6
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING
CHEMISTRY
News Edition
W o r l d - W i d e Chemistry London Letter
BY F. Ε. ΗAMER
Bditor. Chemical Age {London)
R. H. Pickard, principal of the Battersea Polytechnic, has been appointed to succeed the late Dr. Crossley as head of the Cotton Research Institute, and H. T. Tizard to succeed Sir Frank Heath as secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. J u n e 3, 1927
PROGRESS OF DYESTUFFS INX>USTUY
Farther interesting evidence of the progress of the British dyestuffs industry towards a position of complete self-dependence is just announced. When after the outbreak of war it was originally proposed to establish a home dyestuffs industry and to protect it against competition in its early stages, the Govern ment had to choose between protection by tariff and protection by license- They decided on a licensing system and an essential part of the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) A.ct of 1920 is a Licens ing Committee, which must issue a license before any foreign dyestuffs can be imported. For this purpose they adopted what is called a "price factor," which was originally fixed at three times the pre-war price, which was later reduced to2 1 /o and which on September 1 will be further reduced t o 2. The price factor works in this way. If a dyestuffs consumer applies for a license to import dyestuffs which are also being produced in Great Britain, he is referred to the home makers who have supplies. If, however, he is able "to show that the home price exceeds 2 l A times the pre-war price, that is a good ground for granting a license. The price barrier thus set u p against foreign competitors from September next will be twice the pre war price, representing a reduction of 20 per cent, and as Euro pean prices generally are about 100 per cerxt over pre-war prices, the new price factor will put competition between home and for eign dyestuffs practically on an economic level. T h e decision of the Licensing Committee to reduce the price factor from 2ι/ο to 2 is generally welcomed as showing that British dyestuff firms are approaching the time when they can meet foreign competition on equal terms. Thel Dyestuffs Act was passed to run for 10 years, and as about 3 A years yet re main, it is confidently hoped that at the e n d of that period the industry will be self-dependent. The present change means roughly a reduction in British dyestuff prices of 20 per cent, and this will be welcome to home consumers, who have con stantly complained that British prices WGXQ higher than those that foreign users had to pay, and that, whale they were prepared to make some patriotic sacrifice to establish a home industry, the existing prices imposed an unfair proportion of sacrifice on them. If the British makers are now able to compete on level terms in the matter of price, it means that they tiave solved the last of their difficulties. The range of British colors is now nearly equal to the entire home demand, and a vecry important develop ment recently has been the output of va/t or fast colors. For this development the industry is largely indebted t o James Morton, the head of Sundour Fabrics, and also of Scottish Dyes. The former firm has just celebrated its 21st birthday, and in a brochure Mr. Morton points out that they were the first firm to put on the British market fabrics with definite guaranteed fast colors, and this led to the establishment of the first factory in Great Britain for the manufacture of fast dyes. Scottish Dyes, Ltd., have developed two well-known ranges of v a t dyes, known as Caledon and Soledon Colors, and this week four new Caledon colors have been issued by them—Olive 3G and 2 B and Grey 3G and RRH. SOCIETY OP CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
The annual meeting of the Society of Chemical Industry is to be held in Edinburgh during the week beginning July 4. The program will be largely occupied with discussions on fuel and engineering problems. The Messel Medalist this year is Colonel Poliitt, a director of Imperial Chemical Industries, who will deliver an address on the development of the synthetic ammonia industry. In the course of recent discussion in Parliament two interesting points have been brought out. The first i s that at t h e Govern ment Fuel Research Station a small plant, dealing with about a ton a day is operating the Bergius process, and i s reported t o be giving extraordinarily good figures. The second is the formation of a new Fuel Production Co., a compatty organized by Sir D . Milne Watson, governing director of the Gas Light and Coke Co. Believing the low temperature system worked out a t the Fuel Station to be the most suitable to be rum in conjunction with gas works, this company has undertaken to erect a 100-ton-aday plant and to run it experimentally for a period of three years. The Government is partly subsidizing the scheme, which is expected to be in operation next winter.
