African Natural Plant Products: New Discoveries ... - ACS Publications

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Chapter 6

Popular Traditional Herbal Medicines from the Jóolas of Essyl in the Rural Community of Enampor (Ziguinchor, Sénégal): An Ethnographic Survey William Diatta, Modou Lo, Alioune Dior Fall, Souleymane Bassene, Serge Sagna, Kady Badji, Emmanuel Bassene Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar. Senegal

Joola people from Essyl inhabit an area located about twenty kilometers southwest of Ziguinchor, the capital city of the southern region of Senegal. The Joola constitute an ethnic group which despite the heavy external cultural influences, have managed to preserve their traditions. Their medical practices which are primarily based on the use of plants are very much dependent on traditional religious beliefs. An ethnographic survey was conducted among these Joola people in order to document their traditional medicinal practices and the wealth of their medical recipes. In the conduct of this study, a series of investigations were carried out with the traditional healers and people with a strong knowledge base of herbal medicine. The results show that in Essyl, medical treatment is often carried out by specialists from different fields that include traditional and modern medicine: traditional healers, obstetricians, physiotherapists, orthopedists, surgeons and herbal medicine men. These medical practitioners and experts work with a wide range of plants available in their natural environment. We collected their responses and organized their recommendations which focused on identifying the specific plants used in their healing tradition and how each of the plants are used. These results permit us to then examine the scientific knowledge that supports, justifies or explains the traditional uses of these plants for particular © 2009 American Chemical Society

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Juliani et al.; African Natural Plant Products: New Discoveries and Challenges in Chemistry and Quality ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2010.

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health conditions and illness as well as identifies those gaps in scientific understanding that remains to be explored. Furthermore, the results show a disturbing concern in that the present way the plants are collected, prepared and extracted, there likely will be loss in the natural populations of medicinal plants. This threat in this local biodiversity needs to be addressed.

The Joola of Essyl are part of a linguistic and cultural homogenous community which occupy a former kingdom named Mof Avvi, which today counts approximately five thousand inhabitants distributed over ten villages. Administratively, Mof Avvi constitutes the main part of the Enampore rural community (Department of Ziguinchor). In Senegal, Joola people are among the ethnic groups which have preserved their cultural values, with traditional ways including their spiritual animist practice which is rare in Senegal today but still very much alive in this region. This work aims at identifying the determinants of illness and the medicinal plants used in its therapeutic treatment among the Joola people of Essyl. In the floristic field, Mof Avvi is an area characterized as a SudaneanGuinean dry forest, with a Guinean forest type. Mangrove swamps are found near the villages bordering the Casamance River and the savanna, an area where agricultural and pastoral activities are practiced. Due to the abundance of flora, use of medical plants is highly developed in these areas. While the use and acceptance of plants for medicine is not only accepted but popular, the specifics of the medical knowledge is often held by a minority of experts named ‘ullah’ or ‘medicine men’ who form a closed community. We tried through our investigations to provide a better understanding of this medical heritage, to benefit the general public, the involved community and to contribute toward the preservation of this unique knowledge.

Methodology Using a participatory approach, about 100 consultants took part in this investigation to document and record this traditional knowledge. This included traditional healers and volunteers with a good knowledge of traditional medicine from the ten villages of Mof Avvi. Our investigations were also conducted in all ten villages of Mov Avvi. During those investigations, the questions asked aimed to document the: a) various specialties of Joola traditional medicine; b) the individual herbal medicinal plants and their main attributes and uses; c) the plant parts used in medical practices; and d) the name of the plants in the local language. For each plant discussed, individual plants were collected and a herbarium voucher specimen was prepared. Botanical identification of the individual plants were authenticated by experts in the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Botany of the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry of the University Cheikh


113 Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal. Voucher specimens were compared with the Herbarium of the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa, Cheikh Anta Diop (IFAN), Dakar, Senegal.

