)

Where dpand lp are the diameter and length of the pore, Λ is the volume of the nanoparticle, ߛ is a form factor equal to 1.5 for a spherical geometry, and ܵ ௗ௥ಾ೛ is a correction factor ௥೛

ௗಾ

=

ଵ య ோ ଵି଴.଼ቀ ೓ൗ௥೛ ቁ

≈ 1.

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At 300 mV (Figure 4) the ∆I/I0 distributions are centered on 0.030 and 0.013, without and

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with resveratrol. The two values correspond to translocation of spherical objects with diameter 8

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nm and 6 nm, respectively. These results suggest that when only BSA is added on gNP, the

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complex BSA/gNp is detected. Indeed, the expected value of ∆I/I0 for a object with a diameter

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around 10 nm is close to the experimental result (0.036). The discrepancy could be explained by

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the surface charge of BSA/gNp which is not taken into account in equation 1 44. When RESV is

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added to the BSA at the first stage, the diameter of the object which translocates through the

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nanopore nicely fits with the protein hydrodynamic radius. According to that, we can assume that

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only REVS-BSA complex is passing through the nanopore, while the nanoparticle aggregates do

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not, because of their charge and their size. The dwell time in absence of resveratrol (8.7 ms) was

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found to be slightly longer than with it (6.5 ms). We detected events of various lengths in both

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cases. These values are longer than the ones expected for a single BSA or single gNP, which are

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estimated to be around 16 µs and 20 µs, assuming that only diffusion governs the transport. As

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previously demonstrated, the long dwell time can be attributed to the protein interaction with the

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surface 36.

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The capture rate is dependent on the force driving the translocating object, the diffusion and

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the electric field. When the object is smaller than the nanopore diameter, it can be predicted by

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equation 2:

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݂ = 2ߨܿ‫∗ ݎܦ‬

(2)

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where r∗ is the radius at the vicinity of the nanopore, which depends on the voltage, c and D

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are the concentration and the diffusion coefficient of the nanoparticle. Assuming that only free

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BSA is detected in the presence of the RESV, the expected capture rate (f) calculated from

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equation 2 is about 102 events per second 45. This is lower than the one experimentally obtained

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at 100 mV (6.5 events s-1). Without BSA, the expected capture rate (4.2 events s-1) for a 10nm

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gNP, taking in account the nanoparticle concentration and the diffusion coefficient (4,5 µm2 s-1),

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is close to the experimental one (3.9 events s-1) at 100 mV. In presence of resveratrol, which

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leads to the nanoparticle aggregation, the higher capture rate can be explained by smaller objects

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(BSA and RESV-BSA complex) than the BSA/gNp complex translocating through the pore.

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The experiments performed by single nanopore suggest that the complex BSA/gNp translocate

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through the nanopore when the RESV is not involved. This is in good agreement with the results

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from absorbance and DLS. When RESV binds the BSA, only the proteins seem to be detected.

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In both experiments the dwell times are longer than expected, that can be explained by the

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protein adsorption on the SiN inner wall as previously demonstrated. In order to confirm this

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assumption, we have studied the adsorption of BSA on SiN with (and without) RESV and gNPs

284

(Figure SI-5), under the same condition than the one used for nanopore experiments. At the

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equilibrium, the interfacial concentration reaches 600 BSA µm-2 for the BSA/gNP and up to 300

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BSA µm-2 with resveratrol under 100 mM NaCl. Without gNP the interfacial concentration of

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BSA reaches 90 BSA µm-2 and 73 BSA µm-2 with resveratrol. These results show an affinity

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between the SiN and the BSA and can explain the discrepancy observed for the dwell time.

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Measurements of the diffusion coefficient by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

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The nanopore experiments show that without RESV the BSA is adsorbed on the gNP, while

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with resveratrol BSA seems free in solution. However, the detection by single nanopore did not

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solve the query on the role of the RESV-BSA complex preventing the adsorption on the gNP or

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if the BSA is desorbed from the gNP after NaCl addition. To answer this question, we employed

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fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, often used to efficiently characterize the nanoparticle-

295

protein complex 24464748.