Washington Notes PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AFFECTED B Y C A N A L
The importance of the economic effect exercised by the Panama Canal on the oil industry is described in a statement b y the Bureau of Mines. Prior to 1922, the bulk of the movement of crude petroleum and refined products was westward. The discovery of the prolific fields of the Los Angeles Basin, the decline in the Mexican fields, and the oversupply of ships caused a reversal in this movement, which culminated in 1923 with a record eastern shipment of California crude petroleum—52,350,000 barrels. During the same year, 3,369,000 barrels of refined oils were also shipped from California through the canal to eastern ports in the United States. Since then the shipments of crude oil have decreased and those of refined oils have increased, so that in 1925 the latter nearly equaled the former. In 1925, gasoline and tops comprised the major part of the ship ments of refined oils from California, but data for the first seven months of 1926 indicate that in volume the shipments of gas oil and fuel oil have taken the lead. INCREASED T A R I F F SOUGHT FOR SODIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
Readjustment of the tariff on imported sodium silicofluoride was urged before the Tariff Commission at public hearings June 20, by representatives of domestic· producers. Domestic producers of silicofluoride sought a flat increase of 50 per cent in present duties. Opposition to this increase was voiced by only one domestic competitor, who asked that, if this increase be granted, it be made applicable to other imported fluorides, such as cryolite, which now comes in duty free. R. M. Keating, of the Baugh Chemical Company, Baltimore, Md., J. S. Brogdon, and Andrew M. Fairlie, both consulting chemists and manufacturers of silicofluoride, of Atlanta, Ga., favored added protection against the imported chemical. J. F . Wischhusen, American Fluoride Corporation, N e w York City, objected, in part, to the views expressed by other manufacturers. T A R I F F COMMISSION SUPPLIES D A T A ON PRODUCING FLUORSPAR
In connection with the public hearings to be held on July 2 2 b y the United States Tariff Commission covering domestic and foreign domestic production cost of fluorspar, the Commission has made public a preliminary statement of facts. The fluorspar investigation was ordered by the Commission on January 8, 1926, upon application of James A. Green, Cin cinnati, Ohio, and the L/undgren Stevens Company, Chicago, III. The Commission in its statement classified the various grades of fluorspar. The year 1923 was selected b y the Commission as repre sentative for purposes of determining production costs, and the trade was asked for their views on this subject. FEDERAL OFFICIALS D I S C U S S PROHIBITION R U L E S
Plans for coordination of efforts of the Treasury Department, the Department of Justice, and other Federal agencies engaged in administering the Prohibition Law, formed the subject of a 4-day inter-departmental conference which began in Wash ington on July 11, and was presided over b y J. M. Doran, newly elected Prohibition Commissioner. The first two days of the conference were given over to the exchange of ideas among the administrators who gathered in Washington from every State in the Union. It is Dr. Doran's belief that strict enforcement of the penalties laid down in the Statutes would make the fines collected pay for the enforcement of the law. Since the retirement of Roy A. Haynes as Acting Commissioner of Prohibition, practically an entire new set of rules and regulations· have been drafted with respect to the enforcement of the law. I t is Dr. Doran's hope and expectation that the entire personnel of the Bureau, both office and field, will become so familiar with the details for the enforcement of the law that when action is taken under it the same course will b e followed everywhere. At later sessions of the conference representatives of some of t h e large trade associations whose members use industrial alcohol
July 20, 1927
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
were given an opportunity t o air their views and offer suggestions. Commissioner Doran expressed himself a s satisfied that the conference will do much to create a uniform understanding of the program of the Department of the Treasury and t h e Bureau of Prohibition by all administrators and representatives of the industrial alcohol trade. H e denied that he had a n y intention of centralizing enforcement in Washington. T A R I F F COMMISSON B E G I N S TEN" INVESTIGATIONS
During the month of July the Tariff Commission will begin its actual field work in ten new cost of production surveys and one survey. In addition to its cost inquiries i n the domestic markets, the Commission, through i t s own channels, will obtain similar information from producers abroad. Tire manganese ore inquiry will be virtually a survey of t h e industry in this country and abroad, involving both a cost and economic study of these ores. A survey will be made of t h e producing and consumption points of the ores in the States of N e w York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, and Arizona. The investigations of interest t o our readers, with th.e names of investigators, follow : Sodium Phosphate—Dexter !North, Mark A. Smith, Lewis Baliff. To visit Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Illinois, and Alabama. Whiting—M. G. Donk, Mark A. Smith, William G. Diddicock. To visit Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. Potassium Permanganate—Dexter North, 3Mark A . Smith, and Lewis Baliff. To visit Illinois and other points, if necessary. Perfume and Toilet Bottles—A. M. Fox, Kenneth Stone, Miss Mary Richey. T o visit Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Illinois. ACETIC ACID PROCESS FOUND IN PRIOR A R T
Claims of Theodore J. Brewster in the Court of Appeals, District of Columbia, for a method of obtaining strong acetic acid from weak acetic acid and an apparatus for practicing this method, were refused in view of the prior art. The decision states in part: "The method involved relates to the obtaining of strong from weak solutions of acetic and consists i n flowing t h e acetic acid solution, to be concentrated, counter-current to ether or other solvent for acetic acid which is substantially immiscible with water, removing the ether—acetic acid solution at one end of the column, removing the exhausted liquid at t h e other end of the column, subjecting the ether-acetic acid solution t o distillation t o separate the ether, condensing and returning the ether for reuse, driving off any ether carried in t l i e exhausted liquor from this step by distillation, and returning -this ether also for reuse." The principal reference is the German patent to Goering, dated July 9,1884. The primary examiner, a n expert, considered this reference with great care and concluded: "The main argument urged against Goering is that t h e process is of such commercial value that if Goering disclosed it clearly it would surely have been used. . . All that t l i e examiner can see that applicant has done is to try out a process and find that it works very efficiently. Trying out a described process is not invention."
