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Diverse Metabolite Variations in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves Grown Under Various Shade Conditions Revisited: A Metabolomics Study Hyang-Gi Ji, Yeong-Ran Lee, Min-Seuk Lee, Kyeong-Hwan Hwang, Clara Yongjoo Park, Eun-Hee Kim, Jun Seong Park, and Young-Shick Hong J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04768 • Publication Date (Web): 06 Feb 2018 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 12, 2018

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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

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Diverse Metabolite Variations in Tea (Camellia sinensis L.)

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Leaves Grown Under Various Shade Conditions Revisited: A

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Metabolomics Study

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Hyang-Gi Ji,†,# Yeong-Ran Lee,‡,

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Yongjoo Park,† Eun-Hee Kim,∥ Jun Seong Park,*,‡ and Young-Shick Hong*,†

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†

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500-757, Republic of Korea

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‡

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Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea

#

Min-Seuk Lee,§ Kyeong Hwan Hwang,‡ Clara

Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju

Applied Technology & Research Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si,

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§

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∥Protein

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Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea

Osulloc Tea R&D Center, Osulloc Farm Corporation, Jeju 699-820, Republic of Korea Structure Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon-Gu, Cheongju-Si,

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* Corresponding authors: E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J. S. Park) and

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[email protected] or [email protected] (Y. -S. Hong).

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ACS Paragon Plus Environment


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Abstract

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With increase of tea (Camellia sinensis) consumption, its chemical or metabolite

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compositions play a crucial role in the determination of tea quality. In general,

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metabolite compositions of fresh tea leaves including shoots depend on plucking

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seasons and tea cultivators. Therefore, choosing specific plucking time of tea leaves

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can provide use-specified tea products. Artificial control of tea growing, typically

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shade treatments, can lead to significant changes of the tea metabolite compositions

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of tea. However, metabolic characteristics of tea grown under various shade

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treatments conditions remain unclear. Therefore, the objective of the current study

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was to explore effects of various shade conditions on metabolite compositions of tea

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through 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. It was noteworthy that the levels of

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catechins and their derivatives were only influenced at the initial time of shade

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treatments while most amino acids were upregulated as amounts of shade and

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periods were increased. That is, the levels of alanine, asparagine, aspartate,

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isoleucine, threonine, leucine and valine in fresh tea leaves were conspicuously

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elevated when shade levels were raised from 90 to 100% and when period of shade

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treatments was increased by 20 days. Such increased synthesis of amino acids

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along with large reductions of glucose level reflected carbon starvation under the

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dark conditions, indicating remarkable proteolysis in chloroplast of tea leaves. This

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study provides important information about making amino acid-enhanced tea

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products based on global characteristics of diverse tea leaf metabolites induced by

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various shade treatment conditions.

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KEYWORDS: metabolomics, tea leaf, metabolite, shade, dark

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1. INTRODUCTION

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Tea (Camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in the world.1 It

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contains various constituents, including amino acids, caffeine, and catechins, that

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affect the flavor, taste, and health-promoting properties of tea. Therefore, the quality

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of tea can be determined by its chemical compositions.2, 3 Amino acids in tea are

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associated with its taste of “sweetness”. In particular, theanine provides tea infusion

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with tastes of umami (brothy or savory).4 Indeed, caffeine and catechins are

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responsible for bitter and astringent taste of tea.5, 6 Polyphenol compounds in tea

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also contribute to its functional health properties.7 Typically, epigallocatechin-3-O-

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gallate (EGCG) in tea has shown various health benefits in humans, such as

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antioxidant activity,8 inhibition of cancer,9 and anti-allergic effects.10 Moreover,

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epigallocatechin-(3-O-methyl)-gallate (EGCG3”Me) has even stronger biofunctional

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effects than EGCG.11, 12

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Chemical compositions of tea products are influenced by the age of seeding, plucked

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position of leaves, harvesting season, environmental factors, cultivation methods,

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and processing methods.2, 13, 14 Changing cultivation methods can alter tea tastes or

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qualities. For example, Matcha, a high-quality Japanese ceremonial tea, is a type of

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green tea made from Gyokuro cultivar (C. sinensis var. Yabukita) grown under shade

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treatment conditions.15 It contains lower amounts of catechin derivatives but higher

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proportions of amino acids than normal tea green products such as Sencha green

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tea,2, 16, 17 demonstrating that shade treatment cultivations can affect tea quality and

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global tea metabolite variations are likely to be caused by dark conditions. Recently,

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understanding of metabolic mechanism of tea grown under various conditions has

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been improved due to recent development of metabolomics and analysis of global,

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comprehensive, and not-targeted metabolites coupled with multivariate statistical

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analysis.

