Vertical Leaching of Allelochemicals Affecting Their Bioactivity and the

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Allelochemicals Vertical Leaching Affecting Their Bioactivity and Microbial Community of Soil zhongxiang xiao, Zhenghao Xu, Zhefeng Gu, Junfei Lv, and Imran Haider Shamsi J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01581 • Publication Date (Web): 11 Aug 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 17, 2017

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

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Allelochemicals Vertical Leaching Afacting Their Bioactivity and

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Microbial Community of Soil

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Zhongxiang Xiao1, Zhenghao Xu1*, Zhefeng Gu2, Junfei Lv1 and Imran Haider

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Shamsi3

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First Author: Zhongxiang Xiao.

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Corresponding Author: Zhenghao Xu *

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Phone: +86 13516873578.

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1

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310058, China

E-mail: [email protected]

E-mail: [email protected]

College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou

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2

11

310058, China

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3

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Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

College of Biosystems Engineering And Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou

Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource, Department of Agronomy, College of

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ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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Abstract: Leaching of allelochemicals in soil is one of the fundamental processes that

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determine the allelopathic activities, but is often overlooked. Here, the vertical

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leaching of seven putative allelochemicals, along with one pesticide and one herbicide,

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was investigated by using polyvinyl chloride columns combined with bioassay

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approach. The results indicated that pretilachlor and imidacloprid showed an excellent

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leachability (Lƒ>0.8), followed by the vanillin and coumarin (Lƒ>0.6). Daidzein,

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menthol and m-tyrosine (0.30.8), along with vanillin, coumarin, were included in high

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leachability group (Lƒ≥0.6). Isoflavone, nonprotein amino acid and terpenoid

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(daidzein, m-tyrosine and menthol) had medium leachabilities (0.6>Lƒ≥0.3).

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Compared with phenolic aldehyde and lactone, two phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid

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and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) showing poor mobilities (LƒL1>L3>L2. The second pattern (coumarin,

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m-tyrosine, p-coumaric acid and menthol, daidzein and p-hydroxybenzoic acid),

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followed the order, namely, L4≈L3>L2>L1. On the other hand, the different trend

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(L4>L3>L2>L1) of herbicide and pesticide showed that both pretilachlor and

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imidacloprid behaved a completely different pattern of seed germination suppression.

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Overall, herbicide and pesticide showed chemicals-derived seed germination

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suppression, and the clustering analysis classified them into the same cluster (Figure

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5). It seemed that pretilachlor and imidacloprid with good mobility potential

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transported far from the origin than other seven allelochemicals and exerted

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phytotoxic effect independently. Compared with these synthetics chemicals,

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allelochemicals

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bioavailibility. Lou et al. stated that the weed suppression of allelochemicals started at

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an

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interaction phase and a later microbe-dominated phase,13 indicating that interaction

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dynamics between chemicals and soil microorganisms played a crucial role in

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phytotoxic effect of chemicals. The high germination rate in L4 (or L3 ), where was

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difficult for a single chemical to reach, was well understood (Figure 2). There were

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only two allelochemicals (vanillin and coumarin) with Lƒ>0.5 reached the L3. Since

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the concentrations of in 3 layers shifted from a high level (L1) to low concentration

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(L3), we hypothesized that the developed leaching column were divided into 3

early

exhibited

much

complicated

allelochemical-dominated

phase,

environmental

followed

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behavior

and

allelochemical-microbe


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periods from L1 to L3, comprising of sufficient interaction, medium interaction,

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inadequate interaction, and the inhibition decreased following the decrease of

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chemicals. The pattern of coumarin (L4≈L3>L2>L1) generally agreed with the

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assumption, which had been reported,4,5 Interestingly, the essentially different order of

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L1-L3 in vanillin treatment and PLFA profile (Table 1) implied a totally different

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pattern.

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Further analysis for PLFAs of 4 layers in vanillin was demonstrated in Table 1.