Free Films While the service offered by the Buireau o f Commercial Economics should be well known, there m a y be some who remain unacquainted with the facilities offered for visual instruction by this organization. The bureau is not a government organization b u t is an altrustic association using the facilities and instrumentalities of governments, manufacturers, and educational institutions in the dissemination of useful information by the graphic method of motion pictures. I t s films are offered free, the only proviso being that no admission be charged t o see them and that transportation be paid both to and from Washington. The films a t hand cover a wide range of subjects and o n occasion speakers m a y also be provided witnout fee. From time t o time we have called attention t o special films available tlirough the Bureau of Commercial Economics b u t have not attempted to publish its complete list and now advise those interested in any sort of visual instruction to ascertain what this bureau offers before completing their programs. The Bureau of Commercial Economics cooperates with a long list of governments and is supported b y low membership fees and b y contributions from interested parties. However, it is not necessary t o be a member in order to take advantage of their excellent film library. The bureau has i t s office at 1108 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washington, ID. C. The first synthetic methanol factory in France is now ready t o produce at the rate of 1 to V/% tons per day. This is located a t the Xens mine? and i s to operate by t h e Audibert process. T h e Société Française de Catalyse Généralisée has been formed t o exploit the processes of Charles Henry, which are said t o give a yield 40 per cent higher than cvther processes.
7
German Letter B Y W A L T E R ROTH Côthen-Anh., Germany I . G. FARBENINDUSTRIE A K T I E N G E S E I V L S C H A F T
This corporation has offered a certain measure of disappointment to its shareholders and the speculators who had dealt in its securities for about a year. A dividend of 10% is no return for shares which stand around 300. However, by those informed, the corporation's balance is considered very favorable and is consistent with the prudent management of the I. G. which has prevailed in the past. Without doubt it will earn a gradually rising income, even on the increased capital of 1100 million marks, once the prospects of agreements with the large chemical firms abroad have become more favorable. The current year's business report of the I. G. is somewhat more detailed than the earlier reports and gives information in regard to recent agreements with the explosive companies and the Riebeck Montan works. On April 1 of this year the new coal hydrogénation plant was put in operation at the Merseburg works. For the present, 120,000 tons of oil are to be produced there annually. The process utilized by the I. G., which was worked out by Mittasch and the details of which are still withheld, is said to operate appreciably more rapidly—i. e., more economically than the pure Bergius process, and to yield far more homogeneous and purer end products. A publication of the Banking House of Schwarz, Goldschmidt & Co., Berlin W 8, Mohrenstrasse 54"/55, the eighth revised edition of which is already at hand, is concerned in detail with the "I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. and Its Significance. " This publication, written in a manner intelligible t o the layman also, treats the various problems with which the I. G. is concerned, such as coal liquefaction, fertilizers, cellulose products, artificial silk, explosives, mineral pigments, varnishes, resins, etc., and in the appendix gives a review of the most important interests of the dye trust. According t o this publication t h e total exports for 1927 are estimated at 550-650 millions of marks. Its domestic sales ought to be valued at double this sum. M E D I C A L R E M E D I E S A N D D R U G STORES
In recent years there has been much concern in circles of physicians, apothecaries, large chemical manufacturers, and even patients as t o how the flood of remedies could be controlled. Physicians, like druggists, lose sight of their own opinion as to the value or lack of value of a preparation which is often judged only on the basis of the advertisement of the same. T h e widely known book, Gene's Codex, issued in 1926, already lists not less than 20,000 preparations, produced in Germany and which have become well known, while so-called "day-flies" and the newest, as yet inadequately tested, preparations have not been considered. The regulation of the question is the more difficult since a great distinction must be made between the highly reputable plants of the big chemico-pharmaceutical industry and the numberless small corner establishments. In the case of the large firms one is assured of the most thorough testing of the preparations in pharmacological and clinical respects before they are put on the