Archaeological Chemistry IV - American Chemical Society

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Downloaded by UNIV OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST on May 24, 2018 | https://pubs.acs.org Publication Date: July 1, 1989 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1988-0220.ch006

Analysis of Neolithic Iranian Ceramics R. G. V. Hancock , S. J. Fleming , and W. D. Glanzman 1

2

2

SLOWPOKE Reactor Facility and the Department of Chemical Engineering, and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A4

1

MASCA, 19104

The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, P A

2

Neolithic pottery (207 samples) from Hajji Firuz, Dalma Tepe, and Pisdeli Tepe in the Solduz Valley of northwestern Iran and from Tepe Gawra and Tell 'Ubaid in northern and southern Iraq, has been analyzed for 14 elements by neutron activation analysis. The three Iranian sites are type sites for three important archaeological periods in Iran. Small temporal differences were found in the Hajji Firuz sherd chemistry, but the predominant cause of variations of elemental concentrations was determined to be a calcium-rich phase-based di lution. Small, but probably distinct, chemical differences were found between the Solduz Valley sherds and small samplings of sherds from the major trading center of Tepe Gawra and the more distant Tell 'Ubaid. Archaeologically anomalous sherds from Dalma Tepe appear to have been made from local materials.

ΤΓΗΕ

MILLENNIUM

5TH B.c. was a p e r i o d of significant social change i n W e s t A s i a . A general p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h encouraged m i g r a t i o n to n e w settlement areas, a n d established village c o m m u n i t i e s b e c a m e m o r e c o m p l e x (I). A l l of these c o m m u n i t i e s interacted to v a r y i n g degrees at different times, a n d t r a d e d raw materials a n d finished products. T h e nature a n d extent of these interactions is of p r i m a r y archaeological interest. These interactions r e v e a l information about e c o n o m i c organization w i t h i n these early societies a n d t h e i r degree of reliance o n one another. Analyses of macroscopic features of s u r v i v i n g ceramics, such as vessel f o r m , surface decoration, a n d fabric texture are the most c o m m o n investigative tools.

0065-2393/89/0220-0113$06.00/0 © 1989 A m e r i c a n C h e m i c a l S o c i e t y

Allen; Archaeological Chemistry IV Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY


Because geochemically different clay sources may have b e e n u s e d b y potters to p r o d u c e ceramics for b o t h domestic a n d trade purposes, n e u t r o n activation analysis ( N A A ) has b e e n u s e d as an i n d e p e n d e n t means of c e r a m i c characterization. Because of the r e l a t i v e l y good analytical p r e c i s i o n possible w i t h N A A , statistical p a t t e r n i n g o f N A A data for major, m i n o r , a n d trace e l e m e n t concentrations may be u s e d as a p o w e r f u l p r o v e n a n c i n g tool. To assess the degree o f spatial resolution that such a scientific approach m i g h t achieve, analytical data from ceramics from five early settlement sites are p r e s e n t e d a n d evaluated. T h r e e of the sites, H a j j i F i r u z , D a l m a T e p e , a n d P i s d e l i T e p e , are w i t h i n 9 k m of each other i n the S o l d u z V a l l e y o f A z e r b a i j a n (northwestern Iran). T e p e G a w r a , i n n o r t h e r n I r a q , is r e l a t i v e l y distant from the S o l d u z V a l l e y (200 k m west-southwest, over part of the Zagros M o u n t a i n s ) . It is b e l i e v e d that the T e p e G a w r a h a d significant trade links w i t h the settlements i n the S o l d u z V a l l e y . T e l l ' U b a i d , i n s o u t h e r n I r a q , is m o r e than 1000 k m south of T e p e G a w r a (see F i g u r e 1). A l l of the material f r o m the S o l d u z V a l l e y was excavated as part of the H a s a n l u P r o j e c t of the U n i v e r s i t y M u s e u m , d i r e c t e d b y R. H . D y s o n , J r . T h e pottery u s e d for this study was r e c o v e r e d from l i m i t e d test excavations at the sites of H a j j i F i r u z (2), D a l m a (3), a n d P i s d e l i Tepes b y T. C . Y o u n g , J r . i n 1961, a n d f r o m a h o r i z o n t a l clearance at H a j j i F i r u z Tepe b y M . M . V o i g t i n 1968.