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Compared with the L4 (blank soil), the total PLFA implied that sufficient, medium

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and inadequate interaction had a stimulation, inhibition and stimulation effect,

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respectively. It implied that allelochemicals not merely showed an onefold stimulation

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or

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microorganism-derived seed germination suppression (i.e., different periods of

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interaction of allelochemical-microorganism) and the dynamics closely related to the

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allelopathic characteristics of chemicals, e.g., vanillin and coumarin (Figure 2).

inhibitory

effect,

but

a

complex

dynamics

of

compounds-

and

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In turn, soil microorganisms regulated the level of allelochemicals, resulting in

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different mobility factor and phytotoxic effect. This meant that there was a critical

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point, which exerted the maximal allelopathic effect with limited allelochemicals, in

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the interaction dynamics (e.g., the inhibition of L2). In summary, there were

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complicated interactions of chemical-microorganism following the chemical residues

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incorporated into soil. The dynamics was closely correlated the chemicals and the

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interaction period, subsequently mediated the bioavailability of phytotoxins and the

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allelopathic activities. The combination of PVC with bioassay approach of the

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sensitive plant seeds to phytotoxins provided an alternative method to assess the

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mobility and presence of allelochemicals at low concentration. With further

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application in a wide diversity of allelochemicals, the establishment may contribute to

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a further understanding of allelochemicals environmental behaviors and allelopathic

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activities.

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Aabbreviations Used

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PVC, polyvinyl chloride columns; UHPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography;

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Lƒ, leaching factor; L, layer; PLFA, phospholipid fatty acid; PCA, principal

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component analysis

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Acknowledgement

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This work was jointly supported by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in

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the Public Interest of China (201403030), Zhejiang Province Public Welfare

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Technology Application Research Project (2016C32083), Research Project of

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Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education (Y201224845), Zhejiang Provincial

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Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang Provincial Key

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Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition.

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Figure 1. The germination rates of lettuce in different phytotoxin types and concentrations. Data in the same column followed by different letters indicate significant differences between individual phytotoxins and their mixture at P < 0.05.

Figure 2. Leachability of individual or mixed (1:1 ) chemicals in paddy soil. Columns with different letters indicate significant differences between individual treatments.

Figure 3. The first two principal components of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) data from soils with different treatments.

Figure 4. The sum and relative abundance of selected PLFAs from soils treated with different chemicals. Abbreviations are in Table 1.

Figure 5. Clustering analysis for chemicals applied on soils according to microbial community structure. Abbreviations are in Table 1.

Figure 6. The germination rates of lettuce in each layer of soil columns with different chemical residues. Columns with different letters indicate significant differences between individual treatments.

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Table 1. The concentrations of selected PLFAs (nmol/g) and microbial community characteristics in 4 layers of soil column treated by vanillin.

B

G+

G-

F

A

AMF

Total PLFAs

L-1

24.44± 0.47

9.17± 0.21

14.62± 0.13

2.37± 0.10

7.17± 0.12

1.49± 0.02

55.95± 0.11

L-2

22.4± 0.23

12.73± 0.01

9.97± 0.08

--

7.36± 0.31

1.23± 0.01

44.64± 1.03

L-3

22.19± 0.09

10.62± 0.01

9.58± 0.11

0.31± 0.09

7.63± 0.22

1.12± 0.11

47.54± 0.32

L-4

19.39± 0.12

7.58± 0.04

12.62± 0.14

2.67± 0.13

6.35± 0.06

1.13± 0.02

44.89± 0.52

Mean ± standard error (SE) from three independent experiments. Symbols: B, bacteria; G+, gram-positive bacteria; G-, gram-negative bacteria; F, fungi; A, actinomycetes; AMF, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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Figure 1

Figure 2

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Figure 3

Figure 4

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Figure 5

Figure 6

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For Table of Contents Only

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The germination rate of lettuce seeds in different phytotoxin types and concentrations. Data in the same column followed by different letters indicate significant differences between individual phytotoxins and their mixture at P < 0.05. 96x54mm (600 x 600 DPI)


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Leachability of individual or mixed (1:1 ) chemicals in paddy soil. Columns with different letters indicate significant differences between individual treatments. 96x54mm (600 x 600 DPI)



The first two principal components of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) data from soils with different treatments. 66x52mm (600 x 600 DPI)


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The sum and relative abundance of selected PLFAs from soils treated with different chemicals. Abbreviations are in Table 1. 96x54mm (300 x 300 DPI)



Clustering analysis for chemicals applied on soils according to microbial community structure. Abbreviations are in Table 1. 87x91mm (300 x 300 DPI)


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The germination rate of lettuce seeds in each layer of soil columns with different chemical residues. Columns with different letters indicate significant differences between individual treatments. 96x54mm (600 x 600 DPI)



For Table of Contents Only 82x44mm (300 x 300 DPI)


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Vertical Leaching of Allelochemicals Affecting Their Bioactivity and the

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