Activated Carbons Prepared from a Broad Range of Residual

Subscriber access provided by University of Newcastle, Australia

Article

Activated carbons prepared from a broad range of residual agricultural biomass tested for xylene abatement in gas phase Gerardo Juan Francisco Cruz, Lenka Kubo#ová, Dorian Yasser Aguirre, Lenka Mat#jová, Pavlína Peikertová, Ivana Troppová, Erik Cegmed, Anna Wach, Piotr Kustrowski, Monica Marcela Gomez, and Lucie Obalova ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.6b02703 • Publication Date (Web): 20 Jan 2017 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on January 26, 2017

Just Accepted “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides “Just Accepted” as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. “Just Accepted” manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. “Just Accepted” manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). “Just Accepted” is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the “Just Accepted” Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the “Just Accepted” Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these “Just Accepted” manuscripts.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Published by American Chemical Society. Copyright © American Chemical Society. However, no copyright claim is made to original U.S. Government works, or works produced by employees of any Commonwealth realm Crown government in the course of their duties.

Page 1 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

Activated carbons prepared from a broad range of residual agricultural biomass tested for xylene abatement in gas phase

Gerardo Juan Francisco Cruz†, Lenka Kuboňová‡, Dorian Yasser Aguirre†, Lenka Matějová‡, Pavlína Peikertová‡, Ivana Troppová‡, Erik Cegmed‡, Anna Wach§, Piotr Kustrowski§, Monica Marcela Gomez£, Lucie Obalová*‡

†

Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, Laboratorio de Análisis Ambiental, Av. Universitaria s/n,

Campus Universitario – Pampa Grande, Tumbes, Perú ‡

Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu

15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic §

Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland

£

Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ciencias, Av. Tupac Amaru 210, Lima 25,

Peru

*Corresponding author: [email protected], Phone: +420 596 997 300

Abstract The environmental problems in Peru arise with waste management of the residual agricultural biomass. In our international research cooperation, nine different agricultural wastes from Peru were used as renewable sources to produce activated carbons which were tested in gasphase xylene adsorption. The special properties of agro-waste activated carbons are very large mesopore surface area, narrow pore size distribution within microporous-mesoporous region and slightly acid character with the presence of oxygen-containing surface groups. The textural, structural and surface properties of nine agro-waste activated carbons were correlated 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 2 of 24

with their adsorption capacities in xylene adsorption and compared with a commercial activated carbon made of black coal. Adsorption capacities of agro-waste activated carbons were in the range 371–115 mgxylene/gAC whereas it was 214 mgxylene/gAC for black coal activated carbon. Higher adsorption capacities of ACs can be assigned to the synergism of their textural properties (larger mesopore surface area and higher micropore volume related to total pore volume) and their surface properties (lower content of surface oxygen functional groups related to lower acidic character and higher π-π* transitions in aromatic rings resulting in less defects within graphitic structure).

Keywords: residual agricultural biomass; carbonization; activated carbon; adsorption; xylene abatement

Introduction Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are compounds having vapor tensions at 250 °C equal or higher than 101.3 kPa. VOCs are important pollutants with harmful effects on human health. A major part of the organic pollutants comes mainly from technological processes and operations using volatile organic solvents such as painting, dyeing and printing processes. Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used in industry and medical technology as a solvent. Xylene is also present in gasoline and in waste gas from paint lines. Health and safety authorities in most countries recommend a threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm in the working environment. Recently, the amount of the major metabolite of xylene in urine, methylhippuric acid (MHA), has been recommended as better indicator of xylene exposure. Xylene vapors are absorbed rapidly from the lungs, and xylene liquid and vapor are absorbed slowly through the skin. About 95% of the xylene absorbed is metabolized in the liver to MHA and 70 to 80% of metabolites are excreted in the urine within 24 hours. At high