Results and Discussion


Medical Specialties As found across Africa (1), the Joola of Essyl have two ways of accounting for an illness: a ‘mystic-magic’ and a rational one. In the ‘mystic-magic’ vision, an illness is explained as a consequence of the violation of an interdict or caused by a badly disposed person (e.g. witch). As the social organization is strongly regulated in Mof Avvi, an illness is conceived to be a punishment inflicted on the victim as a reprisal for the faults committed. The illness is thus an act of the spirits or shrines which are the minders of social cohesion and which punish any transgressions by a member of the community. The therapy consists of making a sacrifice to the shrine to beseech forgiveness. However, a symptomatic treatment consisting of plant preparations is often taken in conjunction with the above proceedings. In addition to the mystic-magic origin of illnesses discussed above, an illness can also be the caused by an individual endowed with supernatural malevolent capacities whose motivations are often resentment or pure spite. In this case, the witch (assay) seizes the soul of their victim or casts a magic spell, which resembles a common illness (e.g. malaria, hepatitis, madness etc.). Here, the therapy aims at restoring the soul or undoing the magic spell. This magic treatment is also accompanied with a symptomatic treatment with plants. The medical practices of the Joola of Essyl also have a rational approach. Indeed an illness can be regarded as the result of environmental factors, the dietary habits of the person and of the functional balance of the body. This more realistic perception of pathology and the proposed cures account for the particularly wide botanical knowledge of traditional healers. In addition to this botanical knowledge, the Joola also have mastered the skill of blending plant based medicine. The Joola people of Essyl have a practical knowledge of the human body. The treatment of an illness takes into account two essential parameters: the diagnosis and the therapy itself. These two parameters lead to the classification of traditional healers into six groups. The Spiritual Healers (Shrine Holders) Three subcategories of healers are found among shrine holders: 1. 2.

The soothsayers who through their shrine can determine the origin of an illness. The patient can consult a healer (ásottena) who receives his knowledge from a spirit or a shrine (epaŋ) of which he is the servant. The diagnosis and


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3.

the treatment which often includes the use of plants are communicated by the shrine of which the healer is the only possible interpreter. A third subcategory of healers (ullah) are specialized in undoing the magic spell cast by malevolent spirits or witches. The diagnosis is made by divination by the healer and the patient receives a mystic treatment which involves biting the part of the body affected in order to extract the cause of the illness. The healers in this subcategory may operate with the help of the shrine.

Obstetricians: This group of healers is exclusively composed of women who constitute a very tightly closed circle in which all the practitioners remain anonymous. In fact, tradition dictates that men do not get involved nor know anything about childbirth. Surgeons: Their intervention is limited to incision of abscesses, extraction of thorns, circumcision or ganglia extraction. Physiotherapists: They are specialized in back pain, pain of the rib cage and chest pain. The treatment is given by applying pressure with hands followed by massages with Carapa procera oil (commonly or locally known as Touloucouna or bitterfat from Wolof of Senegal, Tallicoonah oil tree, Kunda oil tree, or Monkey kola) or with Butyrospermum parkii butter (Shea butter) or even snake fat. Orthopedists: This area of expertise which comprises various fields of intervention can only be inherited. Orthopedists cure bone fractures, luxations and sprains. They often use plants to prevent infections or to aid muscle relaxation. Herbal medicine men: They constitute the largest population of traditional healers and generally acquire this art of healing from their parents. This group contains general practitioners and specialists. The diagnosis requires anatomic-physiological knowledge of the human body and knowledge of symptoms of specific illnesses.


