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Characterisation of Proanthocyanidins from seeds of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Karl Fraser, Vern Collette, and Kerry R. Hancock J. Agric. Food Chem., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02563 • Publication Date (Web): 17 Aug 2016 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on August 19, 2016
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Characterisation of Proanthocyanidins from seeds of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.
Karl Fraser, Vern Collette and Kerry R. Hancock.
Forage Improvement, AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Corresponding Author: Karl Fraser Tel: +64-6-351-8222 Fax: +64-6-351-8042 E-Mail:
[email protected] 1 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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ABSTRACT:
2
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) are
3
forage species of the grass family (Poaceae) that are key components of temperate
4
pasture-based agricultural systems. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are oligomeric
5
flavonoids which when provided as part of a farm animal’s diet, have been reported
6
to improve animal production and health. Up to now, forage grasses have been
7
deemed not to produce PAs. We report here for the first time the detection of
8
polymerised PAs in aqueous methanolic extracts of seed tissue of both perennial
9
ryegrass and tall fescue, using LC-MS/MS. We have determined the structure of the
10
PAs to be trans-flavan-3-ol based, consisting predominantly of afzelechin and
11
catechin, and linked primarily by B-type bonds. Investigations into the leaf tissue of
12
both species failed to detect any PAs. This discovery opens the possibility of using
13
genetic engineering tools to achieve tannin accumulation in leaf tissue of perennial
14
ryegrass and tall fescue.
15
16
KEYWORDS: Proanthocyanidin, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, forage
17
grasses, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, procyanidins, propelargonidins, afzelechin,
18
oligomers, condensed tannins, electrospray mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS.
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INTRODUCTION:
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Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins, are polyphenolic plant
21
secondary metabolites which accumulate in a wide range of plant tissues
22
Moderate concentrations of PAs can play an important role in forage–based animal
23
production systems where forages with foliar PAs have been shown to protect
24
excess dietary protein from rumen degradation, leading to an increase of protein by-
25
pass to the ruminants’ gut with subsequent increase in milk and meat production
26
PAs also reduce the risk of excessive foam and gas accumulation in the rumen
27
(bloat) 5, which is a serious problem associated with low tannin pastures and which,
28
if untreated, can result in animal losses. Moreover, by protecting forage protein from
29
degradation in the rumen, PAs help to reduce both ammonium excretion in urine and
30
methane production, resulting in significant reductions in emissions of the potent
31
greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide from pastures 6, 7.
32
Proanthocyanidins can be divided into three types based on the hydroxylation
33
patterns of their monomer units and the linkages between the multiple monomer
34
units that form the oligomers/polymers (Figure 1). These monomer units are the
35
(epi)afzelechins, (epi)catechins, and (epi)gallocatechins, giving rise to the more
36
common description of the monomer units based on the number of hydroxylations as
37
propelargonidin (PP), procyanidin (PC), and prodelphinidin (PD) respectively (Figure
38
1A). The mixtures of oligomers and polymers composed of flavan-3-ol units are
39
linked primarily via C4→C8 or C4→C6 bonds, and these linkages are designated B-
40
type. The flavan-3-ol units can also be doubly linked by an additional ether bond
41
between C2→O7 (known as A-type) (Figure 1B). In general, the most common form
42
of PAs found in nature are the procyanidins and prodelphinidins, while the
43
propelargonidins are much less common 8, 9. The number of monomer units can vary
1
2-4
.
.
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and this is described as the degree of polymerisation (DP). Thus, given the different
45
monomer units, potentially mixed stereochemistry and linkages, and varying DP,
46
PAs can occur as highly complex mixtures of chemical structures, which in turn could
47
produce differing levels of biological properties 10.
48
PAs have been observed to be widely distributed in forage and grain legumes,
49
shrubs, cereals, and can also be found in the cell walls and vacuoles of bark, stem,
50
leaf, flower and seeds of many dicotyledonous plants
51
PAs are depleted in the vacuoles of mature leaves entering senescence, suggesting
52
that plants may recycle these compounds
53
has been observed in a number of forage species and has been recently
54
summarized 4.
55
A number of monocot species, such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), barley
56
(Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and some
57
red finger millets (Eleusine coracana) have been shown to contain forms of
58
oligomeric or polymeric PAs solely found in the seed
59
from elite cultivars of other monocots such as maize, although wild ecotypes
60
producing other secondary compounds including flavones and flavonoids such as
61
phlobaphenes and anthocyanin are known 13, 16.
62
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) are
63
forage species of the monocot grass family (Poaceae) and are key components of
64
temperate pasture systems, providing a cost-effective source of high quality foliage
65
feed for grazing ruminants, with improved animal performance and productivity.