2 ACS Paragon Plus Environment

Page 3 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


concentrations, xylene acts as a narcotic, inducing neuropsychological and neurophysiological dysfunction. Respiratory tract symptoms are also frequent. More chronic, occupational exposure has been associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia.1 Currently, a wide range of methods to reduce the VOC emission is known. Nondestructive methods which allow recovering the eliminated VOCs include adsorption, absorption, condensation and membrane separation. On the other hand, destructive methods such as thermal, catalytic and photocatalytic oxidation, biofiltration and plasma technology convert VOCs into smaller molecular weight species.2-5 The major advantage of using adsorption is that the VOCs can be recovered for appropriate disposal and the sorbent may be reused. Activated carbons (ACs) are known as low-cost adsorbents with high efficiency in adsorption of both polar and non-polar VOC molecules. One of the main concerns in the AC production is the use of non-renewable precursor such as coal to be used for environmental application instead of to be used for energy production. Based on their content of carbonaceous compounds the agro-wastes have been used as convenient raw materials for production of high quality AC for different environmental applications even for VOC abatement.6-8 Peru is a country mainly agricultural with high production of fruits, cereals and different vegetables for internal and exportation markets. The environmental problems related to the management of the residual agricultural biomass have become a focus of social and government alarms. The inadequate disposal and the open field burning of these materials produce different pollutants, affecting mainly the air and soil quality and the surrounding population. The research of new renewable precursors for production of AC with highly microporous-mesoporous structure and adsorption capacities comparable with commercial



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 4 of 24

adsorbents is still an important issue to investigate it for industrial applications in water and air treatment. In that framework, the present research has the following objectives: To produce ACs with highly microporous-mesoporous structure from a wide range of residual agricultural biomasses. To explore textural, surface and structural characteristics of the produced adsorbents activated carbons. To investigate the produced adsorbents for xylene adsorption and determine the influence of their characteristics on their adsorption capacities.

Materials and Methods Reagents All chemicals used in the AC preparation were reagent grade. ZnCl2 was EMSURE ACS, ISO, Reag. Ph Eur, provided by Merck

Activated carbon production To produce activated carbons, raw materials were collected in the agricultural areas in Piura and Tumbes in Peru. The raw materials were washed with potable water and then dried at 80 °C until constant weight was reached. The dried raw materials were ground and sieved to obtain 0.5–1 mm particle-size. The sieved raw materials were chemically activated with ZnCl2 in dry conditions. Perhaps there are a wide range of chemicals activator (such as KOH, K2CO3, H2SO4, etc) in our previous study,9 ZnCl2 was determined as the most effective chemical activator producing better textural and adsorptive properties in the activated carbon at relative low temperatures (around 600 °C or less). Raw materials were mixed with ZnCl2 in a proportion 1/1 (raw


Page 5 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


material/chemical reagent) and then put in a ceramic reactor in a horizontal oven. The activation and carbonization were carried out in a single step in presence of N2 flow (150 ml/min), heated up in the oven until 600 °C was reached with a temperature ramp of 10 °C/min. The carbonization time was 2 h and then the material was cooled by keeping in the inert atmosphere. Finally, the carbonized materials were washed with a 0.15 M hydrochloride acid solution then with boiled and room temperature distilled water according to Figure S1. Based on the previous textural comparison of agro-waste activated carbons10 corncob was selected to be used in further experiments related to surface modifications. HCl and KOH treatment was carried out during the wash step to do the surface modifications (Figure S1). Prepared activated carbons were codified as follows: RMS-AC, red mombin seed activated carbon; GS-AC, ice-cream bean activated carbon; CPH-AC, cocoa pod husk activated carbon; CH-AC, coffee husk activated carbon; MSEP-AC, mango seed external part activated carbon; MSIP-AC mango seed internal part activated carbon; and CC-AC, corncob activated carbon. Modified activated carbons made of corncob were codified as CC-AC/KOH and CC-AC/HCl for the ACs modified with KOH and HCl, respectively. One commercial AC made from black coal codified as BC-AC (provided by Resorbent, s.r.o. in Ostrava, Czech Republic, with the commercial name MA C6 D40 CZ), was used to compare the properties of the investigated produced adsorbents.

Characterization of activated carbons Textural properties of ACs were evaluated from nitrogen physisorption. The nitrogen adsorption−desorption measurements at −196°C were performed using the 3Flex instrument (Micromeritics, USA). Prior to the nitrogen physisorption measurements, the ACs (of 3.15– 5.6 mm particle-size) were degassed at 300 °C for 48 h under vacuum less than 1 Pa. The specific surface area, SBET, was calculated according to the classical Brunauer–Emmett–Teller



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 6 of 24

(BET) theory for the p/p0 range = 0.05–0.25.11 As SBET is not such a proper parameter in the case of mesoporous solids containing micropores,11-12 the mesopore surface area, Smeso, and the micropore volume, Vmicro, were also evaluated from t-plot method,13 using Carbon Black STSA standard isotherm.14 The total pore volume, Vnet, was determined from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm at p/p0 (~0.99). The mesopore-size distribution was evaluated from the adsorption branch of the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm by the Barrett–Joyner– Halenda (BJH) method15 via the Roberts algorithm16, using the Carbon Black STSA standard isotherm with Faas correction. The micropore-size distribution was evaluated from the lowpressure part of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm (10-7< p/p0 RMS-AC ≈ CC-AC/HCl ≈ CC-AC/KOH with adsorption capacities in the range 371–319 mg/g, ii) MSEP-AC ≈ CH-AC ≈ BC-AC with adsorption capacities in the range 231–214 mg/g and iii) CPH-AC > MSIP-AC > GS-AC with adsorption capacities in the range 178–115 mg/g.


