BOOK REVIEWS element itself is first discussed, its interstitial solutions and intermetallic compounds are treated next, and the compounds of sirconium are covered quitc thoroughly in chapters on zirconium halogenides, zirconium oxide and the zirconates, rircon and the complex d i cates, sulfate compounds, compounds of othcr inorganic acids, carboxylafes, and other organic compounds. A serious and noteworthy nt,tempt has been made to introduce rules governing the properties and behavior of zirconium and its compounds. In this, the author has been only partially surcessful. The fault does not lie in the rules proposed, which are basically these: zirconium does not exist as a monatomic ion, hut only as a covalently bonded atom, usually of aaidation number four, with a, coordination number as near to eight as is spatially possible. The book is eharactcrieed by a certain lack of clarity and precision in its cnpositian, particularly with respect to theoretical topics, which may he confusing ta the reader. Another reviewer (Science, 129,636 (1959)) has eallod attention to the association of positive chargo a n zirconium cations with the oxygen atom ( p a w 37). The references to innor orbital complexm (page 57), the rearbion of a gram-atom of zirconium with a gram-atom of baron (page 73), the implication that resonance is an equilibrium and that coordination number increases with double bonding (page 108), double-bonded fluorine (page 142), the discussion of oxide structuro and surface phenomena (page 1623, reference 111 is not pertinent) arp other examples. This book is without doubt s valuable addition to the literature on zirconium and an excellent source of reference. Caution ~houldbe exercised, however, in accepting ingenious structural and mechanistic devices as other than starting paints for stimulating discussion and future experimental study and correlation. One wishes also for a more useful index, one with fewer mineral names and more chemical topics.
HELMUT M. HAENDLER University of New Hampshire Dwham The Chamirtry of Industrial Toxirology
H m y B. Elkim, Director, Division of Occupational Hygiene, Massachusetts Dept. of Labor and Industries. 2nd ed. John Wiley R- Sons, Ine., New York, 1959. viii 452 pp. 25 figs. 52 tahles. 16 X 23.5 cm. 811.50.
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Nine years have passed since the first edition of this book appeared and as the author states "the number of substances which potentially menace the health of the industrial worker has materially increased." The book has been expanded from 406 to 452 pages; one chapter on radioisotopes has been added. The bibliography has been increased from 366 to 555 references. The mom substantial changes, in addition to the chapter on
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radioisotopes, have been mad? in the last three chapters on maximum alloaable conccntrations, air sampling devices, and analytical methods and procedures. The NIAC's have been brought up-to-datp. The chapter on analytical methods is the largest in the book consisting of 127 pages. Methods for the determinat,ion of benzene, toluene, and chlorinated hydrocarbons have been changed. Praccdures for the determination in urine of roproporphyrin, creatinine, paranitrophenol, plutoni~m, radium, strontium, trichloronectie acid, uranium, and vanadium have h w n added as well as a method for lead in urine containing uthylenediilminet~tr:tacet~ttr. Methods are included for pentarhlorophenol, toluene rliiaoeyitnate, and the American Conference of Gavernmentnl Hygienists methods for formaldehyde and parathion in air. Tho pstimation of cholinesterase activity in hload is dptniled. This is a useR1 book and thus it is difficult to understand why the author after making so many rhangrs persisted in rptaining the artificial grouping of substances of the fimt edition, for instance classifying hydrogen with the alkali metals. The dircnssion of lithium, sodium, and potassium leave much to be desired; no mention of metal fume fever attributable to copper oxide is made. An alphahrtical arrangement is, a t times, dosirable; it is of duhious value for analytical methods. Thus a mierocolorimetrio method for benzene is given on page 300 and an almost idmticnl one far toluene is given on page 401. The styling of the second edition is better than that of the first edition but the lack of uniformity of chemical formulas is retained, via. cyclohexanone (CH,),:CO, methyl cyclohexanone CH,-Cl0H9:CO, dioxane O(CH,CH,)lO. For those not acquainted u 3 h the first edition, it is important to point out that the book deals with industrial user;, toxicology, and evaluation of harmful substances; preventive mea~urcsand hazardous operations are d s o ~ ~ S C I I S S R ~ . MORRISB. JACOBS Department qj' Air Pollzction Control X e w 1-ork City Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium
Eduard H d a , Jiri Pick, Vqilerh Pried, and Otakar V i m Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Praha, Czerhoslavakia. Translated by G. Slanrla~t. Pergamon Press, Inc., X e a York, 1958. xviii 402 pp. Many figs. and tahles. 16.5 X 23.5 em. $14. This is an unusually good hook. For the first time a treatment of vapor-liquid equilibrium theory, description of experimental apparatus and methods, and a survey of literature data, on this subject have been compiled into one book. Because of the wide scope of the text, it will provide a novice with the background needed to begin studies in the field of equilibrium studies, and at the same time be indispensable to those who are already experienced. A wealth of more detailed information may be Found in the over I200 references cited by the authors.