66
However, information regarding the presence or absence of PAs within species of
67
Poaceae is very limited. Previous published studies of the Poaceae family have used
12
11
. It has been suggested that
. The location of PAs in specific tissues
13-15
. PAs are typically lacking
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chemical staining techniques which are not specific for PAs. Ellis (1990) reported
69
varieties of tropical grasses, primarily from southern Africa contained tannin–like
70
substances (TLS) deposits in epidermal cells, within 1104 species from 290 genera,
71
suggesting that these grasses contained polyphenols and possibly PAs
72
generally been considered to be absent from all temperate and high latitude grasses
73
18, 19
74
measurable levels of tannin in both leaf and flower tissue
75
concentration in perennial ryegrass using staining approaches determined that levels
76
in leaf tissue were indistinguishable from zero
77
amounts of PAs in leaf tissue of perennial ryegrass and summer grass (Digiteria
78
sanguinalis) has previously been observed
79
conflicting information and warrant further investigation with more sensitive
80
techniques like LC-MS/MS.
17
. PAs have
, with the exception of Holcus lanatus which was found to contain low but
22
20
. Early studies into CT
21
. However, the presence of low
. These previous reports contain
81
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MATERIALS AND METHODS:
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Chemicals and Reagents:
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Analytical-grade methanol and acetic acid were obtained from BDH (Poole, UK). (+)-
85
Catechin hydrate, (–)-epicatechin, (–)-epigallocatechin, (–)-gallocatechin and formic
86
acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). (–)-Epiafzelechin was
87
obtained from TransMIT GmbH (Gießen, Germany). Ultrapure water was obtained
88
from a Milli-Q® system (Millipore, Bedford, MA). OPTIMA LC-MS grade acetonitrile
89
was purchased from ThermoFisher (Auckland, New Zealand).
90 91
Sample Preparation:
92
Seed of fourteen perennial ryegrass and fifteen tall fescue accessions were obtained
93
from the Margot Forde Germplasm Centre (see Supplementary Table S1 for
94
accession numbers). Plants were grown and leaf material harvested and extracted
95
and analysed along with the parent seed. To extract flavonoids for LC-MS/MS
96
analysis, seed (50 mg) or leaf tissue (500 mg fresh weight) were frozen in liquid N2,
97
ground to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle and extracted with either 2 mL or 5
98
mL respectively of aqueous acetic acid (0.1% v/v): methanol (80:20 v/v) for 30 min at
99
4oC. Debris was pelleted in a microcentrifuge at 13,000 rpm for 10 min. The
100
supernatant was removed and placed at -20oC for 30 min. The extract was
101
evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and reconstituted in 500 µL of
102
100% water to yield the crude proanthocyanidin extract.
103 104
LC-MS/MS Analysis Conditions:
105
The analyses were conducted using a Thermo Finnigan Surveyor HPLC coupled to a
106
linear ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo LTQ, both San Jose, CA, USA) with the 6 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
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107
same column and detection parameters as described previously
. Briefly, a 5 µL
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aliquot of sample was injected onto a 150 x 2.1mm Luna C18(2) column
109
(Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) held at a constant 25°C. The flow rate was 200
110
µL min-1 and gradient elution was performed with: solvent A = 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid
111
in water; solvent B = 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer
112
was set for electrospray ionisation in positive mode, with a spray voltage of 4.5 kV,
113
capillary temperature 275°C. Flow rates of nitrogen sheath gas, auxiliary gas, and
114
sweep gas were set (in arbitrary units/min) to 20, 10, and 5, respectively. The MS
115
was programmed to scan from 150-2000 m/z (MS1 scan), then sequentially perform
116
product ion scans for selected masses on the different combinations of PP, PC and
117
PD monomer and dimer masses in the first MS method, and the combinations of
118
trimer masses in the second method (Table 1), with isolation windows for each
119
selected m/z value of 2.0 mu and a collision energy of 35%. Each sample was
120
measured twice by LC-MS/MS, using each of the MS data collection methods listed
121
in Table 1. The separation of the monomer/dimer and trimer MS/MS scan events into
122
two methods was required to ensure adequate MS scans were collected across the
123
chromatographic peaks.
124 125
126
127
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
128
Our previous studies using this MS/MS approach on a linear ion-trap
129
demonstrated that results from the positive ESI analysis were up to twice as
130
sensitive as the negative ESI for the PAs we monitored. Furthermore, similar to
131
observations of Li et al., (2007)
23
24
, we noted that proanthocyandin product ion 7
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spectra collected in positive mode contained a greater number of diagnostic ions for
133
compound identification than negative mode, thus all data reported here was
134
collected in positive ESI.