Page 15 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Correlation of physicochemical properties of activated carbons and their adsorption capacities The adsorption capacity of ACs depends on different factors as described by Figueiredo et al.32 In the case of the gas-phase adsorption, the controlling factors are i) properties of ACs such as texture (surface area, pore-size distribution) and surface chemistry (functional groups) and ii) properties of adsorptive such as molecular weight, polarity, molecular size and functional groups. In our previous study,33 the critical molecular dimensions (MIN-1 as the minimum dimension through a molecule and MIN-2 as the second minimum dimension through a molecule perpendicular to MIN-1) of xylene isomers were determined via DFT modelling. By considering the molecular size of: i) p-xylene: MIN-1=0.451 nm, MIN-2=0.701 nm, ii) mxylene: MIN-1=0.411 nm, MIN-2=0.734 nm and iii) o-xylene: MIN-1=0.412 nm, MIN2=0.780 nm, the access of xylene isomers to micropores of ACs is limited. When the xylene isomers are appropriately oriented, the xylene adsorption may be possible in all tested ACs by considering the dimensions of MIN-1 of xylene isomers. More interesting parameter is Vmicro/Vnet ratio as the most active sample CC-AC has the highest volume of micropores with respect to total pore volume (not considering BC-AC) and visa-versa for GS-AC with the lowest adsorption capacity. However, there is not so straightforward correlation among Vmicro/Vnet ratios and adsorption capacities for the rest of ACs. Even though, the adsorption of xylene isomers can possibly occur in micropores of agro-waste activated carbons, we propose that it is not the prevailing parameter for different adsorption capacities of ACs. As concluded in our previous research,33 higher adsorption capacity of black-coal ACs can be ascribed to larger mesopore surface area as one of AC properties. The correlation data of adsorption capacities and mesopore surface areas of ACs can be divided in 2 group



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 16 of 24

clusters: i) RMS-AC, CC-AC/HCl, CC-AC/KOH and ii) CH-AC, BC-AC, CPH-AC and MSIP-AC. The first group of ACs confirm that their adsorption capacities increased with their larger mesopore surface areas in comparison with the second group of ACs. Beyond this distribution is CC-AC which should have the largest mesopore surface area and MSEP-AC which has the adsorption capacity like CH-AC and BC-AC, however, its mesopore surface area is more than twice larger. Therefore, there must be other reasons for these exceptions. There are two types of interactions between the adsorbate and the activated carbon: electrostatic and dispersive. As for nonionic compounds, such as xylene, the dispersive interactions predominate. There are three mechanisms of dispersive interactions between the adsorptive and the activated carbon: i) π- π dispersion interaction between the basal plane of adsorbent and the aromatic ring of adsorbate, ii) H-bonding formation between the adsorbate and surface functional groups and iii) electron donor-acceptor complexes between AC surface and the aromatic ring of adsorbate.32, 34 Adsorbent with basic surface properties performs generally better for the adsorption of nonionic compounds. In the case of adsorption from liquid phase, the pH of solution controls the electrostatic interactions between an adsorbent and an adsorptive as well as dissociation or ionization of an adsorptive. Therefore, the value of pHZPC is considered to be a crucial parameter in aqueous adsorption system, however, is not a leading parameter in gas phase adsorption.32 More important is the presence of acid and basic functional groups on AC surface defined by XPS and FTIR analyses. The basic character of activated carbons primarily comes from a high density of delocalized π-electrons on polyaromatic basal plane sheets.34 Acid oxygen-containing surface groups decrease the adsorption of organic compounds as described in aqueous systems.32 The increase of oxygen-containing surface groups increase the surface hydrophilicity and so decrease the hydrophobic interactions as in the case of xylene