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Plants and Their Indications Naming illnesses and translating the definitions of diseases is difficult because of the medical syncretism of the Joola people of Essyl. Even though the source of disorders can be characterized by physical manifestations such as wounds, pimples, coughs, and much more, their oral language lacks specific terms to designate certain illnesses and disorders. The most typical case is that of the word “bújjusa” whose meaning includes ‘cold’, ‘cough’, ‘malaria’, ‘aches’, ‘fever’ etc. This lack of specific terminology to name illnesses creates diagnostic problems and makes referral of patients to relevant healers problematic. The classification of pathologies or disorders is primarily symptomatically based (Table I). However, a number of disorders and indications (e.g. plants used in ‘poison test’, ‘successful fishing’, and ‘protection against witchcraft’, ‘predictions’) are directly related to mystical beliefs of the people (Table I). For instance, the “poison test” requires the use of an extract of Erythrophleum guineense which is ingested in order to detect a culprit. The culprit is then identified when they are poisoned by the ingested substance, whereas the innocent person is the one that always vomits the substance as soon as it is ingested. The use of this plant is rather common among various people in Africa (2). Due to the absence of a modern medical denomination, we adopted the local name of “corté” to refer to an illness affecting the feet, characterized by a burning sensation with small oozing wounds (Table I). Our survey and interview’s resulted in a collection of 143 plant species used in 73 therapeutic indications (see Table II). The majority of the species belong to the local native flora. These results demonstrate the wealth and the medical applications of the local flora. Certain plants have a wide range of usage for a variety of treatments. These species, commonly found in the area include: Combretum micranthum, Elaeis guineensis, Paulinia pinnata, Annona senegalensis, Calamus deerratus, Carica papaya, Cassytha filiformis, Citrus aurantifolia, Ficus exasperata, Guiera senegalensis, Landolphia heudelotii, Leptadenia hastata, Salacia senegalensis, among other plants. However, some species are not native or they are very rare in the area. Medicinal plants of this latter category include Butyrospermum paradoxum, Erythrophleum guineense, Euphorbia balsamifera, Mitragyna inermis, Nicotiana tabacum and Ximenia americana. Scientific research confirms the medical attributes of many of these plants used by the traditional healers. For instance, the medical attributes of Guiera senegalensis (3-4) justifies its widespread use in the treatment of coughs and bronchitis. Likewise, Combretum micranthum is used to treat liver disease (1, 56) and Anacardium occidentale to treat arterial hypertension (7). However, further studies are required to confirm the use of many other of the medicinal plants they use as well as establishing or validating their healing or curative properties. From our survey, we can report that it is the leaves that are the most commonly used plant tissue for medicinal purposes. As expected, however, other plant parts such as the roots and barks are also commonly used.



116 From our data, the plant roots were the ‘tissue’ used in 49 cases. In contrast, the bark of the plant was used in 27 and the entire plant was used in 16 cases. Since these plants are heavily used and extensively harvested and collected in rural communities in Senegal, the ways in which the plants have been harvested and collected, particularly those plants where the roots are the prime tissue used for medicinal purposes can lead to decreased populations of these genetic materials. Their overuse and over collection can constitute a continual threat to the regions biodiversity that ultimately could reduce the availability of these plants as medical resources (8). Thus, the collectors and harvesters as well as the traditional healers and users need to be trained and educated to ensure that the medicinal plants are harvested in a sustainable manner which will then protect and conserve these valuable genetic resources (9). Whether any of these genetic resources could be practically brought into cultivation as a vehicle to ensure plant preservation of the wild populations remains to be evaluated. As the objective of this study was not to examine the sustainability and ecology of the regions medicinal plants but rather their health care system, we did not collect data on the potential threat to the overharvesting, the current system of destructively removing harvesting the entire plants for roots, or the manner in which the bark was collected, relative to maintaining the health of the tree and shrub. Rather, we note that there is not a tradition to replant, propagate and or grow any of these plants in gardens or fields. When coupled with the observation that the forest density is decreasing, the use of the plant materials increasing, and virtually all medicinal plants are collected in the wild, the threat of population loss for these medicinals is a concern that needs to be addressed.


Allophyllus africanus P. Beauv. Anacardium occidentale L.

Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Adansonia digitatta L. Afrormosia laxiflora (Benth.) Harms Afzelia africana Sm. Alchornea cordifolia (S. et T) Müll. Arg.

Acacia albida Del.

Genus and Species

Arterial hypertension (B); Mycoses (N); 22Diarrhoea (R); Angina (B or L)

Búkkaju

Busobol

Bupau Bújjoy

Bukola kola

Bubax

Sibay eteun

Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Convulsions, epilepsy (B or R); “Corte” (B) Conjunctivitis; Toothaches (P) Horns; Rickets (B) Physical asthenia; Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L) Asthma (R) Pericardial pains, palpitations; Nausea and vomiting; (L) Delay of walk (R or L)

Local Name in Essil1 -Joola Butëful

Water boiling, juice

Water maceration

Water maceration Water boiling ; Fresh leaves juice; water boiling or juice

Water boiling

Water boiling

Water boiling

Water maceration

Method(s) of preparation

Table I. The Medicinal Plants, Their Local Names, Plant Parts Used and Their Medicinal Uses in Essyl-Joola Traditional Medicine


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Bombax costatum Pell. et Vuill. Borassus flabellifer L.

Anthocleista nobilis G. Don. Anthocleista procera Lepr. Anthostema senegalense A. Juss. Arachis hypogaea L. Avicennia africana P. Beauv. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Baissea multiflora A. Juss.

