NOVEMBER, 1937
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INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERIYG CHEMISTRY
MISCELLANEOUS USES.Other uses mentioned in the literature for cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, or their derivatives include absorption of acidic gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide, preservation of latex (IS),plasticization of casein (la), prevention of static charge on cellulose derivatives ( I ) , neutralization of plant and insect poisons (IO),and use as a solvent for dyestuffs in the printing and dyeing industry (6).
Literature Cited (1) Aceta G. m. b. H., French Patent 689,984(1931). (2) Adkins, H.,and Cramer, H. I., S.Am. Chem. SOC.,52,4349-58 (1930). (3) Adkina, H., Cramer, H. I., and Connor, R., Ibid., 53, 1402-5 (1931). 14) Baeyer, A., Ann., 278, 103 (1893). (5) Chemical Age (London), Feb. 20, 1937,166. (6) Compton, C. C., and Kearns, C. W., J . Econ. Entomot., 30 (3), 512-21 (1937). (7) Cramer, H.I. (to Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.), Canadian Patents 357,049and 361,541 (1936). (8) Deutsche Hydrierwerke A.-G., British Patent 413,357 (1934). (9) Diwoky, F. F., and Adkins, H., J . Am. Chem. SOC.,53, 1868-75 (1931). (10) Graves, G. D., U. S. Patent 1,913,631(1933). (11) Guyot, A., and Fournier, M., Bull. SOC. chim., 47, 203-10 (1930).
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(12) Hall, N. F., and Sprinkle, M. R., S.Am. Chem. SOC., 54,3469-86 (1932). (13) I. G.Farbenindustrie A.-G., British Patent 271,863 (1927). (14) I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G., Ibid., 340,495 (1929); German Patent 507,831 (1928); French Patent 684,417 (1929); U.S . Patent 1,836,295(1931). (15) I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G., French Patent 032,490(1927). (16) I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G., German Patent 482,930 (1926); French Patent 638,023(1928); British Patent 297,484(1928); U.S. Patent 1,775,175(1930). (17) I. G. Farbenindustrie A.-G., German Patent 512,404 (1928); U. S. Patent 1,944,514(1934). (18) Ipatieff, V.,Ber., 41, 991-3 (1908). (19) Kearns, C. W., and Flint, W. P., J . Econ. Entomol., 30 (I), 158-66 (1937). (20) Kearns, C. W., and Flint, W. P., private communication. (21) Mailhe, A,, Compt. rend., 174, 465-7 (1922). (22) Markownikoff, W., Ann., 302, 22 (1898). (23) Sabatier, P., and Mailhe, A,, Compt. rend., 153, 1204-8 (1912). (24) Sabatier, P.,and Senderens, J. B., Ibid., 138,457 (1905). (25) Sebrell, L. B. (to Wingfoot Corp.), U. 8. Patents 2,050,195and 2,050,199(1936). (26) Skita, A., and Berendt, W., Ber., 52, 1519-35 (1919). (27) Taylor, M. H. (to Merrimac Chemical Co.), U. S. Patent 2,060,138(1936). (28) Winans, C. F., and Adkina, H., J . Am. Chem. Soc., 54, 306-12 (1932). RECEIVED September 8, 1937. Presented before the Division of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry a t the 94th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Rochester, N. Y . , September 6 t o 10, 1937.
Welded Equipment in the Gas Industry C. V. MIDDAUGH The Koppers Company, Western Gas Division, Fort Wayne, Ind.
Illustrations on two following pages presented thr'ough courtesy of The Koppers Company.
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APID adoption of welding (both electrical and acetylene) by the gas industry has followed the development of technic and of designs of equipment to utilize this
method of equipment fabrication. The story of the development and the results effected by it are best illustrated by the photographs on the two following pages. These show more graphically than description could, the contrast between old methods of fabrication and modern welding practice. One of the very difficult as well as expensive pieces of apparatus fabricated today is the large coke-oven collecting main. This main requires considerable layout along with the incorporation of many irregular steel castings in its design. During the past few years the design of this main has been radically changed, resulting in the present type of collecting main. This design utilizes all welded parts wherever possible, and clumsy steel castings have been replaced with welded steel plate. An illustration of this is the heavy cast-steel offtake tee of former years which is now supplanted with the modern design made of arc-welded steel plates. One of the most important advantages of welding over riveted construction is that a welded joint will remain wateror gas-tight indefinitely; with riveted joints, on the other hand, the continual use or vibration of the equipment often jars the rivets loosgt% the extent that the seam must be tool-caulked. Since the advent of welding, many small purifiers, gas holders, and small water-gas sets are completely fabricated in the shops and then shipped, ready to be set on the foundation. As a result of the progress that welding has made during the past few years and the popularity that it is rapidly gaining, within only a few years riveted construction will undoubtedly be almost entirely replaced by all-welded structures. RECEIVBD August 30, 1937.
Gas holders designed t o store gas under pressure require greatest care in placing huge numbers of rivets for strength. The c u m bersome design above has now been superseded by all-welded construction of high efficiency.
The gas purifier or oxide box of riveted d e s i 5 has been superseded by the all-welded gas purifier whose better appearance is apparent. Comparison of the gas connections on the two designs shown at the upper right clearly illustratee the advantages of arc welding steel pipe, tees, elbows, and 8Uppork. Welded steel pipe saves weight, gives a more efficient d e s i 5 in semice, and eliminates flanged joints and fittings to give straight runs of pipe.
Immense numbers of rivets are required in building gas holders, and these add materially to maintenance wat without securing any corresponding advantage. The contrast with an all-welded holder, shown at the lower right, is anlightening.
Typical of the old type of watergas set is the group of riveted shells with cast-iron connections and bolted door frames shown above. Contrast the arc-welded modern water-gas set at the upper left with its stream-lined construction, its neat appearance, and its economical use of space. Plates for these shells are sheared, shaped, and then welded into the unit.
Advantages of welding a m obvious from comparison of the cast door, with the sixty bolts required t o attach it to the generator shell, with the far less cumbersome welded frame shown below it.
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Engineem and architects in deno longer signing pipe linea limited t o the use of standard pipe fittings. Complex curved sections are fabrieated in comp l e t e l e n g t h s i n t h e shop, checked for dimension, matchmarked, and cut apart where necessary forshipment to the point of erection. Reaesambly in the field gives a precise conformity to plan impossible if such complex parts as those shown were made by piveting. Redesign of equipment to make full use of the advantages of welding has involved substitution of sheet steel in many places for the much heavier caststeel or cast-iron parts of riveted practice.