Experimental Details Sampling. Pottery (207 pieces) was analyzed in this project. Samples varied in size from 25 to 500 mg. Individual samples were cut with a diamond saw or were broken from their parent sherd. The outer surfaces of each sample were removed with a carborundum bit. After cleaning, the samples were weighed and stored in polyethylene vials. Chemical Analysis. The sherd samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) at the S L O W P O K E Reactor Facility of the University of Toronto (4). The first part of the analysis determined the concentrations of elements that produce short-lived radionuclides, including U , D y , Ba, T i , M g , N a , A l , M n , CI, and Ca. This determination was achieved by irradiating the larger samples (>200 mg) for 1 min at 1.0 X 10 neutrons c m s . After a delay time of approximately 19 min (to allow the A l to decay to reasonable levels), each sample was assayed for 5 min with either a germanium-lithium or a hyperpure germanium detector-based 7-ray spectrometer. Samples were irradiated sequentially at 6.5-min intervals. Smaller samples were irradiated with higher neutron doses so that they produced as much radioactivity as the larger samples. Chemical concentrations were calculated by using the comparator method, established over the past decade at Toronto, with the aid of an assortment of international multielement rock standards and in-house chemical standards. The second part of the analysis, to determine the concentrations of elements that produce radioisotopes with longer half-lives, including Sm, E u , Na, and K , was 11

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Figure 1. Map of site locations in Iran and Iraq. performed by irradiating the samples in batches with neutron doses of 10 to 20 times the original dose. The samples were then left to decay overnight and were assayed sequentially with the same 7-ray spectrometers used previously. Chemical concentrations were calculated as before.

Results and Discussion T h e results of the analyses of pottery f r o m the S o l d u z V a l l e y (51 samples from H a j j i F i r u z , 91 samples f r o m D a l m a T e p e , a n d 45 samples f r o m P i s d e l i Tepe) are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I as g r o u p means a n d standard deviations for the elements N a , A l , K , C a , T i , V , M n , S m , E u , a n d D y . U r a n i u m , m a g n e s i u m , a n d b a r i u m have not b e e n i n c l u d e d because t h e i r values w e r e i n v a r i a b l y at or close to t h e i r I N A A d e t e c t i o n l i m i t . A l s o , C l has b e e n i g n o r e d because i t is a c c u m u l a t e d f r o m the e n v i r o n m e n t d u r i n g pot or s h e r d b u r i a l .


116



Table I . Analytical D a t a for Sherds from the Solduz Valley Sites Element

Hajji Firuz (51 samples)

Dalma Tepe (91 samples)

Pisdeli Tepe (45 samples)

N a (%) Al(%) K(%) C a (%) T i (%) V (ppm) M n (ppm) Sm (ppm) E u (ppm) D y (ppm)

0.96 6.6 2.1 8.3 0.47 120 750 4.5 1.2 3.8

1.11 7.1 2.2 7.9 0.52 140 990 4.7 1.3 4.2

± ± ± ±

1.08 ± 0.23 7.6 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.3 6.1 ± 2.7 0.53 ± 0.11 30 150 1000 ± 250 5.0 ± 0.8 1.4 0.2 4.4 + 0.7

± ± ± ± ± ±

0.23 0.9 0.4 2.7 0.11 20 200 0.8 0.2 0.6

± ± ± ± ±

0.18 1.0 0.3 3.0 0.13 30 210 0.8 0.2 0.8

NOTE: All values are given as mean ± standard deviation.