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Metabolomics has provided a better understanding of tea metabolism by

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investigating the dependence of tea metabolites on environmental factors, including

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cultivar, soil, climate, and geographical area.18, 19 The influence of shade treatments

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to tea plants on metabolic compositions of infused green tea has also been

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reported.20, 21 However, only tea cultivated under a single level of shading such as

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80 % or 90 % following by green tea processing, has been used to investigate the

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association between shade cultivation and tea metabolisms up to date.20, 21 Metabolic

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characteristics of tea grown under various shade treaments conditions remain

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unclear. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to explore effects of varous

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shade conditions on metabolite compositions of tea through metabolomic approach.

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Fresh tea leaves grown under 90, 95, 98 and 100 % shade levels for 10 and 20 days

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were used in the current study to meticulously examine the metabolic mechanism of

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tea perturbed by shading cultivation through 1H NMR-based metabolomic approach.

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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

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2.1. Chemicals.

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Methanol-d4 (CD3OD, 99.8%), deuterium oxide (D2O, 99.9%), and standard

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chemicals of catechins such as (+)-catechin, (-)-catechin gallate (CG), (-)-epicatechin

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(EC),

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epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), (-)-gallocatechin (GC) and (-)-gallocatechin-3-

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O-gallate (GCG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) while (-)-

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epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)-gallate (EGCG3˝Me) were obtained from Nagara

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Science Co., Ltd. (Gifu, Japan).

(-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate

(ECG),

(-)-epigallocatechin

(EGC),

(-)-

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2.2. Tea Plant Cultivations and Shade Treatments.

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Tea (Camellia sinensis var. Yabukita) plants were cultivated in Seogwang area (33°

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180’ 17.67” N, 126° 17’ 42.97” E), Jeju, Republic of Korea. Shade treatments of tea

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plants were conducted by covering plants with 1, 2, 3, or 4 layers of black

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polytehylene for 10 and 20 days black polyethylene, resulting which in 10, 5, 2, and

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0% of light transmission (corresponding to 90, 95, 98, and 100% shade levels),

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respectively, determined with the digital lux meter TES 1332 (Olympus Imaging

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Corp., Tokyo, Japan). This order was used throughout the remainder of this article.

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Fresh tea leaves were harvested on April 29, 2016 and May 9, 2016 and shade-

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treated for 10 and 20 days, respectively. Fresh tea leaves without shade were

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collected on April 20, April 29, and May 9, 2016, They were served as controls for

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shade treatments to investigate the influence of plucking season on tea leaf

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metabolite variations. All tea leaves in each experimental group were collected at 10

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different parcels of the same tea-growing area to ensure 10 biological replications.

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They were immediately kept on dry ice after plucking and stored at -80 ºC until

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analysis.

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2.3. Extraction and 1H NMR Spectroscopic Analysis of Tea Leaves.

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Tea leaves were extracted following a previously reported method.22 Before grinding,

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tea leaves were separated from their stems by tweezers and scissors and ground

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with mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen. These powders were then transferred

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into plastic tube and kept in a deep freezer. These ground tea leaves were dried at -

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80 ºC for 48 h with a freeze dryer. Freeze-dried samples (10 mg) were dissolved in a

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mixture of methanol-d4 (CD3OD, 490 µL) and deuterium water (D2O, 210 µL) in a 1.5

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mL Eppendorf tube. The mixture was sonicated at 25 ºC for 20 min and centrifuged

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with 13,000 rpm for 15 min at 10 ºC. Then 550 µL supernatant of the extract was

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transferred into 5 mm NMR tube. For 1H NMR spectrum acquisition, the tea leaf

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extract was applied to a Bruker Avance 700 spectrometer (Bruker Biospin GmbH,

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Rheinstetten, Germany) operating at 700.40 MHz 1H frequency and temperature of

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298 K using a cryogenic triple-resonance probe and a Bruker automatic injector. A

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one-dimensional (1D) nuclear Overhauser effect spectrometry (NOESY) pulse

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sequence with water presaturation was used for the 1D NMR spectrum acquisition of

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tea extract. Signal assignment for representative sample was facilitated by two-

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dimensional (2D) total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), heteronuclear single-

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quantum correlation (HSQC), and spiking experiments with standard chemicals.

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Typical assignment or identification of tea leaf metabolites by 2D HSQC was given in

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Fig. S1 in Supporting Information.