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(Continued an page .4778)
BOOK REVIEWS -
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The book is divided into two main ~ a r t s : thormodynamk~ and laboratory technique. The breatment of thermodynamics of vapor-liquid equilibrium is prol,nbly t,he mnct complete t,o he found in any m e source. Almost all important equations, such s~ the Gihbs-Duhem, are derived and not mere1.v h resented in the final form. Relationships between aetivity coefficients and romposition of binary and ternary solutions are discussed in detail. Included are the Margnles, Van I,aar, Wohl, Seatohard, Bmediet, White, Li-Coull, and RedlichICirter equations. Example problems are used frequently to illustrate tthe methods of evahmting tho constants of these equations. Methods are illustrated for predicting thermodynamically consistent equilibrium composit,ion data using only vaDor pressme data for pure components and boiling point. composition data. for the binmy mixtures. Separate methods are given for isothermal and imharic cases. The section devoted to laboratory technique contains a.lengbhy discussiun of temperature and pressure measurement. I n addition to description and illustrations of the various types of instruments used, d m included are possible sourccs of error and means of correcting for them. Pressure control systems are discussed and p r r ciaion t o he expected for various types is given. At least s. dozen methods for measuring vapor pressure are described, hoth hy
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dynamic and static mesns. Equations relating vapor pressure to temperature and graphical and semi-empirical methods for correlating and predioting similar data are discussed. This section is not as lengthy nor as comprehensive ss some mare speciali~edpublications; however, the more important relationships are included. Some discussion is given to the smoothing and judging of experimental data, hut again this material is more adequately treated elsewhere. At least 20 stills for vapor-liquid equilibrium messurements are illustrated and many more are referred to. The authors have listed 26 of the stills in a. table, oiting their advantages, disadvantages, and the range of pressures for whieh they may be used. Included among the many are the Othmer, Jones, Williams, Gillespie, Thornton, Scatchard, and Amiek stills. At the end of this section a few pages itre devoted to methods far evaluating experimental results by the methods of Redlieh-Kister and of Herrington. Reference is made also t o equations developed in the section on thermodynamics. At the hack of the hook is a list of systems for whieh vapor-liquid equilibrium data, have been puhlished in the literature up through February, 1957. In summation, the authors have managed to cover a wide range of material with m a z i n g thoroughness. I n the authors' words, ". . .do not assume s. knowledge of advanced thermodynamics on the part of the reader, we present a brief derivation of the basic relations which will be required later."
This is the second edition oi this book, but the first to be t,ranslated into English. ARTHUR ROSE WALTERR. SUPIN* Pennsylvania Stale Uniuersitl, University Park An Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Charles E. Littlejohn and George E. Meenaghan, hoth of Clemson College, Clemson, S. C. Reinhold Publishing 271 Corp., New York, 1959. xiii pp. Figa. and tables. 16 X 23.5 em. 56.50.
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One would expect from the title that this hook would contain some chemicnl engineering theory. This is not the ease. This book is intended for chemical engineering students with a background of one year of elementsry chemistry. Although the authors state in the preface that the students should also he in the process of studying the caloulus, there is very little indication in the book itself that the calcu111s i8 used. The first three chapters are extremely elementary and could be read by the stodent in his freshman year. The.-e are: (1) The Profession of Chemical Engineering, (2) Sources of Information in Chemical Engineering, and (3) Graphs and Graph Paper. Beginning with chapter four, the text takes on the type of material which should he covered in the first chemical engineeling course of material and energy balances. Theauthors do a very good job on