market. An example of this is furnished by the I. G. Farbenindustrie which has not yet put its new narcotic, Avertin (E 107),* on the market. In spite of extensive preliminary experiments, certain considerations withhold it. The situation is different, however, in the case of the smaller concerns, which endeavor to dispense hastily produced hack-works as panaceas. The drug store, the principal field of which was formerly the preparation of medicines individually prescribed b y the physician, has now become more or less a specialty shop. I t is being pointed out by representatives of scientific pharmacy that with certain medicines the situation is the same as with foods, that only freshly made preparations can be effective, and that, in the interest of the sick particularly, the galenicals ought to be freshly prepared in the drug store. On the other hand the great number of chemical substances, which do not represent mixtures and combinations, could be centrally produced to a greater extent. T o this end better training of the druggist is also requisite. IMPROPRIETIES IN T H E N O B L E M E T A L T R A D E
As Friedrich Wilhelm Steinmetz points out in the Chemiker Zeitung specifications of the fineness of jewelry, wedding lings, and the like, are often false. This is due not so much t o fraudulent intent as t o gross ignorance and negligence. Often large reputable houses employ goldsmiths who have little understanding of analytical chemistry. T h e sole possibility of remedying these irregularities would be either through licensing the production of jewelry or through compelling those firms or individuals engaged in jewelry manufacture to provide the latter with a mark or stamp supplied by the authorities, by which the producer could be immediately identified. Statements of fineness alone, * Uf. preceding German l e t t e r
s
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
as are most prevalent today, do not suffice; only a trade-mark can protect the buying public in some degree from the frauds and negligence which can occur all too easily in remelting and remodeling of articles of jewelry. APPARATUS OP H A V B G
For some two years experiments have been in progress toward the production from bakélite of a chemically resistant construction material, Haveg, and apparatus of the same material. The Sàureschutz-Gesellschaft m. b. H . , Berlin-Alt-Glienicke, has now been successful in manufacturing from pure Haveg, as well as from perforated sheet metal with Haveg lining, etc., all sorts of apparatus, such as vats, grids for tower fillings, drying gangs, troughs, lids, stirrers, etc. This apparatus was displayed at this year's "Achema," the exhibition of chemical apparatus, at Essen June 7 to 19. The company has also turned out a Haveg cement which is supplied to the trade in paste form and which can be stored for a considerable time in this condition. When mixed with a suitable, preferably alcoholic acid solution, it sets very rapidly even in the cold. T h e self-hardening Haveg mass can likewise be produced in a special quality resistant to hydrofluoric acid. TREATMENT OF BELTING
W. Nagel, M. Matuschewska, and E . Tiedemann have made exhaustive experiments on this technically important problem in the research laboratory of the Siemens-Schukkert works. According to them two viewpoints are t o be considered in belt treatment: (1) Increasing the transfer power, diminishing slipping, and thereby raising the efficiency; (2) maintaining the elasticity of the belt, thereby lengthening its period of life. An ideal dressing that will meet both viewpoints is almost impossible to find. It appears most expedient to make use, as an adhesive agent for raising the friction value, of hard or soft wool fat in purified form, applied to the inside of the belt; as a dressing train oil mixed with castor oil, mineral oil, and the like is used on the outside. INSULATION WITH ALUMINUM PLATELETS
In the "Forschungsheim fur WâΓmeschutz ,, at Munich, Prof. B. Schmidt of Danzig reported o n a new insulation process. Small aluminum plates of 0.03 mm. thickness, held at a separation of approximately 1 cm. by supporting rings, are laid concen trically around the pipe t o be insulated. On the outside the in sulation is provided with a sheet metal shell t o give it the neces sary strength. This insulation, which shows a very low heat conductivity, may be used with pipe temperatures up to -500°. In the case of pipe bends the same type of insulation can be em ployed if the aluminum platelets, with a thickness of 0.007 mm., are slightly crumpled and laid around the pipe section with a tight outside covering as above. In both of its forms this in sulation has proved equivalent to the good heat insulators pre viously used, in respect t o heat conductivity. Translated by Paul R. Dawson