135 136
PA composition of seed extracts:
137
Initial LC-MS investigations into the averaged LC-MS1 spectra of both perennial
138
ryegrass and tall fescue seed extracts revealed the presence of [M+H]+ ions
139
consistent with the masses of PP and PC monomers, and both homogenous and
140
mixed B-type oligomers up to a chain length of DP6 (Figure 2). The composition of
141
the monomer and major dimer and trimer oligomers were further investigated and
142
confirmed by examination of the MS/MS fragmentation patterns (see section below).
143
Upon closer examination of the oligomer ion groupings observed in the MS1
144
spectrum, it was possible to detect the presence of ions corresponding to oligomers
145
with a single A-type bond in both perennial ryegrass (Figure 3) and tall fescue seed
146
extracts (data not shown). The A-type oligomers (bridged) can be distinguished in
147
the ESI-MS1 spectrum as the ion masses are 2 Daltons (Da) lower than the un-
148
bridged counterpart. Of note, no ions were detected for oligomers containing more
149
than one A-type bond (e.g. 4 or 6 Da lower than the un-bridged counterpart),
150
potentially due to them being formed in very low abundance. The low levels of A-type
151
oligomer PAs tentatively assigned in the MS1 spectra of the perennial ryegrass and
152
tall fescue seed extracts were not unexpected, as low levels of A-type PAs have
153
previously been observed in many plants in which B-type PAs are observed
154
26
155
reversed phase chromatography method used here does not create sharp well-
156
defined peaks of these higher molecular weight oligomers. Thus the practical limit
8, 14, 25,
. While it is possible that oligomers of DP >6 also occur in the seed extracts, the
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ion detection comes more from the issue of chromatographic broadening than
158
ionisation and MS scan range. Techniques such as hydrophilic interaction
159
chromatography with ESI detection or MALDI-TOF MS have been used to detect
160
oligomers of larger DP
27, 28
.
161 162
To investigate the PA composition further, a targeted MS2 method was developed,
163
based on modifications to a procedure previously used in our laboratory
164
the predicted parent masses of the monomers, dimers and trimers were isolated with
165
the ion-trap, fragmented, and the MS2 spectral data collected and filtered post-run for
166
known PA fragmentation ions. This approach collects fragmentation data useful for
167
structural identification/classification, but is also a more selective and sensitive
168
method for detecting the presence and abundance of these compounds compared to
169
LC-MS1 spectral data alone. Thus the samples were run with this approach, and all
170
further results and discussion refer to data from the targeted MS2 scans.
23
, where
171 172
PA composition of leaf extracts:
173
No PA monomers or oligomers were detected in either the MS1 or targeted MS2
174
chromatograms from the leaf tissue extracts of either the perennial ryegrass or tall
175
fescue accessions used in this study (data not shown). This confirms the earlier
176
findings of Terrill et al. (1992), and conflicts with the previous study of Jackson et al.
177
(1996). The perennial ryegrass accessions used in the previous studies were not
178
described, so while our study screened 14 major accessions, it is possible the
179
Jackson study used a different cultivar from those used in this study.
180 181
PA monomer identification and composition in seed extracts:
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Monomer composition was assigned based on comparison of retention times with
183
authentic purchased standards and matching observed MS2 spectra. As there is no
184
commercially available standard for afzelechin, an epiafzelechin standard was
185
purchased and an epimerisation reaction performed by heating an aqueous solution
186
of 100 µg mL-1 to 120°C for 30 minutes
187
cis and trans PP monomers. This resulted in a 50:50 mixture of afzelechin and
188
epiafzelechin, from which the afzelechin peak matched both the retention time and
189
MS2 spectrum of the detected PP monomer peak in the extracts of both perennial
190
ryegrass (Figure 4) and tall fescue (data not shown).
191
The monomer composition of both the perennial ryegrass and tall fescue seed
192
extracts consisted exclusively of trans-flavan-3-ols, predominantly afzelechin and
193
catechin, with traces of gallocatechin detected in tall fescue only (Figure 5,
194
components 1-3 in Table 2, Table S2). Thus, the seed extracts were completely
195
devoid of any cis-flavan-3-ols (epiafzelechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin),
196
suggesting the biochemical pathway for producing cis-flavan-3-ols is not active (or
197
does not exist) in the seeds of either species. The monomer percentage
198
compositional patterns were similar across the 14 perennial ryegrass accessions
199
monitored, with afzelechin ranging from 16.1%–41.6%, and correspondingly, the
200
catechin ranging from 58.4%–83.9%. Consistent monomer composition was also
201
observed across 14 of the 15 tall fescue accessions monitored, with afzelechin
202
ranging from 34.0%–57.9%, catechin ranging from 36.6%–61.4%, and gallocatechin
203
ranging from 0.2%–9.0%. One tall fescue cultivar, Argelia Soft, contained a
204
monomer composition dominated almost exclusively by afzelechin (99.5%). The
205
monomer composition suggested that while most accessions within each species
206
were similar, there were both species differences and outliers within species,
29
to generate a solution containing both the
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suggesting some biochemical variation for trans-flavan-3-ol composition within the
208
species is possible.