Annona senegalensis Pers.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Constipation (La) Purulent urethritis (S) Horns (B); (L) Fever and malaria (L) Thinning; Physical asthenia; Rhumatoid arthritis aches (St); Sexual asthenia (R); Repulsive of snakes (R or L) Galactagogue (B)

Búulax Egerete Bibej Bukkasia Bifem bàine

Ñuvvul

Bussana bàine

Mycoses (AsS), Angina (Fb), Asthma (R)

Intestinal parasites; anaemia (B)

Evvul eñaru

Evvul eñaru

Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Diarrhoea; Whooping-cough; Venom of scorpion; Bone break (R); lower back pain (L) Intestinal parasites ; anaemia (B)

Local Name in Essil1 -Joola Bototox

Water infusion; water boiling

Powder

Seeds paste Fresh bark paste;water boiling Leaves on head or water boiling Water boiling; water maceration; maceration

Latex in water

Water boiling

Water boiling

Method(s) of preparation Water boiling; fresh roots paste; juice


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Calotropis procera Ait. Capparis polymorpha G. et Perr. Capsicum frustescens Carapa procera DC. Carica papaya L.

Borreria verticillata (L) G. F. Mey. Butyrospermum paradoxum Calamus deerratus Mann. Et Wendl.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Pericardial pains, palpitations (L) ; Arterial hypertension; Oedema ; Pregnancy (maintenance and against spontaneous abortion) Obesity (L & St) Toothaches (La)

Gacet

Buppapa

Seeds powder; water maceration; water boiling

Fruit mashed Maceration; water boiling

Bëbbëbë Buxunum

Angina (Fr) Pruriginous eruptions, scale (R) ; Mycoses (S) ; Hémorroïdes (B) Constipation (S) ; Sexual asthenia; Purulent urethritis (R) ; Gastritis; Icter, liver diseases, yellow fever (R &L or Fr)

water maceration

Latex on the tooch aches

Bubbun gaggaj Purulent urethritis, Gastritis (R)

Bupom

Local use

Hemorroides (Bu)

Karité Water boiling

Parts mashed or powder

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Eyeyel Venom of snake (L or R) Method(s) of preparation


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Bussana Búbubuay

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Cephaëlis peduncularis Salibs. Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich.

Cissus aralioides (Welw.) Planch.

Bubbun eddi?

Cassytha filiformis L.

Biringisen

Búsugalax

Busaet

Bukkasia

Infected wounds (L); Otitis (ySt) ; Chews (yFr)

Fever and malaria; Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L) Diarrhoea (R); Hematuria (schistosomiasis) (L&St) Arterial hypertension; Oedema; 41 Mammalian pain; lower back pain; (P); Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L) Mycoses (As); Physical asthenia (L or B) ; Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L&St) Abdominal pains; Diarrhoea; Toothaches (L) Abdominal pains; Nauseas and vomiting (R); Predictions (L)

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Buputa Whitlow, Conjunctivitis, headache, migraina (L) Bua? Conjunctivitis (L or S)

Cassia sieberiana DC.

Cassia occidentalis L. Cassia podocarpa G. et Perr. Cassia siamea Lam.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Water boiling or maceration; powder by oral route;mashed leaves in water Juice in local application

Ashes in local use; water maceration or boiling; water boiling Water boiling

Water boiling

Leaves on the head or water boiling; water boiling Water boiling

Leaves paste; juice of leaves; leaves on the head, juice of leaves or seeds



120


Combretum racemosum P. Beauv. Combretum tomentosum

Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Sc et Th Cnestis ferruginea DC. Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R.Br. Cola nitida (Vent.) Sch. et Endl. Combretum micranthum G Don.

Cissus quadrangularis L. Citrus aurantifolia

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Unknown name Bititix bàine

Water boiling Water maceration

Sexual asthenia (R)

Water infusion; mastication &water infusion; water boiling

Paste; powder in local use; water maceration Powder

Water boiling

Water boiling

Water boiling; water maceration

Water boiling; juice


Physical asthenia; Insomnia (L&St)

Abdominal pains; Diarrhoea; Fever and malaria; Bronchitides, chest pain; Icter, liver diseases, yellow fever (L)

Bititix

Búguru

Dysmenorrhoea (R); headache, migraine (L&St) Abscess; Infected wounds (B or R), Ocytocic (B) Mammalian pain (FrH)

Suffot emundumo Búbbam

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Bubbun gannu 42 Métrorragies, dysmenorrhoeas (P); Otitis (ySt) Billemuña secondary amenorrhoeas(L or R); Purulent urethritis (L); Delay of walk (Fr); Brochitidies, chest pain (L); Gastritis (R) Búluoro Abdominal pain (R)


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Enneastemon barbateri (Baill.) Keay. Erythrina senegalensis DC.