T w o points are apparent from this data. T h e first is that, apart f r o m C a , the trends i n m e a n c h e m i c a l concentrations, although v e r y small, are c o n sistently l o w to h i g h , from H a j j i F i r u z sherds t h r o u g h D a l m a T e p e sherds to P i s d e l i T e p e sherds. T h i s t r e n d indicates t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of d i l u t i o n b y a C a - r i c h phase i n this series o f ceramics. T h e second p o i n t is that, for each e l e m e n t , the data are not p a r t i c u l a r l y t i g h t l y c l u s t e r e d , so that a l l t h e data sets overlap b r o a d l y . W i t h single standard deviations o f 15 to 2 0 % , t h e three data sets are r e l a t i v e l y d i s p e r s e d a n d again suggest a C a - r i c h phase d i l u t i o n effect (5). T h i s effect can b e seen i n F i g u r e 2, w h i c h is a C a - A l scattergram for a l l t h e S o l d u z data, i n w h i c h t h e A l content is taken as a m a r k e r for t h e clay fabric that t h e C a d i l u t e s . T h e positive correlation of A l a n d T i (see F i g u r e 3) confirms this conclusion. It is p r e s u m p t u o u s to c l a i m site-specific separations o f the three sets of ceramics f r o m t h e i n t e r m i n g l i n g o f the data i n these scattergrams w i t h o u t l o o k i n g at the i n t e r g r o u p e l e m e n t a l ratios (see T a b l e II). T h e s e ratios show that, apart f r o m C a , the P i s d e l i T e p e to D a l m a T e p e group ratios are r e l a t i v e l y consistent at 1.04 ± 0.04 a n d indicate strong geochemical similarities. H o w e v e r , i n a d d i t i o n to t h e expected C a anomalies, t h e D a l m a T e p e to H a j j i F i r u z a n d the P i s d e l i T e p e to H a j j i F i r u z group ratios show a b n o r m a l b e h a v i o r for M n , w i t h ratios o f 1.41 a n d 1.43 c o m p a r e d w i t h the ratios o f the o t h e r elements of 1.11 ± 0.05 a n d 1.15 ± 0.05, respectively. T h i s a b n o r m a l b e h a v i o r m a y reflect a slightly different clay source at H a j j i F i r u z relative to D a l m a T e p e a n d P i s d e l i T e p e (see Table I I I a n d t h e relevant discussion). T o establish t h e relative i n t e r n a l consistency of the data, t h e large group of sherds from D a l m a T e p e was somewhat arbitrarily d i v i d e d u n e q u a l l y into two groups. T h e data for t h e first 25 archaeologically chosen sherds (repr e s e n t i n g a m i n i m u m statistically reliable n u m b e r o f sherds a n d t h e sherds



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% Α Ι Figure 3. Ti-Al scattergram illustrating a positive correlation. Table II. Group Elemental Ratios Element

Pisdeli/Dalma

Na Al Κ Ca Ti V Mn Sm Eu Dy Average

0.97 1.07 1.05 0.77 1.02 1.07 1.01 1.06 1.08 1.05 1.04 ± 0.04

Dalma/Hajji

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1.16 1.08 1.05 0.95 1.11 1.17 1.41 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.11 ± 0.05*

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1.10 1.15 1.10 0.73 1.13 1.25 1.43 1.11 1.17 1.17 1.15 ± 0.05*

"Without Ca. ^Without Ca and Mn.


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Table III. Check of the Internal Consistency of the D a t a from D a l m a Tepe


Element N a (%) A l (%) K(%) C a (%) T i (%) V (ppm) M n (ppm) Sm (ppm) E u (ppm) D y (ppm)

First 25 Samples 1.08 7.0 2.3 8.1 0.51 130 950 4.9 1.3 4.3

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.29 1.1 0.4 3.6 0.14 40 270 0.9 0.2 0.9

Remaining 66 Samples 1.12 7.2 2.2 7.8 0.53 140 1000 4.6 1.3 4.1

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.21 1.0 0.3 2.8 0.13 30 190 0.8 0.2 0.8

NOTE: A l l values are given as mean ± standard deviation.

thought to b e most representative o f t h e archaeological group) w e r e c o m p a r e d w i t h the data for the r e m a i n i n g 66 sherds i n Table I I I . T h i s c o m p a r i s o n reveals r e m a r k a b l e agreement b e t w e e n the t w o data sets. T h e relative sizes of the g r o u p m e a n precisions are consistent w i t h the m o r e variable C a content i n t h e small group relative to t h e larger group a n d c o n f i r m t h e i n t r a g r o u p consistency.