Page 17 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


adsorption. Another explanation is based on the possible adsorption mechanism of xylene on the surface of AC by π-π bonding mechanism. Xylene acting as π-donors interacts with πacceptors areas of graphite surface. The species that are bonded to the graphitic edges of AC (i.e. oxygen functional groups) can cause a disturbance in the electron density of the xylene basal plane. Such electron-withdrawing groups will influence the π electron distribution resulting in the decrease of adsorption potential of the carbon surface.35 In our study, the content of surface oxygen functional groups was determined by XPS. In general, higher content of surface oxygen functional groups, lower adsorption capacity of the AC in adsorption of xylene.36 CC-AC which showed the highest adsorption capacity exhibits the lowest content of surface oxygen functional groups (7.44 at%), while GS-AC showed the lowest adsorption capacity and the highest content of surface oxygen functional groups (21.08 at%). Higher content of surface oxygen functional groups is in a good agreement with lower π-π* transitions in aromatic rings defined by XPS. Xylene is a hydrophobic organic volatile compound; therefore, it is obvious that the presence of water in the adsorbent surface can affect negatively its adsorption as in the case of the sample GS-AC with the lowest adsorption capacity and the highest content of adsorbed water. BC-AC (9.35 at%) showed a content of surface oxygen groups slightly higher than CC-AC and CC-AC/HCl but lower that the rest of the ACs. BC-AC with the highest ID/IG ratio (1.068) proposes that more defects in the structure are not beneficial for the xylene sorption on AC surface. Together with the smallest mesopore surface area of BC-AC (219 m2/g) compare with the rest of the ACs with higher adsorption capacities these could be the reasons for its lower adsorption capacity. The modification of CC-AC by acid (CC-AC/HCl) or following basic (CC-AC/KOH) treatment did not lead to the significant increase of adsorption capacity of the CC-AC,



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Page 18 of 24

however, the adsorption capacities are very similar ones to CC-AC. CC-AC/KOH has the least defects according to ID/IG ratio (0.649) defined by Raman spectroscopy and one of the largest mesopore surface area (718 m2/g) which should lead to the highest xylene adsorption. On the other hand, the non-modified CC-AC showed the least presence of acidic groups (OH, C=O, C-O-C, COOH and COOR), lower content of surface oxygen groups and the highest π-π* transitions in aromatic rings which are the beneficial characteristics for the highest performance of CC-AC in xylene sorption. In summary, the main differences between the AC with highest / lowest adsorption capacity are: i)

the influence of mesopore surface area on adsorption capacity of ACs was the most obvious for the most active ACs such as RMS-AC, CC-AC/HCl and CCAC/KOH, however, not for CC-AC,

ii)

the most active CC-AC has the highest volume of micropores with respect to total pore volume (Vmicro/Vnet), the lowest content of surface oxygen functional groups so that the least acidic character and the highest π-π* transitions in aromatic rings,

iii)

the least active GS-AC has the lowest Vmicro/Vnet ratio, the highest content of surface oxygen functional groups with the highest content of surface water, the highest ID/IG ratio (not considering BC-AC) and one of the lowest π-π* transitions in aromatic rings showing more defects in graphitic structure.

Supporting Information The results described in the main text of the article are presented in graphs and tables: Figure S1: The schematic diagram of the preparation of activated carbons. Figure S2: The layout of adsorption unit. Table S1, Figures S3 and S4: The textural properties of activated carbons.


Page 19 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


Figures S5 and S6, Table S2: The FTIR analysis of activated carbons. Figures S7, S8 and Table S3: The Raman spectroscopy of activated carbons. Tables S4 and S5: The XPS of activated carbons. Figures S9, S10 and Table S6: The xylene adsorption experiments.

Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by EU structural funding Operational Programme Research and Development for Innovation project No. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/19.0388. VŠBTechnical University of Ostrava within Institutional development project “Development of International Cooperation of IET” is gratefully acknowledged. National University of Tumbes provided important financial support for the activated carbons production (CANON founding).

References 1.

Langman, J. M., Xylene: Its toxicity, measurement of exposure levels, absorption,

metabolism and clearance. Pathology - Journal of the RCPA 1994, 26 (3), 301-309. 2.

Sidheswaran, M. A.; Destaillats, H.; Sullivan, D. P.; Cohn, S.; Fisk, W. J., Energy

efficient indoor VOC air cleaning with activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters. Build Environ 2012, 47, 357-367. 3.

Strots, V. O.; Bunimovich, G. A.; Matros, Y. S., Base metal catalysts for VOC

oxidation. Pollut Eng 2002, 34 (7), 14-17. 4.