209 210
PA dimer and trimer identification in seed extracts:
211
The PA dimers and trimers observed in both perennial ryegrass and tall fescue seed
212
were composed of homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures of afzelechin and
213
catechin, and linked predominantly by the conventional B-type bonds, although low
214
levels of the less common A-type bonded oligomers were also observed.
215
Interestingly these low abundant A-type oligomers were only detectable in the mixed
216
(afzelechin:catechin) oligomers, and only oligomers containing a single A-type bond
217
were detected. These oligomers have previously not been reported within any
218
monocot species. No catechin:gallocatechin or pure gallocatechin dimers or trimers
219
were detected in any extract.
220
Characterisation of the dimer and oligomer composition based on precursor mass
221
and MS2 fragmentation spectra collected can be performed using a tandem mass
222
spectrometer such as an ion trap in this instance. For example, the 819, 835 and 851
223
m/z ions in Figure 2 correspond to the [M+H]+ ion for B-type trimers of 3 PP units, 2
224
PP units + 1 PC unit, and 1 PP unit + 2 PC units, respectively. While it is theoretically
225
possible that the 851 m/z ion be constructed from 2 PP units + 1 PD unit, the PD
226
monomer unit was not observed in the perennial ryegrass extract, and the m/z ion
227
can only be detected at very low levels in the tall fescue extract and as such it is
228
unlikely that any PD units were components of the oligomers detected. This was
229
further confirmed by examination of the MS2 fragmentation patterns as shown in
230
Table 2.
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231
ESI-MS/MS fragmentation has been used many times to interpret the structure of
232
dimer and oligomer PAs, so there are a well-defined set of fragmentation rules and
233
observations and many publications utilising these to identify PAs in foods and plants
234
14, 24-26, 30, 31
235
Diels-Alder (RDA) and heterocyclic ring fission (HRF) are listed in the MS fragments
236
detected in Table 2. PA dimers (and oligomers) consist of an extension unit and a
237
terminal unit and key fragments for determining the extension and terminal units are
238
those resulting from quinone-methide (QM) cleavage of the interflavan bond
239
Due to the wealth of understanding on PA fragmentation patterns already published,
240
we only briefly describe the key diagnostic MS2 fragment ions, and combine this
241
information with chromatographic retention times to provide tentative assignments
242
for the dimers and major trimers detected in both perennial ryegrass and tall fescue
243
seed.
. Fragments from the well described PA fragmentations such as retro
14, 24
.
244 245
Seven B-type dimers were tentatively identified (Table 2, Supplementary Figure S1),
246
two pure afzelechin dimers, three mixed afzelechin:catechin dimers and two pure
247
catechin dimers. In each these dimer species, the most abundant dimer detected
248
possessed the C4→8 interflavanoid linkages, however low levels of C4→6 linked
249
dimers were also detected for each. For both the pure afzelechin and catechin
250
dimers the C4→8 were the most intense species. In each of these we have shown
251
that the monomer species only existed as trans-flavan-3-ols. It is very unlikely any
252
cis-flavan-3-ol units existed only in dimers or oligomers, and thus we annotate the
253
species as containing only the trans- PA units. Peak 4 had the correct parent mass
254
([M+H]+ = 547 m/z) for an afzelechin dimer and exhibited QM MS2 fragments of 273
255
m/z and 275 m/z and classical RDA and HRF fragmentation and consequently is
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256
tentatively assigned as afzelechin-(4→8)-afzelechin. Peak 5 also had the same
257
parent mass and has been tentatively assigned as afzelechin-(4→6)-afzelechin as
258
the MS2 spectrum yielded very weak QM fragments and a base peak of 411 m/z
259
from HRF loss of 126 Da (trihydroxybenzene) from ring A of the extension unit. This
260
change in fragmentation to a more stable fragment after HRF has previously been
261
documented and is due to the increased stability of the π-π conjugated system
262
which requires higher collision energy to fragment further
263
literature data on the chromatographic behaviour of procyanidins
264
PAs consisting of epicatechin units or possessing C4→6 interflavan linkage(s)
265
usually elute later than the corresponding catechin derivatives and C4→8 linked
266
PAs. Thus, the increased retention time for peak 5 compared to the other afzelechin
267
dimer (peak 4) was further evidence of it containing a C4→6 linkage.