Temporal Differences. T h e S o l d u z V a l l e y pottery s t u d i e d h e r e c o v ers t h e p e r i o d from ca. 5500 B . C . to ca. 3550 B . C . T h e appreciable scatter i n t h e N A A data p r e s e n t e d i n Table I raises t h e question of w h e t h e r some of the scatter is the result o f a t e m p o r a l change i n the c h e m i s t r y of the clay sources u s e d b y potters at any o r a l l of the three S o l d u z V a l l e y sites. C o m p l e t e cross c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n the sites is not feasible because the H a j j i F i r u z phase (ca. 5500 to 4750 B . C . ) , t h e D a l m a phase (ca. 4750 to 4350 B . C . ) , a n d t h e P i s d e l i phase (ca. 4350 to 3550 B . C . ) (6) are not r e p r e s e n t e d at e v e r y site. A l l three phases occur at H a j j i F i r u z , t h o u g h m a t e r i a l from t h e P i s d e l i phase is q u i t e l i m i t e d . T h e D a l m a phase occurs at D a l m a T e p e , w i t h a v e r y l i m i t e d a m o u n t o f material a t t r i b u t e d to t h e H a j j i F i r u z / D a l m a phase transition. O n l y t h e D a l m a a n d P i s d e l i phases occur at P i s d e l i T e p e . A c c o r d i n g l y , t e m p o r a l comparisons m a y b e made at H a j j i F i r u z a n d P i s d e l i T e p e , that y i e l d q u i t e different k i n d s o f i n f o r m a t i o n . D a t a s h o w i n g t h e t e m p o r a l differences for t h e selection o f sherds f r o m H a j j i F i r u z are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I V a n d F i g u r e 4. C o n s i d e r i n g t h e s m a l l n u m b e r o f D a l m a - p h a s e a n d P i s d e l i - p h a s e samples, a n d t h e e n h a n c e d possibilities o f t h e i r g r o u p m e a n concentrations d e v i a t i n g f r o m " n o r m a l " , these two groups t e n d to b e close i n average c o m p o s i t i o n to that o f t h e D a l m a T e p e a n d P i s d e l i T e p e ceramics l i s t e d i n Tables I a n d I I I . T h i s s i m i l a r i t y is most p r o n o u n c e d for A l a n d M n . O n the other h a n d , t h e H a j j i F i r u z - p h a s e


120


Table IV. Test for Temporal Differences i n Sherd Compositions at Hajji F i r u z


Element

Hajji Firuz Phase Dalma Phase Pisdeli Phase 38 sampfas 5 samples 6 scim pies

0.88 ± 7.7 ± 2.4 ± 8.6 ± 0.49 ± 140 ± 890 ± 4.9 ± 1.3 ± 4.3 ± NOTE: All values are given as mean ± standard deviation. N a (%) A l (%) K(%) C a (%) T i (%) V (ppm) M n (ppm) Sm (ppm) E u (ppm) D y ^)pm)

0.95 6.3 2.1 8.4 0.45 120 680 4.3 1.2 3.6

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.21 0.7 0.4 2.3 0.08 20 150 0.8 0.2 0.5

1.20 7.1 2.2 5.9 0.65 150 1100 5.2 1.2 4.6

± 0.24 ± 0.7 ± 0.3 ±2.1 ± 0.17 ± 30 ± 170 ± 0.4 ± 0.1 ± 0.4

0.23 1.5 0.3 4.4 0.10 30 150 1.1 0.2 0.5

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sherds e x h i b i t significantly l o w e r average levels o f b o t h A l a n d M n than was f o u n d i n t h e sherds from D a l m a T e p e or P i s d e l i Tepe. W i t h t h e r e m o v a l o f the 11 later phase sherds, the H a j j i F i r u z - p h a s e A l a n d M n group m e a n concentrations decrease i n m a g n i t u d e a n d b e c o m e m o r e precise relative to the data d i s p l a y e d i n Table I for a l l sherds from H a j j i F i r u z ; this decrease sets t h e m f u r t h e r apart c h e m i c a l l y from t h e sherds o f the other t w o S o l d u z V a l l e y sites.


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T h e c o m p o s i t i o n profiles for t h e two phases of sherds f o u n d at P i s d e l i T e p e are d i s p l a y e d i n Table V a n d F i g u r e 5, a n d do not indicate t e m p o r a l differences.