Tsai, J.-H.; Chiang, H.-M.; Huang, G.-Y.; Chiang, H.-L., Adsorption characteristics of

acetone, chloroform and acetonitrile on sludge-derived adsorbent, commercial granular activated carbon and activated carbon fibers. J Hazard Mater 2008, 154 (1–3), 1183-1191. 5.

Lu, C. Y.; Wey, M. Y., Simultaneous removal of VOC and NO by activated carbon

impregnated with transition metal catalysts in combustion flue gas. Fuel Process Technol 2007, 88 (6), 557-567.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

6.

Page 20 of 24

Cardoso, B.; Mestre, A. S.; Carvalho, A. P.; Pires, J., Activated carbon derived from

cork powder waste by KOH activation: Preparation, characterization, and VOCs adsorption. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008, 47 (16), 5841-5846. 7.

Tham, Y. J.; Latif, P. A.; Abdullah, A. M.; Shamala-Devi, A.; Taufiq-Yap, Y. H.,

Performances of toluene removal by activated carbon derived from durian shell. Bioresource Technol 2011, 102 (2), 724-728. 8.

Li, L.; Liu, S.; Liu, J., Surface modification of coconut shell based activated carbon

for the improvement of hydrophobic VOC removal. J Hazard Mater 2011, 192 (2), 683-690. 9.

Cruz, G.; Pirilä, M.; Huuhtanen, M.; Carrión, L.; Alvarenga, E.; Keiski, R. L.; ,

Production of activated carbon from Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Pod Husk. Journal Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012, 2 (2), 1-6. 10.

Cruz, G. J. F.; Matejova, L.; Pirila, M.; Ainassaari, K.; Canepa, C. A.; Solis, J.; Cruz,

J. F.; Solcova, O.; Keiski, R. L., A Comparative Study on Activated Carbons Derived from a Broad Range of Agro-industrial Wastes in Removal of Large-Molecular-Size Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Phase. Water Air Soil Poll 2015, 226 (7). 11.

Brunauer, S.; Emmett, P. H.; Teller, E., Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular

Layers. J Am Chem Soc 1938, 60 (2), 309-319. 12.

Gregg, S. J.; Sing, K. S. W., Adsorption, surface area, and porosity. Academic Press:

London; New York, 1982. 13.

Deboer, J. H.; Lippens, B. C.; Linsen, B. G.; Broekhof.Jc; Vandenhe.A; Osinga, T. J.,

T-Curve of Multimolecular N2-Adsorption. J Colloid Interf Sci 1966, 21 (4), 405-&. 14.

Micromeritics Micromeritics software within 3Flex Instrument, 2016.

15.

Barrett, E. P.; Joyner, L. G.; Halenda, P. P., The Determination of Pore Volume and

Area Distributions in Porous Substances. I. Computations from Nitrogen Isotherms. J Am Chem Soc 1951, 73 (1), 373-380. 16.

Roberts, B. F., A Procedure for Estimating Pore Volume and Area Distributions from

Sorption Isotherms. J Colloid Interf Sci 1967, 23 (2), 266-&. 17.

Horvath, G.; Kawazoe, K., Method for the Calculation of Effective Pore-Size

Distribution in Molecular-Sieve Carbon. J Chem Eng Jpn 1983, 16 (6), 470-475. 18.

Lua, A. C.; Yang, T., Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut

shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions. J Colloid Interf Sci 2005, 290 (2), 505-513.


Page 21 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


19.

Tsai, W. T.; Chang, C. Y.; Lin, M. C.; Chien, S. F.; Sun, H. F.; Hsieh, M. F.,

Adsorption of acid dye onto activated carbons prepared from agricultural waste bagasse by ZnCl2 activation. Chemosphere 2001, 45 (1), 51-58. 20.

Mohammadi, S. Z.; Karimi, M. A.; Afzali, D.; Mansouri, F., Removal of Pb(II) from

aqueous solutions using activated carbon from Sea-buckthorn stones by chemical activation. Desalination 2010, 262 (1-3), 86-93. 21.

Angin, D., Production and characterization of activated carbon from sour cherry stones

by zinc chloride. Fuel 2014, 115, 804-811. 22.

Alabadi, A.; Razzaque, S.; Yang, Y. W.; Chen, S.; Tan, B., Highly porous activated

carbon materials from carbonized biomass with high CO2 capturing capacity. Chem Eng J 2015, 281, 606-612. 23.

Inal, I. I. G.; Holmes, S. M.; Banford, A.; Aktas, Z., The performance of

supercapacitor electrodes developed from chemically activated carbon produced from waste tea. Appl Surf Sci 2015, 357, 696-703. 24.