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2.4. Multivariate Data Analyses.

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All NMR spectra obtained from tea extracts were corrected manually for their phases 6


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and baseline distortions using TOPSPIN software (Version 3.2, Bruker Biospin

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GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany), transformed into ASCII format, and processed with

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MATLAB (R2010b, The Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA). The icoshift method23 was

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used for alignment of spectra in a full-resolution state without bucketing or binning.

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Afterwards, NMR spectra regions corresponding to methanol (3.37-3.40 ppm) and

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residual water (4.8-4.9 ppm) were removed. Total integral normalization of all NMR

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spectra was carried out to prevent dilution effects for tea leaf extracts. Thereafter, a

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probabilistic quotient normalization was performed.24 These processed data sets

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were imported to SIMCA-P version 14 (Umetrics, Umeå, Sweden), and subjected to

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multivariate analysis using a mean centering scale method. Principal component

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analysis (PCA) as an unsupervised pattern recognition method, was carried out to

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examine intrinsic variations in spectra of tea extracts. Orthogonal projection on latent

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structure-discriminant (OPLS-DA)25 as a supervised pattern recognition method was

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used to obtain maximum information about discriminant compounds in the NMR

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spectra of tea extracts. OPLS-DA loading plots for pairwise comparisons between

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two groups of classes were obtained using MATLAB (The Mathworks, Inc.) with

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scripts developed in-house at Imperial College London, UK. In OPLS-DA loading

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plots, correlation coefficients between variable and the classes was combined the

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back-transformed loadings with the variable weights. Concentration variation and

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discrimination weights between classes in OPLS-DA model corresponded to

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squarded correlation coefficients expressed as color code as described by Cloarec et

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al.26 The validations of OPLS-DA models were conducted by permutation tests

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repeated 200 times with a seven-fold cross-validation. The quality of these models in

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the present study was described by the values of R2X and Q2. R2X is defined as the

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proportion of variance in the data accounted for by these models and indicates a

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goodness of fit for the model. Q2 is defined as the proportion of variance predictable

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by a model and indicates predictability. 7



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2.5. Statistical Analysis.

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Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software (version 21;

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SPSS Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s

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multiple range test was performed to determine significant differences among

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metabolite levels. Relative comparisons of several metabolites’ amounts – peaks of

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which not overlapping with those of other compounds - were examined with integral

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area of peaks in 1D 1H NMR spectra corresponding to metabolites.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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3.1. Identification of Tea Leaf Metabolites by 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Their

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Dependences on Growth in Multivariate Statistical Analysis.

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As shown in Figure 1, 28 tea leaf metabolites were identified by

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spectroscopy. Until tea leaves grew until 20 days under normal condition, decreases

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of theanine, ECG and EGCG levels in tea leaves were noted together with elevated

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levels of EC, EGC, and EGCG3”Me (Figure 1A vs. 1B). Marked increases in levels of

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theanine and several amino acids were observed in tea leaves grown for 20 days

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under 100% shade condition (Figure 1B vs. 1C).

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To investigate perturbations of diverse tea metabolites in response to growth and

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shade treatments, multivariate statistical analysis such as PCA and OPLS-DA were

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employed to all 1H NMR spectra of tea leaves obtained at different growth periods (0

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to 20 days) without shade treatments and from tea leaves with different shade levels

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(90 to 100%) for 10 days and 20 days. PCA score plots exhibited clear

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differentiations among these tea leaves collected at 0, 10 days, and 20 days without

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shade treatments (Figure 2A). Those of tea leaves treated with 100 % shade level

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both for 10 days and 20 days were also differentiated from tea leaves before shade

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treatments. The variation along with PC1 (68%) axis was predominantly dependent

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on the difference in shade level (0% vs. 100%). On the other hand, PC2 (12%) was

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predominantly dependent on the growing period (0 day vs. 10 or 20 days), although

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variations of metabolite profiles between 10 days and 20 days were smaller than

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those between 0 and 10 or 20 days. In addition, intrinsic variation of 10 or 20 days

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was larger than that of 0 day.

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Comprehensive metabolite datasets from all tea leaves were depicted in OPLS-DA

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score plots as they grew under different shade treatment levels, demonstrating

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dependence of tea leaf metabolome on both shade period and level (Figure 2B). 9


1

H NMR


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Validation of the OPLS-DA plot through permutation test in the PLS-DA model with

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the same number of predictive components was provided in Fig. S2 in the Supporting

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Information.