Comparison of Sherds from Tel! 'Ubaid, Tepe Gawra, and the Solduz Valley. T e n sherds from T e l l ' U b a i d a n d 10 sherds from T e p e G a w r a w e r e a n a l y z e d i n the same w a y as those from t h e S o l d u z V a l l e y . T h e data for the sherds from these diverse regions are p r e s e n t e d as group means a n d standard deviations i n Table V I . L a r g e differences are not apparent i n the geochemistry o f the sherds from the three regions, w i t h the f o l l o w i n g exceptions: R e l a t i v e to the S o l d u z V a l l e y sherds, the T e l l ' U b a i d sherds are l o w i n K , a n d t h e T e p e G a w r a sherds are l o w i n b o t h N a a n d i n M n . I n fact, t h e T e p e G a w r a sherds have a c o m p o s i t i o n profile that is close to that of the H a j j i F i r u z phase of the H a j j i F i r u z sherds as d i s p l a y e d i n T a b l e I V , w i t h t h e exception o f the l o w l e v e l o f N a f o u n d i n sherds f r o m T e p e G a w r a . T h e T e l l ' U b a i d a n d T e p e G a w r a sherds are also m o r e calcareous t h a n t h e majority o f t h e S o l d u z sherds, b u t , because o n l y a small s a m p l i n g o f T e l l ' U b a i d a n d T e p e G a w r a sherds has b e e n m a d e to date, this observation m a y or m a y not b e significant. Anomalous Sherds from Dalma Tepe. A p r e l i m i n a r y investigat i o n has b e e n m a d e to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e I N A A data for D a l m a T e p e was somewhat b i a s e d b y the possible presence o f i m p o r t s from T e p e G a w r a , w h i c h , t h r o u g h o u t the p e r i o d f r o m ca. 5100 to 2200 B . C . , was one o f t h e p r i m a r y t r a d i n g settlements i n n o r t h e r n M e s o p o t a m i a . E i g h t sherds from the D a l m a T e p e corpus w e r e i d e n t i f i e d typologically as anomalous. T h e y d i d n o t fit into t h e D a l m a phase typological m a i n s t r e a m , b u t w e r e strongly affiliated i n p a i n t i n g style a n d fabric to wares from T e p e G a w r a . D a t a for these anomalous sherds are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e V I I .

Table V. Test for Temporal Differences i n Sherd Compositions at Pisdeli Tepe Element

Pisdeli Phase 31 samples

Dalma Phase 14 samples

Na (%) A l (%) K(%) Ca (%) T i (%) V (ppm) M n (ppm) Sm (ppm) E u (ppm) D y (ppm)

1.12 7.7 2.3 6.2 0.51 140 960 5.0 1.4 4.4

1.00 7.6 2.2 5.8 0.57 160 1040 5.1 1.4 4.2

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.24 0.9 0.4 2.7 0.09 30 270 0.8 0.2 0.7

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.20 1.1 0.3 2.7 0.13 30 300 0.8 0.2 0.9

NOTE: A l l values are given as mean ± standard deviation.


122


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Table V I . Analytical Results for Sherds from the Solduz Valley Tell Vbaid 10 samples

Element N a (%) A l (%) K(%) C a (%) T i (%) V (ppm) M n (ppm) Sm (ppm) E u (ppm) D y (ppm)

1.10 6.9 1.3 10.2 0.47 140 1100 4.3 1.1 3.6

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

0.16 0.4 0.3 2.3 0.05 20 100 0.5 0.2 0.4

Tepe Gawra 10 samples 0.65 6.6 2.0 11.3 0.46 140 630 4.1 1.2 3.9

± 0.11 ± 0.6 ± 0.4 ± 1.3 ± 0.04 ± 30 ± 110 ± 0.6 ± 0.1 ± 0.2

Solduz Valley 187 samples 1.06 7.7 2.2 7.6 0.51 140 920 4.7 1.3 4.1

NOTE: All values are given as mean ± standard deviation. "Includes the Al and Mn depleted Hajji Firuz phase sherds.


