T H E JOUR-VAL O F I - V D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I Y E E R I A V G C H E M I S T R Y
480
Geological Survey, 18j6 t o 1860, b y Dr. Robert Peter, Chemist of t h e Survey, a n d published in t h e first four chemical reports, have been tabulated a n d compared. T h e total number of samples analyzed was 7 1 from 2 0 counties, as follows: B a t h 3, Bullitt 2, Butler z , Carter 3 . Crittenden 2, Edmondson I , Estill 4, Greenup 26, Hancock I, Hopkins 2, Laurel 4, Lincoln I, Slontgomery I, Morgan I, hluhlenberg 7 , Nelson 2 , Owsley 2, Powell I , Pulaski 2, Whitley 3. T h e geological formations represented were mainly t h e Coal Measures a n d t h e Devonian, with some from t h e "Sub-Carboniferous" of Owen, or Mississippian, a n d t h e Silurian. T h e kinds of ore were various, including kidney ore, oolitic ore, massive kinds, black b a n d ? block ore a n d t w o samples which would better have been classed a s ferruginous limestones. Probably most of t h e block ores should not have been included because, in these, t h e proportion of ferric oxid often exceeds t h a t of ferrous carbonate. T h e whole tabulation would occupy too much space here. Inspection of i t brings o u t t h e following facts:
A NOTE ON THE UTILIZATION OF MUDS AND SCUMS FROM SUGAR REFINERIES By R. F. G A R D I N E R ~ Received March 3, 1914
X description of t h e m u d s a n d scums in t h e sugar refining processes can be found in most works on industrial chemistry. T h o r p says t h a t "these m u d s have been thrown away." T h e possibility of their utilization is now being seriously considered b y some sugar producers, as is shown b y recent correspondence between this laboratory a n d a prominent American sugar producer, who says: " T h e m u d was thrown a w a y for quite a time a n d now we are trying some experiments in drying t h e same for t h e phosphoric acid content." Sample I was analyzed b y t h e a u t h o r ; t h e nitrogen determination was kindly made by 51r. T. C. Trescott, of t h e Bureau of Chemistry. The analysis of Sample 11, b y Plicque, is cited because i t also shows a considerable a m o u n t of water.2 TABLE I-SHOWING
tabulated.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 MgCO3 exceeds per cent CaCO8.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 MgC03 equals per cent CaCOa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MgCOs is less than per cent CaC08.. . . . . . . . . . 13 Insoluble matter exceeds 10 per c e n t . , . . . . . . . . 4 5 CaCOa exceeds 10 per c e n t . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
These last two, of course, are included in t h e thirteen which contain more C a C 0 3 t h a n 5 I g C 0 , . T h e large number containing more t h a n I O per cent insoluble m a t t e r shows t h a t t h e collection includes m a n y i m pure ores. T o gain a general idea of t h e composition of t h e samples in which t h e L'lgc03 predominated over t h e C a C 0 3 , t h e j 7 analyses of this class have been averaged, giving t h e figures in t h e following table, which includes also t h e extreme range of each constituent, all stated as per cent of t h e ore, dried a t 100' C.: COMPOSITION OF 57 SAMPLES Average 60.78 Ferrous carbonate, FeCO3.. . . . . . . . . Ferric oxid, Fez03. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,09 Alumina, A1208.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.40 Calcium carbonate, CaCOs. . . . . . . . . 2. i 1 Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.. , , , , 5.92 Manganous carbonate, MnCO3.. . . . . 1 , 57 Insoluble residue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.36 Combined H20, bituminous matter and undetermined.. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.17 Total., .
Highest 87. 53 51 . 31 5.15
7.25 13.99 5.03 40.88
...
Lowest 20.19 Trace Trace Trace 0.83 0.12
I1 Plicque 52.70 3.50 3.72
...
...
4.77 26.07
In order t o economically recover t h e valuable fertilizer elements, such as phosphoric acid a n d nitrogen, i t will be necessary t o find some satisfactory drying process, for which modern improvements in drying processes m a y offer ultimate success in t h e utilization of' this potentially valuable fertilizer, now entirely lost. BUREAUO F
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOILS,
VV'ASHINGTON
THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON YEAST By
c. B .
C O C H R A N 3 A N D J. H. PERKINS( Received October 17, 19 13
I n t h e esperiments recorded below, t h e yeast was added t o 30 cc. of simple syrup in sterilized test tubes plugged with cotton, raised t o t h e temperatures indicated a n d held there for t h e stated periods of time. T h e tubes mere then placed in a n incubator a n d k e p t a t a temperature of about 3 I O C RESULTING FERMEXTATION Fleischmann's ( b )
... SP. GR. AND
I t is seen th&t t h e proportion of magnesiclm carbonate is more t h a n twice t h a t of t h e calcium carbonate a n d t h a t t h e proportion of manganous carbonate is t h e smaller of t h e three. Calculated t o molecular proportions, t h e relation is I hlnCOa : z C a C 0 3 : j . 1 h l g C 0 3 . It is presumably only a n accident, however, in such a calculation as this, t h a t t h e molecular ratios are almost exactly whole numbers. T h e ratio of calcium carbonate t o magnesium carbonate is I C a C 0 3 to 2.55 M g C 0 3 , which does not differ very far from t h e ratio found in t h e Stearns sample, vis., I CaCOs to 2.66 MgCOa.
&IUD F R O M A S U G A R h I I L L
Percentages Gardiner HzO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.32 Sugar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitrogenous matter. . . . . . . . . . . . N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14 KzO.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trace P?Oj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 3 3 Lime, silica, iron, etc.. . . . . . . . . .
4 .Si
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.00
KENTUCKY AGRICULTURALEXPERIMENT STATION LEXINGTON
COMPOSITIOX OF
I
S O .
Analyses Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent
Yol. 6, No. 6
OF
SYRVP,
Prompt and vigorous
TIME
SP. GR., 1.125.. . . . TIME,5 m i n . . . . . .
$Tl;t Sone
SP. GR., 1.170.. , , . . TIME,30 m i n . . . . . . SP. G R . , 1.125... . . . TIME,30 min. . . . . SP. GR., 1.126(a)... TIME, 15 m i n . . . . . .
Magic(b)
I1,2&3
Active after 2 days h'one
Prompt and vigorous
Slow Slow ! 11,&22 & 3 65 io L'one None (3 70 None Slow I, 2 & 3 68 Sone None I, 2 & 3 72 Sone h70ne ( a ) I n these tests the heat was applied after leaving the yeast in the syrup for 24 hours a t a temperature of about 12' C. ( b ) T o each 30 cc. of syrup, 1 ' 3 2 of a Fleischmann's or 1/16 of a Magic yeast cake was added PHILADELPHIA
i
Scientist in Soil Laboratory Investigations. "Handbook for Planters and Refiners," Lock and Newlands Bros 1888, p. 489. 3 Chemist for The Dairy and Food Department of Pennsylvania. 4 Chief Chemist for The Charles E. Hires Company. 1
2