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To accurately and effectively identify tea leaf metabolites in tea leaves responsible for

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metabolic differentiations according to tea growth period and shade treatment,

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pairwise OPLS-DA models with tea leaves between two growing conditions, for

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example, tea leaves cultivated for 0 day and for 10 days without shade treatment,

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were generated with corresponding 1H NMR spectra (Figure 3A and 3C). These

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models clearly differentiated tea leaves collected at day 0 and after 10 days (Figure

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3A and 3C) as well as at day 0 and after 20 days (Figure 3B and 3D) with good

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fitness indices (R2X = 0.72 and 0.79, respectively) along with high predictabilities (Q2

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= 0.97 and 0.99, respectively). These results were validated by the permutation tests

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in corresponding PLS-DA models (data not shown).

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Paired OPLS-DA loading plots (Figure 3C and 3D) provided tea leaf metabolites

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responsible for metabolic differentiations observed in their corresponding OPLS-DA

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score plots (Figure 3A and 3B). The OPLS-DA loading plot derived from whole 1H

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NMR spectra of tea leaves collected at day 0 and after 10 days without shade

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treatment showed elevated levels of quinate, GABA, EC, EGC, GC, EGCG3”Me,

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glucose, and sucrose in tea leaves grown for 10 days than those collected at 0 day,

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along with reduced levels of alanine, theanine, ECG, EGCG, caffeine, theogallin and

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gallate after 10 days growth without shade treatments (Figure 3C). These changes in

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tea leaves were similar to results observed after growth for 20 days (Figure 3D),

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consistent with results of previous studies14,

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metabolites in tea leaves changed when tea plants grew under normal conditions.

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showing that levels of common

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3.2. Dependence of Global Tea Metabolites on Shade Treatments. 10


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Chemical or metabolite compositions of tea leaves strongly affect tea quality and vary

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according to tea growth and plucking positions.29, 30 Amounts of theanine and several

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catechin derivatives in fresh tea leaves typically decrease and increase, respectively,

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as tea leaves age.14,31 Moreover, geographical and climatic dependencies of these

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tea leaf metabolites13, 18 as well as associations of metabolites with growing altitude32

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and season33 have also been reported. Such tea leaf metabolites variations are

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consequences of natural environmental conditions. Nevertheless, tea growers and

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tea product manufacturers still invest in efforts for teas to obtain high quality teas

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through selecting harvesting times or seasons as well as through the development of

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new tea cultivars.19 Artificial cultivation of tea plants is another endeavor to obtain

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special tea products with improved tea tastes and enhanced health properties,

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including modification of temperature during tea growing34 most typically via shade

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treatments. However, in studies with tea products such as green and black tea,

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precise characterization with biological replication for metabolic influence of any

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growth condition in plant could not be guaranteed, if corresponding fresh tea leaves

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are not collected from independent parcels of the tea growing area. Moreover, when

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processed tea products are used, individual process step for tea products must be

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repeated to ensure independent analysis.

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To date, almost all studies evaluating the effect of shade treatments on chemical

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compositions of tea have utilized minimally processed tea leaves such as green tea,

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Matcha, or Tencha20, 21 rather than using fresh tea leaves. In these cases, significant

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changes in chemical or metabolite compositions of tea leaves could be affected by

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complicated reasons of environmental factors or cultivation methods and processing

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methods during even minimal process for producing various tea types. For each

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experimental condition in the present study, fresh tea leaves collected from 10

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different or independent parcels at the same tea growing area were used and placed

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immediately on dry ice following plucking to guarantee 10 biological replications while 11



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coping with metabolic variations in processes for producing various tea-based

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products.

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Figure 4 shows representative OPLS-DA models for the identification of fresh tea leaf

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metabolites changed by shades with before-after comparisons for 100% shade level

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treatments after 10 days (Figure 4A and 4E) and 20 days (Figure 4B and 4F). It

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reflects effects of shade treatments on the development of tea leaf metabolites during

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the growth of tea plants under shade condition. Metabolic perturbations in tea leaves

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affected solely by shade treatments were also investigated by comparing them with

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those grown under normal condition or without shade treatment for 10 days (Figure

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4C and 4G) and 20 days (Figure 4D and 4H). According to high R2X and Q2 values,

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all OPLS-DA models had good fitness and strong predictability, respectively. They

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reflected significant changes of tea leaf metabolites according to shade period and

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shade intensities.