Kumar, A.; Jena, H. M., High surface area microporous activated carbons prepared

from Fox nut (Euryale ferox) shell by zinc chloride activation. Appl Surf Sci 2015, 356, 753761. 25.

Sun, J. Z., Q.; Lei, Y.; Yang, X.; Du, X., Phase Transformations of Graphite and

Carbon Black by Laser with Low Power Density. Transactions of Tianjin University 2007, 13, 318-321. 26.

Nistor, L. C.; Vanlanduyt, J.; Ralchenko, V. G.; Kononenko, T. V.; Obraztsova, E. D.;

Strelnitsky, V. E., Direct Observation of Laser-Induced Crystallization of a-C-H Films. Appl Phys a-Mater 1994, 58 (2), 137-144. 27.

Sánchez-Sánchez, A.; Suárez-García, F.; Martínez-Alonso, A.; Tascón, J. M. D.,

Surface modification of nanocast ordered mesoporous carbons through a wet oxidation method. Carbon 2013, 62, 193-203. 28.

Jiménez Mateos, J. M.; Fierro, J. L. G., X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study of

Petroleum Fuel Cokes. Surf Interface Anal 1996, 24 (4), 223-236. 29.

Darmstadt, H.; Roy, C.; Kaliaguine, S.; Choi, S. J.; Ryoo, R., Surface chemistry of

ordered mesoporous carbons. Carbon 2002, 40 (14), 2673-2683. 30.

Boehm, H. P., Surface oxides on carbon and their analysis: a critical assessment.

Carbon 2002, 40 (2), 145-149.



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

31.

Page 22 of 24

Fuente, E.; Menendez, J. A.; Diez, M. A.; Suarez, D.; Montes-Moran, M. A., Infrared

spectroscopy of carbon materials: A quantum chemical study of model compounds. J Phys Chem B 2003, 107 (26), 6350-6359. 32.

Figueiredo, J. L.; Pereira, M. F. R., Chapter 15 - Porous Texture Versus Surface

Chemistry in Applications of Adsorption by Carbons A2 - Tascón, Juan M.D. In Novel Carbon Adsorbents, Elsevier: Oxford, 2012; pp 471-498. 33.

Troppová, I.; Matějová, L.; Kuboňová, L.; Strašák, T.; Študentová, S.; Kustrowski, P.;

Obalová, L., Molecular dimensions and porous structure of activated carbons for sorption of xylene and isooctane. Chem Eng Technol 2016, 40 (1), 6-17. 34.

Knappe, D. R. U., Chapter 9: Surface chemistry effects in activated carbon adsorption

of industrial pollutants. In Interface Science and Technology, Gayle, N.; David, D., Eds. Elsevier: 2006; Vol. Volume 10, 155-177. 35.

Mcelroy, J. A. Adsorption of substituted aromatic compounds by activated carbon: A

mechanistic approach to quantitative structure activity relationships. Master of Engineering, University of Florida, USA, 2005. 36.

Ahnert, F.; Arafat, H. A.; Pinto, N. G., A study of the influence of hydrophobicity of

activated carbon on the adsorption equilibrium of aromatics in non-aqueous media. Adsorption 2003, 9 (4), 311-319.


Page 23 of 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60


For Table of Contents Use Only

Activated carbons prepared from a broad range of residual agricultural biomass tested for xylene abatement in gas phase Gerardo Juan Francisco Cruz, Lenka Kuboňová, Dorian Yasser Aguirre, Lenka Matějová, Pavlína Peikertová, Ivana Troppová, Erik Cegmed, Anna Wach, Piotr Kustrowski, Monica Marcela Gomez, Lucie Obalová

Synopsis Broad range of residual agricultural biomass was utilized for preparation of activated carbons effective in xylene abatement in gas phase



Residual agricultural biomass

o o o

• Corncob (CC) • Coffee husk (CH) • Cocoa pod husk (CPH) • Ice-cream bean (GS) • Red Mombin seed (RMS) • Mango seed (MSEP, MSIP)

Chemical activation with ZnCl2 Carbonization Acid/basic modification Black coal (BC)

CC CC/HCl CC/KOH

AC

CPH

CH

MSEP MSIP

RMS GS

Xylene adsorption in gas phase Adsorption capacity [mg/g]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Page 24 of 24

400 300 200 100

ACS Paragon Plus Environment

0

Activated Carbons Prepared from a Broad Range of Residual

Recommend Documents