American Society for T e s t i n g Materials The American Society for Testing Materials for the first time held an annual meeting in the Middle West, at French Lick Springs Hotel, French lack, Ind., June 20-24. While the at tendance was not quite so large as that of the annual meetings held in recent years at Atlantic City, it was quite satisfactory for this the first inland meeting. There were over 600 members present. The meeting was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the incorpora tion of the Society and this was suitably commemorated by a dinner, at which those who had been members for 25 years were the honored guests. This in itself afforded quite an inspiration to the younger members since through mention of many inci dents of the early days of the Society, the unselfish efforts and broad-sightedness of the founders were brought to light. In this, the conferring of honorary membership upon two of the incorporators, Robert W. Lesley and William R. Webster, and upon A. A. Stevenson, a Past-President of the Society and a member since 1896, contributed in no small degree. The dinner was also the occasion of the presentation of the Charles B. Dudley Medal to D. J. McAdam, Jr., for his paper entitled "StressStrain-Cycle Relationship and Corrosion -Fatigue of Metals," presented at the 1926 annual meeting. The following officers were elected: President: H. F. Moore, professor of engineering materials, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. ; Vice President: T. D . Lynch, manager, Materials and Process Engineering Department, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., Bast Pittsburgh, Pa.; Members of Executive Committee: F. O. Clements, director of research, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich.; W. H. Klein, general superintendent, Dixie Portland Cement Co., ÉSchard City, Tenn.; F. C. Langenberg, metallurgist, Watertown Arsenal and Metallurgist, Climax Molybdenum Co., N e w York City; F. N. Speller, metallurgical engineer, National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
News
Edition
Pharmacognosist, Pharmacologist, a n d Physical Chemist "Wanted Applications for junior pharmacognosist arid junior pharmacologist to fill vacancies in the Bureau ofr Chemistry and Soils, Department of Agriculture, should b e sent to the Civil Service Commission at Washington, D . G, not later than August 13. The date for assembling of competitors will b e stated on their admission cards and will be about ten days after the close of receipt of applications. At present tliene is a vacancy in the position of pharmacognosist, for duty at; New York City, for which a man is desired; there i s also a vacancy in the position of pharmacologist for duty in Washington, D. C . The entrance salary i s $1860 a year. Applications for associate physical chemist must be on file with the Civil Service Commission a t Washington, D. C , not later than August 9. The examination is t o fill vacancies in tfcie Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, Department of Agriculture, and in positions requiring similar qualifications, a t a salary of S300CL Competitors will not be required to rreport for examination at any place, but will be rated o n their education, training, and experience, and a publication or thesis to h>e filed with the application. Full information may be obtained from t h e United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, I>. C.
Ceramic Society t o Sponsor Foreign Tour The American Ceramic Society is sponsoring a foreign trip in 1928 and invites all who are interested to> participate. The trip has been built around such European cer-anne centers as Stokeon-Trent, England; Delft, Holland; Meissen, Germany; Prague, Czechoslovakia; and Paris. The tour will extend from May 15 to July 5 and will begin at Montreal, landing at Glasgow, from which a short trip will be taken througla the scenic districts of Scotland to Edinburgh, thence t o Manchiester, Sheffield, Stokeon-Trent, Worcester, and London. Next: in order will be Delft, Amsterdam, and Berlin, from whence t h e trip proceeds to Dresden and Meissen, Prague, Nuremberg, Munich., Lucerne, thence to Paris, from which a number of side trips ivill be made to points of interest. The cost of the trip will b e $900, and application for membership in the party should b e addressed to the American Ceramic Society, 2525 N. High St., Coltarnbus, Ohio, or to the Executives' Tours, 25 Broadway, New York, 1ST. Y.
International Paper Go. N o t Making Yarns
Rayon
To set at rest rumors that International Paper Company or its Riordon subsidiaries are to make rayon yarns, A. R. Groustein, president, of International Paper Company, has issued an official statement that International Paper Company is not entering the field of rayon manufacture and has no financial interest in any company making rayon yarns. The sole interest of International in the rayon field is producing and marketing Kipawa Sulfite Wood Cellulose for making high grade rayon. The output of pulp specially made a t Kipawa Mill of t h e Riordon Division of International Paper Company now supplies a large proportion of the total world's consumption o>f wood cellulose by makers of rayon yarns.