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In the OPLS-DA loading plot of 1H NMR spectra from tea leaves grown under 100 %

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shade-level treatment for 10 days compared to those collected at day 0 (Figure 4E),

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increased levels of caffeine, choline, glucose, sucrose, asparagine, aspartate,

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alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, GABA, threonine and theanine were observed,

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along with decreased levels of theogallin, theobromine, quinate, gallate, catechin,

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EC, ECG, EGC, and EGCG in tea leaves grown under 100% of shade. These results

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were similar to results of the OPLS-DA model for tea leaves collected at day 0 and

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grown under 100% shade condition for 20 days (Figure 4F). Interestingly, changes in

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levels of tea leaf metabolites during growth under shade conditions were clearly

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different from those of tea leaves grown under the normal conditions as shown in

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Figure 3.

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In the comparison of the influence of shade treatments with identical growth period,

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the OPLS-DA model exhibited increased levels of caffeine, theobromine, choline, 12


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theogallin, gallate, sucrose, asparagine, aspartate, alanine, leucine, isoleucine,

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valine, GABA, threonine, theanine, ECG, and EGCG in tea leaves grown for 10 days

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without shade treatment, compared to those in the levels grown for 10 days with

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100% shade level, while decreased levels of quinate, glucose, catechin, EC, EGC,

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GC, and EGCG3”Me were evident in tea leaves grown under 100% shade condition

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(Figure 4G). Shade treatments for 20 days caused similar metabolic perturbations as

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those for 10 days (Figure 4H). However, differences in ECG and EGCG levels were

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not statistically significant.

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In general, tea leaves grown under shaded or dark conditions contain less catechin

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derivatives but more rich in amino acids,35, 36 consistent with results of the present

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study. Decreased gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) which

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synthesizes precursors of catechin derivatives using phenylalanine has been

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reported in tea grown under shade conditions,36 and consequently resulting in

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reduction in catechin synthesis.35

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Results of the current study revealed that individual catechin derivatives in tea leaves

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were differently influenced by shade treatments. For example, the synthesis of

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catechin, EC, EGC, EGCG3”Me, and GC was decreased in tea leaves with shade

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treatments as compared to that in untreated tea leaves (Figure 5). The synthesis of

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EGCG, but not ECG, was increased by shade treatment. These changes of tea

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metabolites by shade treatments are well-known through studies using green tea

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instead of fresh tea leaves.20,

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perturbations for different levels of shade treatments in tea leaves is currently

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unclear. In the present study, the synthesis of these catechin derivatives after the first

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exposure to shade was independent from shade period or shade level. For example,

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marked reductions of EC, EGC, EGCG3”Me, and GC levels were observed in tea

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leaves grown with 90% shade levels. However, levels of these metabolites did not

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change in tea leaves grown with 95, 98 or 100% shade level (Figure 5). Such

21

The empirical evidence about metabolic

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phenomena were observed in tea leaves shaded for 10 and 20 days. This indicates

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that expression levels of genes involved in the synthesis of catechin derivatives

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might be mostly susceptible to light at the beginning of dark. Moreover, the

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conversion of theanine to catechin derivatives by shade treatment might have been

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decreased because theanine is incorporated into catechin generally under a light or

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bright environment.37 Further study is needed to confirm the conversion of theanine

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into catechin at molecular level. As expected, theanine levels were largely increased

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by shade treatments. However, they did not change after the first shade exposure or

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90% shade treatment for 10 days or 20 days (Figure 5X). Indeed, unique

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accumulations of alanine positively correlated with theanine levels in tea leaves

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during shading (90 to 100%) were noted. This positive correlation between alanine

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and theanine levels

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affected by sunlight. It was particularly noteworthy that amounts of amino acids such

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as leucine, isoleucine, valine, alanine, threonine, asparagine, and aspartate were

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positively associated with both shade period and level, as evidenced by their

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continuous and marked increases with shade treatments (Figures 5 and 6). High

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amino acid levels under dark conditions have also been reported in tea and maize

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plants, resulting from protein degradation due to carbohydrate starvation without

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dark.35, 38 It has been recently observed that the accumulation of free amino acids in

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dark-treated tea leaves is due to proteolysis in chloroplasts.39 In the present study,

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large reductions of glucose levels and accumulations of amino acids in shade-treated

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tea leaves likely reflect carbon starvation-derived proteolysis of chloroplast proteins

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which can lead to amino acid accumulation. In conclusion, through 1H NMR analysis

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coupled with multivariate statistical datasets, the current study demonstrated

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variations in a wide range of tea metabolites when tea grew under various conditions

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of shade treatments with different shading levels and periods. Levels of catechins

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and their derivatives in tea leaves during growth under various shade conditions

might indicate that theanine synthesis from alanine is not

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were influenced only at the beginning of shade treatments. However, the synthesis of

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most amino acids continuously rose as shade periods and intensities were increased

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due to carbon starvation which ensued acceleration of proteolysis in chloroplasts of

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tea leaves. Through better and global understanding of tea plant metabolic

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physiology by using NMR-based metabolomics analysis, the present study provides

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important information about the determination of tea plucking time and development

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of amino acids-enhanced tea products.