268
The same arguments existed for the two catechin dimers detected (peaks 9 and 10),
269
with peak 9 tentatively assigned as catechin-(4→8)-catechin based on the parent
270
mass of 579 m/z ([M+H]+), QM MS2 fragment ions of 289 m/z and 291 m/z and the
271
classical RDA and HRF fragmentation. As observed for peak 5, peak 10 likely
272
contained the C4→6 interflavan linkage, based on very weak QM fragments, an
273
intense HRF fragment of 453 m/z (loss of 126 Da) and a later elution time, thus was
274
tentatively assigned as catechin-(4→6)-catechin.
275
When the dimer/oligomer contains monomer units of different mass, it was possible
276
to apply the rules of QM formation to sequence the dimer/oligomer. Thus peak 6 was
277
tentatively identified as catechin-(4→8)-afzelechin, based on the presence in the
278
MS2 spectrum of the 275 m/z and 289 m/z fragments corresponding to the terminal
279
QM fragment (afzelechin) and the extension QM fragment (catechin), respectively.
280
The inversely assembled dimer was observed as the major mixed dimer (peak 7),
24
. A meta-analysis of the 31
revealed that
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281
afzelechin-(4→8)-catechin, tentatively annotated using the MS2 fragments 273 m/z
282
and 291 m/z, corresponding to the terminal QM fragment (catechin) and the
283
extension QM fragment (afzelechin), respectively. Peak 8 is an example of a mixed
284
dimer with the less common C4→6 interflavan linkage and is annotated as
285
afzelechin-(4→6)-catechin based on the weak intensity of QM fragments 273 m/z
286
and 291 m/z, an intense HRF fragment of 437 m/z (loss of 126 Da) and, as
287
described above, a later elution time.
288
Multiple pure afzelechin, mixed afzelechin:catechin and pure catechin trimers were
289
detected. The overall pattern of abundances for these trimers was highly consistent
290
across both the tall fescue and perennial ryegrass populations, so we have provided
291
tentative assignments to the six most abundant trimers (Supplementary Figure S2
292
and Table 2, peaks 11 – 16) for which good quality MS2 spectra were collected.
293
Annotations of the sequence of monomer units in the trimers are shown in Table 2,
294
with the extension unit listed first and the terminal unit listed last. This sequence was
295
determined by the fragment ions produced by QM fissions, with fragments observed
296
for both the extender and terminal units, along with the corresponding dimer
297
fragment ion resulting from loss of each extender or terminal unit fission (listed in
298
brackets in Table 2). The fragmentation interpretation and sequence deduction is
299
exemplified with peak 12, which was tentatively assigned as a mixed trimer,
300
catechin→afzelechin→afzelechin from the parent mass 835.3 m/z and the MS2
301
fragmentation pattern. The observation of the QM fission ions 289 m/z and 275 m/z
302
(and the complementary dimer fragments 547 m/z and 561 m/z, respectively)
303
indicated that a catechin unit is the extension unit and an afzelechin unit the terminal
304
unit. The central unit of the trimer was deduced to be another afzelechin unit from
305
the parent mass and the two dimer fragments produced by the QM fission. By the
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306
same process, peak 13 was deduced to be a trimer of the same parent mass
307
containing a different sequence order. This peak was also tentatively assigned as a
308
mixed trimer, afzelechin→afzelechin→catechin based on its parent ion mass of
309
835.3 m/z and the MS2 fragmentation pattern. The observation of the QM fission ions
310
273 m/z and 291 m/z (and the complementary dimer fragments 563 m/z and 545
311
m/z, respectively) indicated that an afzelechin unit must be the extension unit and a
312
catechin unit must be the terminal unit. The central unit was again deduced to be
313
another afzelechin unit from the parent mass and the two dimer fragments produced
314
by the QM fission.
315
Thus the mixed trimer composition revealed multiple assemblies of the monomer
316
units to create a complex mixture. This pattern is most likely continued for oligomers
317
containing >3 monomer units, suggesting there will be a rich complexity in the
318
perennial ryegrass and tall fescue seed PAs at higher molecular weights.
319 320
PA dimer and trimer composition in seed extracts:
321
As reported for the monomer composition above, there were similar percentage
322
compositional patterns (Figure 2, Table S3) across the 14 perennial ryegrass
323
accessions monitored, with pure afzelechin dimer and trimer percentages ranging
324
from 19.3%–54.5% and 16.0%–53.0%, respectively. Mixed dimers and trimers
325
ranged
326
afzelechins:1 catechin trimer), and 10.2%–32.4% (1 afzelechin:2 catechin trimer),
327
while the pure catechin dimer and trimer percentages ranged from 7.2%–29.2% and
328
1.1%–10.5%, respectively. Tall fescue dimer and trimer composition were again
329
consistent across 14 of the 15 tall fescue accessions monitored, with pure afzelechin
330
dimer and trimer percentages ranging from 76.3%–88.0% and 71.9%–89.4%,
from
36.2%–51.4%
(afzelechin:catechin
dimer),
28.3%–42.6%
(2
15 ACS Paragon Plus Environment
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Mixed
dimers
and
trimers
ranged
from
Page 16 of 35
331
respectively.