± 0.24 ± 1.1° ± 0.3 ± 3.0 ± 0.12 ± 30 ± 250" ± 0.8 ± 0.2 ± 0.8


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Element Na (%) Al (%) K(%) Ca (%) Ti (%) V (ppm) Mn (ppm) Sm (ppm) Eu (ppm) Dy (ppm)

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Neolithic Iranian Ceramics

Table V I I . Anomalous Wares Found at D a l m a Tepe R142 R143 M52 M69 M57 M53 M55 1.06 1.19 0.80 0.69 0.63 0.94 0.85 5.8 6.9 7.2 7.0 7.7 5.9 7.4 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.7 10.9 9.7 11.1 12.9 4.2 12.4 10.7 0.38 0.34 0.45 0.47 0.59 0.37 0.48 120 140 130 120 150 100 130 980 960 940 980 920 640 970 3.8 4.2 5.0 3.9 6.0 3.0 4.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.2 3.4 3.9 4.1 3.5 4.9 3.1 4.3

R144 0.84 8.0 2.2 9.8 0.54 170 1100 4.5 1.2 4.7

W i t h the exception of one sample (No. M 6 9 ) , a l l atypical sherds have the h i g h C a content t y p i c a l o f the 10 Tepe G a w r a sherds a n a l y z e d to date. I f the 10 T e p e G a w r a sherds represent the total corpus of T e p e G a w r a ceramics over t i m e , t h e n N o . M 6 9 is p r o b a b l y a D a l m a T e p e copy of the n o r t h e r n ' U b a i d ceramics m a n u f a c t u r e d at T e p e G a w r a . O n l y one s h e r d (No. R142), w i t h a l o w A l a n d M n content a n d a h i g h C a content, has a significant chance of h a v i n g b e e n made i n T e p e G a w r a . W h e n c o n s i d e r i n g the r e m a i n i n g six sherds, i t is t e m p t i n g to ignore the Κ values a n d c l a i m that N o s . M 5 2 , M 5 3 , M 5 7 , a n d R 1 4 3 c o u l d have o r i g i nated from T e l l ' U b a i d . If, h o w e v e r , the Κ values are not i g n o r e d , t h e n i t is p r o b a b l e that, w i t h the exception of N o . R 1 4 2 , a l l the anomalous sherds are c h e m i c a l l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h the m a i n s t r e a m sherds from D a l m a T e p e .

Conclusions • O f the ceramics analyzed from the S o l d u z V a l l e y i n n o r t h w e s t e r n I r a n , o n l y those manufactured d u r i n g the H a j j i F i r u z phase at H a j j i F i r u z appear to b e c h e m i c a l l y distinguishable from ceramics made at later times at H a j j i F i r u z , D a l m a T e p e , and Pisdeli Tepe. • S m a l l samplings of sherds from T e p e G a w r a a n d T e l l ' U b a i d indicate small, b u t p r o b a b l y significant, c h e m i c a l differences b e t w e e n the clay sources at each site a n d b e t w e e n t h e m a n d the ceramics of the S o l d u z Valley. • T h e m a i n intrasite source of e l e m e n t a l compositional variation is e i t h e r a natural or m a n - m a d e C a - r i c h phase d i l u t i o n of the parent clay, a n d this effect m u s t b e addressed before intersite c h e m i c a l variations m a y be assessed.

Acknowledgments T h e authors acknowledge the generous cooperation of M . V o i g t a n d M . de Schauensee i n p r o v i d i n g the m a t e r i a l analyzed i n this study. T h e analytical


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w o r k was made possible b y an infrastructure grant to the

SLOWPOKE

Reactor F a c i l i t y of the U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto from the N a t u r a l Sciences a n d E n g i n e e r i n g R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l of C a n a d a .


References 1. Voigt, M. M. Relative and Absolute Chronologies for Iran Between 6500 and 3500 BC, in Chronologies in the Near East; Aurenche, O.; E v i n , J.; Hours, F., Eds; B . A . R . International Series 379; B . A . R . Oxford, England, 1987; pp 615-646. 2. Voigt, M. M. Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran: The Neolithic Settlement; University Museum Monograph No. 50; The University Museum of the University of Philadelphia: Philadelphia, 1983. 3. Hamlin, C. Iran, 1975, 13, 111-127. 4. Hancock, R. G . V. Archaeometry 1984, 26, 210-217. 5. Hancock, R. G . V.; Millett, N . B.; Mills, A. J. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1986, 13, 107-117. 6. Henrickson, E . F. Iran 1985, XXIII, 63-108. RECEIVED for review June 11, 1987. ACCEPTED revised manuscript March 14, 1988.


Archaeological Chemistry IV - American Chemical Society

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