331 332 333 334

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ASSOCIATED CONTENT

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Figure S1. Two-dimensional (2D) 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectrum of fresh tea leaves.

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The 2D contour plot corresponds to the 1D spectrum acquired using a

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NOESYPRESAT pulse sequence. Figure S2. Permutation plot with 200 times tests

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for validation of the OPLS-DA model.

340 341 342

AUTHOR INFORMATION

343

Corresponding author

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*Y.-S.H.

345

Phone, (82) 62 530 1331; fax, (82) 62 530 1339;

346

Email: [email protected] or [email protected].

347

*J.S.P.

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Phone, (82) 31 280 5802;

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Email: [email protected].

350 351

Author Contributions

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#

353

Notes

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

H.-G.J. and Y.-R.L. contributed equally to this work

355 356

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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We would like to thank the Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) for providing

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excellent technical assistance with 700 MHz NMR experiments.

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Figure captions

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Figure 1. Representative 700 MHz 1H NMR spectra of tea leaves harvested at day 0

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(A), at 20 days under normal condition (B), and at 20 days under 100% shade levels

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(C). Ara, 2-O-(β-L-Arabinopyranosyl)-myo-inositol; Val, valine; Leu, leucine; Ile,

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isoleucine; CG, catechin gallate; EC, epicatechin; EGC, epigallocatechin; ECG,

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epicatechin gallate; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate; GABA,

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gallocatechin.

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Figure 2. Principal component analysis (PCA, A) and orthogonal projection on latent

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structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA, B) score plots derived from 1H NMR

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spectra of tea leaves plucked at different growth periods (0 – 20 days) and grown

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under different levels of shade treatments (90 – 100% shade).

371

Figure 3. OPLS-DA scores (A – B) and loadings (C – D) plots derived from 1H NMR

372

spectra of tea leaf extracts, providing pairs for metabolic comparison between tea

373

leaves grown for day 0 and 10 days without shade treatments (A and C) and

374

between tea grown for day 0 and 20 days without shade treatments (B and D). Ara,

375

2-O-(β-L-Arabinopyranosyl)-myo-inositol; EC, epicatechin; EGC, epigallocatechin;

376

ECG, epicatechin gallate; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate; GABA, γ-aminobutyrate;

377

GC, gallocatechin.

378

Figure 4. OPLS-DA scores (A – D) and loadings (E – H) plots derived from 1H NMR

379

spectra of tea leaf extracts, providing pairs for metabolic comparison between tea

380

leaves grown for day 0 and with 100% shade levels for 10 days (A and E), grown for

381

day 0 and with 100% shade levels for 20 days (B and F), grown for 10 days and with

382

100% shade levels for 10 days (C and G), and grown for 20 days and with 100%

383

shade levels for 20 days (D and H). Ara, 2-O-(β-L-Arabinopyranosyl)-myo-inositol;

384

Asn, asparagin; Asp, aspartate; Val, valine; Leu, leucine; Ile, isoleucine; EC,

385

epicatechin;

386

epigallocatechin gallate; GABA, γ-aminobutyrate; GC, gallocatechin.

387

Figure 5. Variations of individual metabolites from tea leaves grown for different

388

periods (0 – 20 days) and under different shade treatments (90 – 100% shade). Ara,

389

2-O-(β-L-Arabinopyranosyl)-myo-inositol; Val, valine; Leu, leucine; Ile, isoleucine; EC,

390

epicatechin;

391

epigallocatechin gallate; GABA, γ-aminobutyrate; GC, gallocatechin.

EGC,

EGC,

epigallocatechin;

ECG,

epigallocatechin;

ECG,

epicatechin

epicatechin

17


-aminobutyrate; GC,

gallate;

gallate;

EGCG,

EGCG,


392

Figure 6. Schematic illustration of the metabolic pathway changed in the tea leaves

393

according to shade period (10 and 20 days) and shade level (90 – 100% shade). P,

394

Proteins.

18


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Figure 4.

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Figure 5.

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