11.4%–22.2%
332
(afzelechin:catechin dimer), 9.7%–24.6% (2 afzelechin:1 catcechin trimer), and
333
0.9%–4.1% (1 afzelechin:2 catechin trimer), while the pure catechin dimer and trimer
334
percentages ranged from 0.2%–2.8% and 0.0%–0.3% respectively. As observed
335
with monomer composition, the tall fescue cultivar Argelia Soft, contained dimer and
336
trimer composition dominated almost exclusively by afzelechin (99.7% and 99.8%
337
respectively).
338
These data highlight considerable contrast between the perennial ryegrass and tall
339
fescue dimer and trimer composition, with the tall fescue containing (percentage
340
wise) considerably more afzelechin than perennial ryegrass (Figure 5). The relative
341
compositional pattern of the dimers and trimers within species is generally similar,
342
however there were inter-species differences (Table S3) in the oligomer patterns. It
343
is worth noting that the dimer and trimer compositions differ from the monomer
344
ratios. For perennial ryegrass, 71% of the monomer composition observed is
345
catechin and yet only 16.4% of the dimers is pure catechin (i.e. containing two
346
catechin units), suggesting that afzelechin is more readily polymerised (29%
347
monomer and 39% pure dimer). Likewise for tall fescue, the catechin monomer
348
constitutes 42% of the monomer composition, but only 1.3% and 0.1% of the pure
349
dimer and trimer composition, respectively. Again, afzelechin dominates the dimer
350
and trimer compositions reinforcing the concept that afzelechin polymerisation is
351
preferred or up-regulated.
352 353
Comparison of results with previous studies
354
These results have reconciled the different evidence reported concerning the
355
presence or absence of PAs in two forage grasses. We have clearly shown that both
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
356
perennial ryegrass and tall fescue contain a relatively rare polymerised PA within the
357
seed tissues. In contrast to Jackson et al. (1996), no PA monomers or oligomers of
358
any kind were detected within the leaf tissue of cultivars investigated using this LC-
359
MS/MS analysis technique (data not shown).
360
Within the perennial ryegrass population sampled, the principal PAs detected were
361
catechin-based, which contributed about 60% of the PAs in seed, with lesser
362
amounts of afzelechin-based PAs. Whereas, the principal PAs detected in tall fescue
363
were afzelechin-based, which contributed about 75% of the PAs in the seed tissue,
364
with lesser amounts of catechin-based PAs. This significantly differs from that
365
reported for other monocot PAs, which are all devoid of any PP type monomers.
366
Sorghum and rice PAs are principally PC based, while barley and finger millet PAs
367
consist of a mixture of oligomeric PDs and PCs 32-34.
368 369
Propelargonidin PAs have only been reported for dicot species (Porter 1994). The
370
highest reported proportion of (epi)afzelechin units in PAs is found in red kidney
371
beans (14.6%
372
prunes, raspberries, strawberries and pinto beans and only 5.4–7.8% of the PAs in
373
strawberry contained at least one (epi)afzelechin subunit. All these species contain
374
significantly higher percentages of both epicatechin and catechin units. Furthermore,
375
perennial ryegrass and tall fescue PAs contained low levels of the less common A-
376
type bonds. All 39 species investigated by Gu et al. (2003) contained B-type
377
linkages, while only 12% also contained A-type linkages. A-type bonds were
378
detected in the dicots plum, peanut, avocado, cranberries, and in the spices curry
379
and cinnamon. Until now, A-type bonds have not been reported in PAs from another
380
monocot species, with barley and sorghum PAs being solely linked via B-bonds 14.
14
). Lesser amounts of (epi)afzelechin units are found in almonds,
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381
Other methods used for the detection of PAs in grasses have included vanillin, p-
382
dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA), and acid–butanol, however, there can be
383
problems associated with these assays due to their non-specificity (they can also
384
measure flavonols, dihydrochalcones, anthocyanins, as well as PAs). LC-MS/MS on
385
the other hand, is an accurate and definitive approach allowing the unequivocal
386
detection and identification of proanthocyanidin oligomers by initial chromatographic
387
separation, and then utilising mass spectrometry to measure the degree of
388
polymerization and individual oligomer composition.