Honorary Degrees and Medals Awarded At the Yale University commencement, the doctorate of science was conferred on Dr. Jolrn Ja^cob Abel, professor of pharmacology at Johns Hopkins tiniver-sity, and on Sir James Colquhoun Irvine, principal and -vice chairman of the University of St. Andrews. Dr. Alice Hamilton, assistant professor of industrial medicine at Harvard University, received the degree o f doctor of science at the commencement exercises of Smith College. The first award of the Charles β . Duidley medal, established by the American Society for Testing Materials, has been made to Dr. D. J. McAdam, Jr., metallurgist at the United States NaVal Engineering Experimental Station a t Annapolis, Md., for a paper on "Stress-Strain Cycle Relartioiisnip and CorrosionFatigue of Metals." At the Annual Dinner of the American. Welding Society held in New York recently, President F. M. Farmer announced the donation of an award, the gift of Samuel "Wylie Miller, t o be presented by the Society annually in appreciation of work of outstanding merit in advancing the art and science of welding. The award is a gold medal, wbich will Ibe known as the Miller Medal.
July 20, 1927
INDUSTRIAL AND
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
9
Fellowships a t U. S. Bureau of Minea Among the fellowships offered for the educational year 1927-28 for work in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines are eight offered by the Department of Mining and Metallurgy, College of Engineering, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa. Each fellowship carries a stipend of $750, and holders become candidates for the degree of Master of Science. The Mackay School of Mines of the University of Nevada, Reno, offers one fellowship, open to graduates of American mining colleges of recognized standing. The holder will be assigned to research service with the staff of the Rare and Precious Metals Experiment Station of the Bureau. Several fellowships, each having an annual net value of $720, are offered b y the Department of Mining and Metallurgical Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, for investigations in flotation, hydrometallurgy of zinc, hydrometallurgy of lead, and pyrometallurgy of lead. Four fellowships are offered b y the School of Mines and Metallurgy, University of Missouri, Rolla, Mo., for work in cooperation with the Mississippi Valley Experiment Station of t h e Bureau. The income of each is $800 per annum, and the fellows will study problems affecting the metallurgy of zinc and the beneficiation and treatment of metallic and nonmetallic ores. The School of Mines of the College of Engineering, University of Alabama, offers five fellowships in mining and metallurgical research at Tuscaloosa, Ala. These are valued at $540 each. During 1927-28 the holders will study the beneficiation of lowgrade bauxite ores, of phosphate rock, and float-and-sink treatment of Alabama coals. The Arizona Bureau of Mines, of the University of Arizona, Tucson, offers two fellowships yielding $660 each for a period of eleven months beginning July 1, the work t o be done at the Southwest Experiment Station of the Bureau. The College of Mines of the University of Washington, Seattle, offers live fellowships for research in coâl and nonmetallic minerals at the Northwest Experiment Station of the Bureau. Bach fellowship has a value of $720. During 1927-28 holders will study beneficiation and washing of coal, briquetting of lowgrade coals, purification and washing of kaolins and ochres, problems in drying certain nonmetallic minerals, and efficiencies in kiln heating. Detailed information may be obtained from the Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.
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International Conference on Flour and Bread The International Conference on Flour and Bread Manufacture postponed last year on account of technical difficulties will definitely take place in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in September. 1927 under the auspices of the Czechoslovakian Government. The exact date and full details of the program are yet to b e determined but the preliminary announcement indicates an attractive series of sessions taking up the problems of manufacturing flour from grains; the production of breads from the several flours; reports on the consumption of milling and baking products and reports, and on the proposed standardization and unification of research on cereals. There will be special lectures, excursions and trips, and other attractive features. The Preparatory Committee has the following officers: Chairman, Jan Jolinek; Editor, Francis Hruska; Secretory, Karel Krtinsky.
Cause of Death from Burns Death from extensive superficial burns is the result of increased blood concentration, according t o Dr. Frank P . Underhill of the Yale Medical School, addressing a joint meeting of the chemical groups a t Rumford Hall, N e w York, June 3. Dr. Underhill showed that the loss of water from the blood is the principal cause of death from burns and that the forcing of fluids either by mouth or intravenously will prevent this condition. Dr. Underhill spoke of a number of experiences of his own with patients suffering from extensive burns. Pierce M. Travis, of the Travis Colloid Research Company discussed the industrial applications of the colloid mill and pointed out the great value of this type of machine in modern industry. R. W. Sullivan, of the Colloidal Equipment Corporation, led the discussion of this paper.
Second National Symposium on General Organic Chemistry The Symposium will be held a t Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, December 29-31, 1927. T h e headquarters will be at the Neil House. Suggestions for the program should be sent to the Secretary of t h e Division of Organic Chemistry of the American Chemical Society; Frank C. Whitmore, Northwestern University, Bvanston, Illinois.
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