Daniella oliveri (R.) Hutch. et Dalz. Desmonium velutinum (Willd.) DC. Detarium senegalense J.F.Gmel. Dialium guineense Willd. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Elaeis guineensis Jacq.

Crotalaria retusa L.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Infected wounds (Fr); Diarrhoea (L or B); Chews (L) Abdominal pains; Cough (L); Protection against the wizards R&L) Pericardial pains, palpitations (R) Mycoses (FrO); Abdominal pains; Purulent urethritis (yL); Childbirth, abortive (Fb); Sexual asthenia; Hematuria (schistosomiasis) (R) Cold(L)

Búbukkut Buffalax

Bàsalum bàine

Buxaal bàine

Ñíit

Infected wounds; Nauseas and vomiting; Secondary amenorrhoea (B)

Diarrhoea; Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L)

Buas bàine

Egolen

Bone break (B)

Bitippi

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Buputa bàine Childbirth, abortive; Asthma (P)

Powder in local use; water maceration

Water boiling

Oil in local use; water boiling; paste dilution; water maceration

Powder in oral route

Water boiling

Pulp in local application; water maceration

Water boiling

Cast

Water boiling



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Buas bàine Bifi bàine Buas

Biembaxa

Ficus glumosa Del. Flemingia faginea

Gardenia ternifolia K. Schum

Unknown name Bupox bútuay Pregnancy (maintenance and against spontaneous abortion) (R) Burns; Mycoses (L), Infected wounds, Conjunctivitis, Wounds, cuts (La); Repeated infant mortality (L) Pericardial pains, palpitations; Arterial hypertension; Pregnancy (maintenance and against spontaneous abortion); Obesity (P) Icter, liver diseases, yellow fever (R)

Trypanosomiasis (L)

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Bírem Whitlow; Infected wounds; cardiotoxic poison to kill noxious animals (B) Unknown Hémorroïdes (P); Galactagogue name (L&St) Birikkit Intestinal parasites (L); Repeated infant mortality (R) Birikkit bàine Hematuria (schistosomiasis) (B)

Ficus exasperata Vahl.

Ficus capensis Thunb.

Euphorbia balsamifera Ait. Fagara leuprieurii (G. et Perr.) Engl. Fagara xanthoxyloïdes Lam. Ficus asperifolia Miq.

Erythrophleum guineense G. Don

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Dilution of mashed roots

Water maceration Water boiling

Juice); leaf for scraping; local use

Water maceration

Leaf for scraping

Water maceration


Water boiling

Powder; dilution of mashed bark



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Hyptis psicigera Lam.

Harungana madagascariensis Lam. Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) D. et Sch. Hygrophila auriculata (Sch.) Heine Hymenocardia acida Tul.

Gardenia triacantha DC. Gossypium barbadense L. Guiera senegalensis J.F.Gmel.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Arterial hypertension; Pregnancy (maintenance and against spontaneous abortion) (L) Mycoses; Abdominal distension; headache, migraine; Cold (L)

Koronkonda Bíilen

Elalañ

Childbirth, abortive; Dysmenorrhoea (R&L); 31 Galactagogue; “Corte” (R) Enuresis; Hematuria (schistosomiasis) (L&St)

Birixanu

Bufep

Búfunux

Leaves mashed; water infusion; leaves for inhalation


Water boiling



Water boiling; dilution of mashed leaves & water maceration

Juice; water boiling; juice

Bibίl

Icter, liver diseases, yellow fever; Cough (L), Otitis (L or Fr) Pruriginous eruptions, scale; Bronchitides, chest pain; Whoopingcough; For profitable fishing (L) Cough (L or B) Arterial hypertension (L); Pruriginous eruptions, scale (P)

Dilution of mashed roots

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Biembaxa Icter, liver diseases, yellow fever (R) Method(s) of preparation


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Bifem

Bubot

Bujaxaen

Búxol

Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. Landolphia dulcis (R. Br.) Pichon. Landolphia heudelotii A. DC.