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Since gold nanoparticles are non-fluorescent objects, our strategy was the labeling of the BSA

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with Alexa fluor 594 to observe the difference between the protein autocorrelation functions and

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between the measured diffusion coefficients with and without RESV, with and without gNP ,

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with and without NaCl. The experiments were performed maintaining a BSA to nanoparticle

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ratio of 20:1 and a resveratrol to BSA ratio of 5:1. We first verified that the fluorescence lifetime

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of the Alexa did not change significantly in presence of gNP and resveratrol. For all the

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experiments, the best fit was obtained for a combination of two components: (i) a fast one at

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about 370 µm2 s-1, which corresponds to the free Alexa in solution and (ii) a slower one, which

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was assigned to the dye bound to the BSA. If the BSA is adsorbed on the nanoparticle, we expect

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the Brownian motion to slow down. The differences between the BSA free in solution and the

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BSA/gNp complex are clear from the fluorescence correlation functions in Figure 6a. The

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values of the diffusion coefficients are reported in Table 1. Under water or 100 mM NaCl

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solution, the BSA and RESV-BSA exhibit a diffusion coefficient of ~52 µm2 s-1. After

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adsorption on the gNP in water, the diffusion coefficient decreases to 45 µm2 s-1 confirming the

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BSA adsoprtion. It is interesting to notice that a similar result is obtained when the resveratrol

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binds the BSA, so that it is likely it does not inhibit the protein absorption in water. The most

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remarkable difference occurs after salt addition. Indeed for the BSA/gNp the diffusion

313

coefficient stays similar after NaCl addition. On the contrary, the diffusion coefficient of the

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RESV-BSA/gNP increases to 52 µm2 s-1 with salt, which corresponds to the one of the free BSA.

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This suggests that the binding of the RESV with the BSA favors the protein desorption with the

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increase of the ionic strength. In order to illutrate the displacement of REVS-BSA from gNP to

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the solution, we have followed the kinetic of RESV-BSA/gNp asdorption (Figure 6b). The

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equilibrium in water reaches a low interfacial concentration (about 6 proteins µm-2) while

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without gNP the intercfacial concentration was measured at 204 proteins µm-2. After salt

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addition, the interfacial concentration of protein increase to reach 175 proteins µm-2 which is in

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the same order of magnitude of the RESV-BSA without gNP.

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From our results, we can elucidate the scenario which occurs when the RESVinteracts with the

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BSA. Without salt the complex RESV-BSA is adsorbed by the gNP and released after NaCl

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addition, inducing the NP aggregation. The protein desorption with the ionic strength was

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previously reported for the toxin Bt

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unfolding to optimize its internal energy during the adsorption process. Here the binding of

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RESV seems to partially maintain the integrity of the BSA structure and to increase its internal

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energy. It appears the BSA having a “hard” protein behavior when interacting with RESV.

49

on mica but never for BSA, which is prone to the

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Conclusion

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To sum up, our work aimed to elucidate the impact of resveratrol on the BSA/gNp interactions.

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Our result show that without salt the BSA and the complex RESV-BSA are adsorbed on the

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gNP. Increasing the salt concentration, the BSA prevents the gNP aggregation, due to its

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unfolding properties leading to the optimization of the interactions with the gNP. On the

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contrary, the presence of RESV on the BSA does not avoid the nanoparticle aggregation when

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dispersed in NaCl solution. Using several single molecule techniques, we have shown that the

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addition of salt induces the RESV-BSA complex desorption which is never reported in literature.

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More interestingly, our result show for the first time that the resveratrol can strongly modify the

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BSA “hardness”, leading to a reduction of the α-helix and increase of the β-sheet, as previously

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mentioned, with consequences on the protein rigidity and thus changing its interaction with the

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nanoparticle. This understanding can be useful to optimize new therapeutic approaches such as

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theranostics and generally in nanodrugs design. In addition, the impact of polyphenols on

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protein-nanoparticle interactions has a key role in food chemistry and toxicology, where

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nanoparticles are commonly used.