389 390
The efficacy with which afzelechin based PAs bind to and precipitate proteins is the
391
first step in considering the practical implications to animal science for the discovery
392
of PAs in ryegrass and tall fescue. If this is shown to be at least equivalent to the
393
protein binding properties of the more common catechin and gallocatechin derived
394
PAs, then it warrants the development of genetic tools to modify the expression of
395
key regulatory genes, controlling PA accumulation in the seeds, towards achieving
396
the accumulation of PAs in leaf tissue. The PA pathway is regulated in plants by a
397
suite of transcription factors (TFs) and novel phenotypes can be achieved by altering
398
the expression of TFs 34-35.
399
The results clearly show that by using a LC-MS/MS approach it is possible to detect
400
and identify PAs in Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea seeds, and that these
401
PAs were composed of afzelechin and catechin monomers linked primarily by B-type
402
bonds, although low levels of A-type bonded PAs were also detected. This study has
403
revealed that the percentage composition of these PAs is very homogenous within
404
species, with only one outlier detected in the tall fescue accessions screened
405
producing almost exclusively afzelechin based PAs.
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
406 407 408
SUPPORTING INFORMATION:
409
Details of the Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea accessions studied
410
(Supplementary Table S1) and percent compositions of the PA monomers, dimers
411
and trimers (Supplementary Table S2) along with extracted ion chromatograms of
412
the dimers (Supplementary Figure S1) and trimers (Supplementary Figure S2) are
413
provided.
414 415
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
416
The authors would like to thank Tom Featonby and Leo Liu for their valuable
417
assistance in sample preparation and LC-MS analysis.
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418
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extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein
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L. and Prunus domestica L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem
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mass spectrometry and characterization of varieties by quantitative phenolic
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proanthocyanidins of 16 members of the Rhododendron genus (Ericaceae) by
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Fraser, K.; Harrison, S. J.; Lane, G. A.; Otter, D. E.; Hemar, Y.; Quek, S.-Y.;
Li, H. J.; Deinzer, M. L., Tandem mass spectrometry for sequencing
Jaiswal, R.; Karaköse, H.; Rühmann, S.; Goldner, K.; Neumüller, M.; Treutter,
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Monagas, M.; Quintanilla-López, J. E.; Gómez-Cordovés, C.; Bartolomé, B.;
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Lebrón-Aguilar, R., MALDI-TOF MS analysis of plant proanthocyanidins. J. Pharm.
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hydrophilic interaction×reversed phase liquid chromatographic analysis of green tea
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phenolics. J. Sep. Sci. 2010, 33, 853-863.
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polyphenols in tea drinks. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2003, 83, 1617-1621.
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R.,
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Mesembryanthemum edule L. Food Chem. 2011, 127, 1732-1738.
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31.
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propelargonidins and procyanidins in buckwheat grain and quantification of rutin and
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flavanols from homostylous hybrids originating from F. esculentum × F.
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homotropicum. Phytochem. 2008, 69, 1389-1397.
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32.
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procedure for the isolation of dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidins from barley. J.
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Agric. Food Chem. 1996, 44, 1731-1735.
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Min, B.; Gu, L.; McClung, A. M.; Bergman, C. J.; Chen, M.-H., Free and bound
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total
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proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins in whole grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) of different
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bran colours. Food Chem. 2012, 133, 715-722.
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Cereal Sci. 2006, 44, 236-251.
Kalili, K. M.; de Villiers, A., Off-line comprehensive two-dimensional
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Falleh, H.; Oueslati, S.; Guyot, S.; Dali, A. B.; Magné, C.; Abdelly, C.; Ksouri, LC/ESI-MS/MS for
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515
516
Note: This research was supported through funding from Grasslanz Technologies
517
Ltd., NZ and AgResearch Core Funding.
518
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Figure Captions
Figure 1: Flavan-3-ol structure/variations for monomer units (A) and an example of a procyanidin trimer containing a single A-type bond and a single B-type bond (B).
Figure 2: Examples of averaged MS1 spectra from the LC-MS chromatograms of perennial ryegrass ‘Grasslands Nui’ (A) or tall fescue ‘Grasslands Advance’ (B) seed extracts, from 18.5-35 minutes. Labels refer to ions representing oligomer groups with differing degrees of polymerisation (DP), monomers catechin (Cat) and afzelechin (Azf) and major sample dependant ions, ergovaline (Ergov) and thesinine rhamnoside (Thes-rham) for perennial ryegrass and perloline for tall fescue.
Figure 3: Zoomed averaged MS1 spectra from the LC-MS chromatogram of perennial ryegrass ‘Grasslands Nui’ from 18.5-35.0 minutes, demonstrating the presence of trimer (A) and tetramer (B) oligomers containing either all B-type bonds or a single A-type bond. PP = propelargondin unit, PC = procyanidin unit.