Infected wounds, Antipoison, Burns (R); 39 Tooth aches (St) Abdominal distension; Mammalian pain (R); Galactagogue (R& L); Conjunctivitis (L); Trypanosomiasis (La)

Oedema (B); Constipation (S); Wounds, cuts (La) Abdominal pains; Purulent urethritis (R); Hematuria (schistosomiasis) (L&St) Pruriginous eruptions, scale (B); Cough (Fr) Abdominal pains (L)

Bícirit Buvvommañ

Abscess; Whitlow (yL)

Abscess (L); Oedema; Purulent urethritis; Bone break (L or P)

Batata

Erarax

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Burabaa? Fever and malaria (L&St)

Kaempferia aethiopica Benth.

Ipomaea batatas (L.) Lam. Jatropha curcas L.

Icacina senegalensis A. Juss. Ipomaea asarifolia (Desr.) R. et Sch.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Water boiling; roots mashed; water boiling or maceration; direct use

Rroots powder; toothbrush

Wwater maceration ; water boiling Water maceration

Bark paste; seeds powder; local application; mashed roots in water; water maceration; water boiling

Leaves paste; water infusion; water boiling; leaves for touching Leaves paste

Water boiling



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Bulanít

Bùjju sijjamen

Macrosphyra longistyla (DC) Hiern.

Bubbun akkoña

Biec

Unknown name Unknown name Bupaapapab Arterial hypertension; Intestinal parasites (L) Infected wounds (La); Galactagogue (P); headache, migraina (La); Cold; Wounds, cuts (L or La) Abdominal distension, Pregnancy (maintenance and against spontaneous abortion), Female sterility (R) Delay of growth, Thinning (R)

Water boiling

Secondary amenorrhoea; Métrorragies; anaemia (Fr or R) Delay of walk (L &St)

Water maceration

Latex in direct use; water boiling; juice of leaf in nares; leaves or latex in nares; latex or mashed leaves in direct use Water boiling

Mashed leaves in water

Water maceration

Water boiling

Water boiling


Intestinal parasites (B)

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Bineñ Anaemia; Thinning (St)

Macaranga heudelotii Baill.

Landolphia hirsuta (Hua) Pichon Lannea nigritana (Sc. Ell.) Keay. Lannea velutina A. Rich. Lepidagathis sericea Ben. Lepisanthes senegalensis Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.


126


Sexual asthenia (R) Arterial hypertension, Obesity, Otitis (L), Lice (AsL) Pregnancy (maintenance and against spontaneous abortion) (R)

Gusaax kafe ? aña Balullumay Bírillo

Nauclea latifolia Sm.

Water boiling

Abdominal pains (L)

Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. Mucuna pruriens (L) DC. Musa sapientum

Water boiling

Elephantiasis (R)

Unknown name Bulogoñ Binebeday

Water boiling

Antipoison (R)

Fañumora

Water infusion; juice; ash in local use Water boiling

Water maceration

Seeds by oral route

Leaves for friction; leaves juice in eyes

Jjuice in eyes ; water boiling Mashed leaves


Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Bumangu Conjunctivitis, Bronchitides, chest pain (L) Eex Abscess, Hemorroides (L)

Convulsions, epilepsy, Conjunctivitis, Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L) Repulsive of snakes (S)

Manihot esculenta Crantz. Mezoneurum benthamianum Baill. Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) O. Kze. Morinda geminata DC. Moringa oleifera Lam.

Mangifera indica L.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.


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Nelsonia canescens (Lam) Spreng. Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. Nicotiana tabacum L. Opilia celtidifolia (G. et Perr.) Endl. Oryza sativa L. Oxytenanthera abyssinica Munro. Parinari excelsa Sabine. Parinari macrophylla Sabine. Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. Paullinia pinnata L.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Toothaches (B) Whooping-cough (R) Thinning, 8 Physical asthenia, 58 Rickets, 60 Delay of growth, 59 Delay of walk (P), 64 Cough (R)

Biel Buxompo? Bubbun ullax

Bílli

Abdominal distension (S) Pericardial pains, palpitations, Arterial hypertension (L) Diarrhoea (L), Cough (B)

Whitlow (B) Trypanosomiasis (L); Repulsive of snakes (R) Cough (L) Sexual asthenia (R)

Emmano Buttara

Esumbba Bakol effulum

Bipeleen

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Guiil sijaamen Pruriginous eruptions, scale (P)

Leaves for inhalation; water maceration; water boiling

Water boiling

Water boiling; water boiling or fruit like food Water boiling

Brun of seeds for friction Water boiling

Mashed bark; water boiling; water maceration Water boiling Water maceration

Water maceration



128


Ritchiea capparoides (Andr.) Britt.

Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. Piliostigma thonningii (Sch) Miln.-Redh. Prosopis africana (G. er Perr.) Taub. Psidium guajava Radd. Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz. Reissantia indica (Willd.) Hallé. Rhizophora racemosa G.F. Mey. Ricinus communis L.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Mouth ulcer, gingivitis, stomatitis (L), Bronchitides, chest pain (L&St), Antipoison (B) Diarrhoea (Fr or yL) Headache, migraine (B), Mental disorders, Lice, Antipoison (L) Oedema (L), Giddiness (L&St), Fever and malaria, headache, migraine, Angina, Wounds, cuts (L) Mycoses, Convulsions, epilepsy, Mental disorders (L) Venom of snake (L)

Biix Buyyaba Bubbun buccac Bulenguen Bumaax

Gàbuuful

Bubbun fuxow

Hemorroides (L&St), Ocytocic (L)

Bielexaw

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part 2 Essil1 -Joola Bielexaw Hemorroides (L&St), Ocytocic(L)

Latex in nasal route; leaves on the head; water boiling Leaves in direct use; leaves for inhalation Water boiling; mashed leaves Mashed leaves; leaves for friction; leaves on the head Mashed leaves

Water boiling

Water boiling; powder

Water boiling; mashed leaves in water

Water boiling; mashed leaves in water



129


Abscess (L), Infected wounds (R), Venom of snake (L or R) Secondary amenorrhoea (R) Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L) Sexual asthenia (R) Whitlow (Fr)

Buxararar Bitel Buffo Gàparula Bujjaxata Bitega nifuxow Bicceccel

Scoparia dulcis L.

Secamone afzelii (Sch.) K. Schum. Sida rhombifolia L.

Spondias mombin L.

Smeathmannia laevigata Sol. Smilax kraussiana Meissn. Solanum aethiopicum Solanum incanum L. anaemia (B)

Whitlow, Delay of growth, Thinning (P) Constipation (P)

Bubbun jabbut

Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon. Salacia senegalensis (Lam.) DC.

Genus and Species

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Búbur Abdominal distension, Diarrhoea (R), Trypanosomiasis (La) Bunga? Enuresis, Cough, Burns, Predictions, Repeated infant mortality (R)

Table I. Continued.

Water boiling

Water maceration Fruits

Water maceration

Mashed leaves; powder, mashed leaves or roots Water boiling

Water boiling

Water boiling or maceration; water boiling; latex in local use Water boiling or maceration; water maceration; powder; water maceration Mashed plant; water maceration



130


Buxaal

Uvaria chamae P. Beauv.

Icter, liver diseases, yellow fever (R) Physical asthenia, 38 Insomnia, 10 Asthma (L&St) Galactagogue, Conjunctivitis, Cough (SaSt) Abdominal pains (B), lower back pain (L&St)

Buanka baafiit Bubbun emandi? Furat fuñuget

Abdominal pains, Intestinal parasites, Antipoison (B) Abdominal pains, Gastritis (R), Lice (L&St) Female sterility (L)

Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2

Asthma, Convulsion, Epilepsy, Diarrhoea, Intestinal parasites Secondary amenorrhoea (P)

Eccoriax

Biec eñaru

Butaxaruba

Fúkkuxus

Local Name in Essil1 -Joola Butaxaruba

Strophanthus sarmentosus DC. Strophanthus hispidus DC. Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. et Kr.) Danzer. Terminalia albida Sc. Ell. Terminalia macroptera G. et Perr. Tetracera alnifolia Willd. Tetracera potatoria Afz.

Genus and Species

Table I. Continued.

Water boiling

Water boiling; water maceration Sap in oral route; sap in eyes

Mashed roots in water

Water boiling or powder; water boiling Water boiling

Water boiling or maceration); water boiling; powder Water boiling; water boiling or maceration; leaves & stem Water maceration or powder



131


Wwater boiling

Intestinal parasites (B&R), Venom of scorpion (L) Abdominal pains (Fr), Hematuria (schistosomiasis) (L&St), Conjunctivitis (Fb) Antipoison (L) Cold, Bronchitus, chest pain, Rheumatoid arthritis aches (L)

Búpanda? Unknown name Biyew Biyew bàine

Ximenia americana L.

Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth.

NOTE: 1 Orthographical notation in language Joola Essyl: á : pronounced like the first vowel in “above”. u : pronounced like the phonetic vowel in “good” or the French “ou”. e : pronounced like the phonetic vowel “read”. x : represents an aspirated h. g : pronounced like good. ñ: pronounced like the Spanish mañana ‘morning’. ?: pronounced like the English final consonant “sing”. The doubling of consonants is used to indicate consonant length i.e., pronunciation of those consonants is characterised by emphasis on them. 2Plant tissue used includes B= Bark; R= Root; P= Whole plant; N= Nuts; La= Latex; S= seeds; St= Stems; L= leaves; AsS= Ashes from stalks; Fb= Foliar bud; Bu= Butter; LS= leaf and stem; Fr= Fruit; As= Ash; ySt= young Stem; FrH= Fruit hull; FrO= Fruit oil; yL=young leaves; yFr= young Fruit; SaSt= Sap of stem; AsL= Ashes from leaves.

Juice on nasal route; water boiling

Water maceration; powder

Water boiling

Water maceration Water boiling Water maceration


Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake. Vitex doniana Sw. Voacanga africana Stapf. Walteria indica L.

Genus and Species

Local Name in Diseases, Applications and Plant Part2 Essil1 -Joola Búfuy Nauseas and vomiting (L or R), Sexual asthenia (R), Obesity (L&St or R) Buttëñ Whooping-cough, Cough (yL) Bulën Giddiness (St)

Table I. Continued.


132


133


Conclusion In this study, we have shown that even though the therapeutic approaches of the Joola people of Essyl are based on both rational and supernatural principles they are ultimately based on herbal medicine. This tendency towards herbal medicine is motivated by the wealth of flora in the natural environment which provides traditional healers with a variety of therapeutic tools. Our investigations have confirmed the effectiveness of these plant species that were identified in our study. However, a great majority of plant species still need to be examined. Therefore, there is for a real need for further research to both preserve traditional medical knowledge and to discovery whether new applications from these plants can be of benefit to the larger Senegalese and international community. Despite the relevant abundance of flora, the biodiversity of Essyl is at this time in potential jeopardy due to overharvesting and the collection of medicinal plants in a nonsustainable manner. There is an urgent need to educate those involved in the collection and use of these plants to ensure these medicinals will be abundant in the future. The importance of conserving the regions rich biodiversity and their natural environment has not been a real issue among the Joola. Benefits of conservation and preservation must be presented to the Joola in a manner that can illustrate its link to the continued availability and supply of the critical medicinals that they now enjoy and depend upon for their health, welfare and spiritual needs.

References 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Pousset, J.L. Plantes médicinales d’Afrique. Comment les reconnaître et les utiliser, Editions Edisud : Provence, France, 2004 ; 288 pp. Diatta, D. 2004. Contribution à l’étude des plantes toxiques de la Basse Casamance. Enquêtes en milieu Diola dans les départements de Bignona, Oussouye et Ziguinchor. Ph.D. Dissertation, Pharm., Dakar, 64, 2004 ; p. 63. Faye, O.; Olschwang, D.; Giono-Barber, H.; Pousset, J.L. Dakar Med., 1980, 25(4), 285-292. Sanogo, R.; Depasquale, R.; Germano, M.P. Phytotherapy Research, 1998, 12( 2), 132-134. Fortin, D.; Lo, M.; Maynart, G. Plantes médicinales du Sahel. Ed. ENDA, Dakar, Senegal & Ed. CECI, Montréal, Canada, 1990; 280 pp. Kerharo, J.; Adam, J. G. La Pharmacopee Senegalaise Traditionnelle: Plantes Medicinales et Toxiques. Vigot Freres, Paris, 1974. Giono-Barber, H.; Giono-Barber, P. C.R. Soc. Biol. Fr.,, 1972, 166(12), 1810-1814. Lo, M.; Fall, A.D.; Diatta, W.; Bassene, E. Ethnopharmacologia, 2007, 39, 55-61. World Health Organization. WHO. Monograph on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003; 72 pp.


African Natural Plant Products: New Discoveries ... - ACS Publications

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