344 345 346 347

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Figure 1 – DLS curves and UV-Vis absorbance spectra at increasing NaCl concentrations for

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bare gNPs (a-b), BSA/gNp (e-f), RESV-BSA/gNP (i-j). When gNP, BSA/gNP or RESV-

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BSA/gNP are dispersed in water, they present the tipical red wavlength (c-g-k), while, when

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dispersed in a 100mM NaCl solution, only the BSA/gNp (h) does not shift to blue compared to

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bare gNP (d) and RESV-BSA/gNP (l). The experiments were performed with a gNP

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concentration of 6 x1012 particles mL-1, BSA (or RESV-BSA):gNP ratio 20:1 and a RESV:BSA

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ratio of 5:1

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Figure 2 – General picture of the changes of the gNP in the visible spectra, at different

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protein/nanoparticle ratios, increasing the NaCl concentration. The experiments present in this

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figure were performed with a gNP concentration of 6 x1012 particles mL-1, BSA (or RESV-

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BSA):gNP ratio 20:1 and a RESV:BSA ratio of 5:1.Two regions can be identified. Only a

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BSA/gNP avoids the nanoparticle aggregation with increasing the ionic strength; under the same

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condition, the addition of resveratrol inhibits this behaviour causing the nanoparticle

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aggregation.

364 365 366

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Figure 3 – Current traces recorded at 300mV and current blockades recorded for the BSA/gNp

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(red) and for the RESV-BSA/gNP (blue) translocation through the SiNx nanopore, for a

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nanoparticle concentration of 1.5 x 1012 particles mL-1, a BSA:gNP ratio of 20:1 and a

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BSA:resveratrol ratio of 1:5.

372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379

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380 381

Figure 1 – Event map (a), current blockade (b) and dwell time (c) distributions at 300 mV, for a

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nanoparticle concentration of 1.5 x 1012 particles mL-1, a BSA:gNP ratio of 20:1, BSA:RESV

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ratio of 1:5. The results for the BSA/gNp complex are in red, in blue for the RESV-BSA/gNP.

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Figure 2 – Capture rate without (red) and with resveratrol (blue) at different voltage in the range

386

from 100 mV to 500 mV, for a gNP concentration of 1.5 x 1012 particles mL-1, a BSA:gNP ratio

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of 20:1 and a BSA:RESV ratio of 1:5.

388 389 390 391 392 393

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Figure 3 – (a) Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy curves for labelled BSA (red circles) and

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BSA/gNp (black squares), for which the protein/nanoparticle ratio was 20:1(b) Kinetic of RESV-

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BSA/gNp asdorption in water during about 20 minutes and after 100 mM NaCl addition, for a

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BSA:RESV ratio of 1:5 and a BSA:gNP ratio of 20:1.

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399 400 401

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Table 1 – Diffusion coefficients in water and 100 mM NaCl measured by fluorescence correllation spectroscopy. The BSA was labelled with Alexa fluor. The BSA/gNP ratio was 20:1, the RESV/BSA ratio was 5:1. Diffusion coefficient in water

Diffusion coefficient in

(µm2 s-1)

100mM NaCl (µm2 s-1)

BSA

54±3.5

51.8±0.9

BSA+gNP

45±0.5

47±0.9

RESV+BSA

51.4±1

53.7±0.8

RESV+BSA/gNP

46.8±0.8

52.2±1

402 403 404

Supporting Information

405

Additional results from experiments on gold nanoparticle plasmon resonance, the

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characterization of the SiN nanopore, additional results from the nanopore translocation

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experiments and the kinetic of BSA adsorption on SiN are available free of charge in the

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Supporting Information at...

409

Corresponding Author

410

E-mail: [email protected]

411 412

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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This work was supported by the “chercheur d’avenir” grant co-funded by Région Languedoc-

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Roussillon and European Union (FEDER) – project “NanoDiag”. N.G. was supported by a

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fellowship from LabEX Chemisyst (ANR- 10-LABX605-UI) and Université de Montpellier –

416

project “AmyDiag”.

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