Figure 4: Extracted ion chromatograms of the 275.3-> 139 m/z transition in the MS2 spectra of epiafzelechin (28.9 min) standard before the epimerisation heating reaction (A), epiafzelechin standard after epimerisation showing the formation of an afzelechin peak (24.8 min) in addition to the residual epiafzelechin (B), and a perennial ryegrass ‘Grasslands Nui’ seed extract (C). The corresponding MS2 spectra for the afzelechin peak at 24.8 min are shown for the standard (D) and perennial ryegrass extract (E).
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Figure 5: Figure showing percent composition of monomers, dimers and trimers in both perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, calculated from cumulative peak areas for each monomer and oligomer type from MS2 chromatograms. Afz = afzelechin unit, Cat = catechin unit, GC = gallocatechin unit.
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Table 1: Selected Precursor Ion Masses For Product Ion Scans Of Monomers, Dimers And Trimers In Positive ESI Mode ([M+H]+): Precursor ion
MS2 scan range (m/z)
Target compounds
mass (m/z) Analysis 1 MS2 Scan Settings Monomers 275.3
80-700
PP monomers
291.3
80-700
PC monomers
307.3
80-700
PD monomers
547.3
150-2000
PP:PP dimers
563.3
155-2000
PP:PC dimers
579.3
155-2000
PP:PD or PC:PC dimers
595.3
160-2000
PC:PD dimers
611.3
165-2000
PD:PD dimers
Dimers
Analysis 2 MS2 Scan Settings Trimers 819.3
225-2000
PP3 trimers
835.3
225-2000
PP2:PC trimers
851.3
230-2000
PP:PC2 or PP2:PD trimers
867.3
235-2000
PP:PC:PD or PC3 timers
883.3
240-2000
PP:PD2 or PC2:PD trimers
899.3
245-2000
PC:PD2 trimers
915.3
250-2000
PD3 trimers
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Table 2: Proanthocyanidin Monomers, Dimers And Trimers In Perennial Ryegrass And Tall Fescue Seed. Rt = Chromatographic Retention Time, QM ext = Quinone Methide Fragment From The Extension Unit, QM term = Quinone Methide Fragment From The Terminal Unit. Peak # Name
Rt (min)
[M+H]+ Key MS2 ions for QM peak
assignment ext
QM term
and area 1
Afzelechin
25.8
275.3
139, 149
2
Catechin
20.0
291.3
123, 139, 151, 165
3
Gallocatechin 13.8
307.3
139, 151,289
4
Afz-(4-8)-Afz
547.3
273, 275, 393, 411, 273
27.2
275
421 5
Afz-(4-6)-Afz
33.3
547.3
273, 275, 393, 403, 273*
275*
411, 421 6
Cat-(4-8)-Afz
22.4
563.3
275, 287, 289, 393, 275
289
409, 411, 427, 437 7
Afz-(4-8)-Cat
23.0
563.3
273, 291, 393, 409, 273
291
411, 427, 437 8
Afz-(4-6)-Cat
30.0
563.3
273, 291, 393, 409, 273*
291*
411, 419, 427, 437 9
Cat-(4-8)-Cat
18.7
579.3
289, 291, 409, 427, 289
291
435, 453 10
Cat-(4-6)-Cat
25.3
579.3
289, 291, 409, 427, 289*
291*
435, 453
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11
Afz-Afz-Afz
31.3
819.3
273, 275, 391, 409, 273
275
421, 527, 545, 547, (547)
(545)
683 12
13
Cat-Afz-Afz
Afz-Afz-Cat
26.6
28.3
835.3
835.3
275, 289, 391, 409, 289
275
421, 547, 561, 699
(561)
(547)
273, 291, 391, 409, 273
291
421, 527, 545, 563, (563)
(545)
699 14
Cat-Cat-Afz
23.4
851.3
289, 291, 391, 409, 289
291
421, 543, 561, 563, (563)
(561)
699 15
16
Cat-Cat-Afz
Cat-Cat-Cat
24.8
20.4
851.3
867.3
273, 291, 407, 427, 273
291
561, 561, 579, 699
(561)
(579)
289, 291, 407, 425, 289
291
559, 577, 579, 715
(577)
(579)
Note - Extender unit listed first, Terminal unit listed last; * = weak fragment; Base peak in MS2 spectrum displayed in bold.
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Figure 1:
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Figure 2:
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Figure 3:
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Figure 4:
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Figure 5:
100.0 Ryegrass
90.0
Tall fescue
80.0
Percent composition
70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Afz
Cat
Monomers
GC
Afz:Afz
Afz:Cat
Cat:Cat
Afz3
Dimers
Afz2:Cat Afz:Cat2
Cat3
Trimers
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Table of Contents Graphic
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